United States v. Troy Lawrence , 682 F. App'x 525 ( 2017 )


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  •                  United States Court of Appeals
    For the Eighth Circuit
    ___________________________
    No. 16-1173
    ___________________________
    United States of America
    lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee
    v.
    Troy Alan Lawrence
    lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
    ____________
    Appeal from United States District Court
    for the Northern District of Iowa - Cedar Rapids
    ____________
    Submitted: January 13, 2017
    Filed: April 6, 2017
    [Unpublished]
    ____________
    Before WOLLMAN, MURPHY, and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.
    ____________
    PER CURIAM.
    A jury convicted Troy Alan Lawrence of conspiracy to distribute and
    possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine, in violation of 
    21 U.S.C. §§ 841
    (a)(1), (b)(1)(A), (b)(1)(B), and 846, and attempted obstruction of justice, in
    violation of 
    18 U.S.C. §§ 2
     and 1512(b)(1), (b)(2)(A), and (b)(2)(C). The district
    court1 sentenced Lawrence to 262 months’ imprisonment. Lawrence appeals, arguing
    that the evidence was insufficient to support his drug convictions and that the court
    imposed a substantively unreasonable sentence. We affirm.
    In an appeal from the denial of a Rule 29 motion for judgment of acquittal,
    “[w]e review the sufficiency of the evidence de novo, viewing evidence in the light
    most favorable to the government, resolving conflicts in the government’s favor, and
    accepting all reasonable inferences that support the verdict.” United States v. Keys,
    
    721 F.3d 512
    , 518-19 (8th Cir. 2013) (citation omitted). We will reverse “only if no
    reasonable jury could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.”
    
    Id. at 519
    . To convict Lawrence of conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine, the
    government had to show that there was a conspiracy, i.e., an agreement to distribute
    the drugs, that Lawrence knew of the conspiracy, and that he intentionally joined the
    conspiracy. See 
    id.
     To convict Lawrence of possession with intent to distribute
    methamphetamine, the government had to show that he knowingly possessed the
    methamphetamine and that he intended to distribute some or all of it. See United
    States v. Thompson, 
    686 F.3d 575
    , 583 (8th Cir. 2012).
    Kevin Ridler testified at trial that he had been distributing methamphetamine
    obtained from Lawrence’s brother, Martin Lawrence (Martin), for one to two years.
    Ridler further testified that Lawrence accompanied Martin on two occasions during
    which Ridler obtained methamphetamine from Martin and that Martin made no effort
    to conceal the drug transactions from Lawrence. Linn County, Iowa, deputies
    testified that Lawrence was present when they executed a search warrant at Martin’s
    residence. That search resulted in the recovery of drug-packaging materials, cash,
    and drug paraphernalia. Garfield Rackley, who cared for Martin’s children when
    Martin traveled to Omaha to obtain methamphetamine and who was compensated
    1
    The Honorable Mark W. Bennett, United States District Judge for the
    Northern District of Iowa.
    -2-
    with drugs and money, testified that he was present when Martin supplied
    methamphetamine to Lawrence. Rackley also testified that Martin was reluctant to
    provide drugs to Lawrence at the time because Lawrence continued to “mess[] up
    money.”
    Deputy Chad LeMense testified that he had stopped Lawrence for a traffic
    violation in July 2014 and recovered nine individually wrapped packets of
    methamphetamine from underneath the front passenger seat of Lawrence’s vehicle.
    In Deputy LeMense’s experience, the quantity and packaging of this
    methamphetamine was consistent with redistribution and not with personal use.
    Following Lawrence’s involvement in a traffic accident in September 2014, officers
    searched his vehicle and recovered 23 grams of 99% pure methamphetamine, latex
    gloves, new plastic bags, and a digital scale hidden inside a stuffed animal. Officers
    also recovered 4.83 grams of methamphetamine in seven individually wrapped
    packets, as well as $877 in cash from Lawrence’s person. Although the vehicle was
    registered in Martin’s name, Ridler testified that he had seen Lawrence driving the
    vehicle on prior occasions, and Lawrence’s long-time girlfriend, Carrie Maskewit,
    testified that the vehicle belonged to Lawrence. Special Agent Joshua Lupkes
    testified that, in his experience, the quantity of methamphetamine recovered, as well
    as the presence of drug-packaging materials, latex gloves, and a digital scale, was
    consistent with distribution and not with personal use.
    Ms. Maskewit also testified that Martin traveled to Omaha to obtain
    methamphetamine, that she had witnessed Martin return from Omaha with gallon-
    sized bags half filled with the drug, that Martin fronted distribution quantities of
    methamphetamine to Lawrence, that she had witnessed Lawrence and Martin
    repackaging methamphetamine into individual packets for distribution, and that
    Lawrence distributed the fronted methamphetamine in 1-gram to 3.5-gram quantities.
    Maskewit also testified that she had delivered drugs and collected drug proceeds on
    Lawrence’s behalf and at his direction. Maskewit admitted to being a daily user of
    -3-
    methamphetamine for many years, but she also stated that she was not under the
    influence of methamphetamine at the time of her testimony.
    It belabors the obvious to say that the foregoing evidence was sufficient to
    show that Lawrence had entered into a conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine.
    See United States v. Cabrera, 
    116 F.3d 1243
    , 1245 (8th Cir. 1997) (noting that proof
    of an express agreement is not required; circumstantial evidence showing a “tacit
    understanding” between conspirators is sufficient). The twice-discovered distribution
    quantities of methamphetamine, some of which was packaged for individual sale,
    together with the drug-packaging materials, latex gloves, and digital scale, give the
    lie to any contention that Lawrence had no connection to the conspiracy. See, e.g.,
    United States v. Moya, 
    690 F.3d 944
    , 949 (8th Cir. 2012) (noting that the government
    may prove a conspiracy’s existence “by direct or circumstantial evidence,” so long
    as it offers enough evidence to prove a defendant’s connection to the conspiracy
    beyond a reasonable doubt).
    The evidence was also sufficient to show that Lawrence possessed
    methamphetamine with the intent to distribute. Possession may be actual or
    constructive, and an intent to distribute may be inferred from the possession of a large
    quantity of drugs. See 
    id. at 950
    ; see also United States v. Fetters, 
    698 F.3d 653
    , 657
    (8th Cir. 2012) (“Drug quantity and purity level, drug paraphernalia, prior sales, and
    the presence of cash . . . support an inference of intent to distribute.”). Lawrence’s
    argument that the fact that he was not the registered owner of the traffic-accident
    vehicle disproves any claim that he constructively possessed the methamphetamine
    recovered therefrom is belied by the evidence of his dominion or control over the
    vehicle. See, e.g., United States v. Serrano-Lopez, 
    366 F.3d 628
    , 634-36 (8th Cir.
    2004). Lawrence referred to the vehicle as his own at the scene of the accident,
    several of his tools were located in the vehicle, Ridler testified that he had seen
    Lawrence driving the vehicle on multiple occasions, and Maskewit testified that the
    vehicle belonged to him.
    -4-
    Lawrence further asserts that the evidence was insufficient to support his drug
    convictions because it consisted largely of Maskewit’s testimony, which was not
    credible in light of her long-term and ongoing methamphetamine abuse. It was for
    the jury to assess the credibility of the witnesses, an assessment that is “virtually
    unreviewable on appeal.” Keys, 721 F.3d at 519-20 (citation omitted). The jury
    heard evidence of Maskewit’s history of drug use; was able to observe her demeanor,
    her appearance, and the coherence of her testimony at trial; and apparently chose to
    credit her testimony.
    Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and
    accepting all reasonable inferences therefrom that support the verdict, we conclude
    that the evidence was sufficient for a reasonable jury to find Lawrence guilty beyond
    a reasonable doubt of conspiring to distribute methamphetamine and possessing
    methamphetamine with intent to distribute. See id. at 518-19.
    Finally, Lawrence challenges his sentence, arguing that the district court placed
    excessive weight on his criminal history, ignored other relevant 
    18 U.S.C. § 3553
    (a)
    sentencing factors, and imposed a substantively unreasonable sentence. “When
    assessing substantive reasonableness, we consider the totality of the circumstances
    at sentencing, and we review for abuse of discretion only.” United States v. Diaz-
    Pellegaud, 
    666 F.3d 492
    , 501 (8th Cir. 2012). “A sentence is substantively
    unreasonable if the district court fails to consider a relevant factor that should have
    received significant weight, gives significant weight to an improper or irrelevant
    factor, or considers only the appropriate factors but commits a clear error of judgment
    in weighing those factors.” 
    Id.
     (citation omitted). A district court’s decision to assign
    relatively greater weight to certain aggravating factors than to mitigating factors is
    well within the “wide latitude” given to sentencing courts in weighing the § 3553(a)
    sentencing factors. United States v. Wilcox, 
    666 F.3d 1154
    , 1157 (8th Cir. 2012); see
    also United States v. Coleman, 
    635 F.3d 380
    , 383 (8th Cir. 2011) (noting that a
    district court may vary from an advisory Guidelines range based on a policy
    -5-
    disagreement, but it is not required to do so). The district court addressed the
    § 3553(a) factors, including the nature and circumstances of Lawrence’s offense, his
    family situation, and issues related to his methamphetamine use. See United States
    v. Keating, 
    579 F.3d 891
    , 893 (8th Cir. 2009) (noting that when the district court
    hears argument about specific § 3553(a) factors, we may presume it considered those
    factors; court “need not recite each factor”). The court noted in particular that
    Lawrence was “a serial recidivist offender” with a “terrible” criminal history. The
    court’s decision to give this factor considerable weight and to give other mitigating
    factors less weight does not warrant reversal. It will be “the unusual case when [we]
    reverse a district court sentence . . . as substantively unreasonable.” United States v.
    Feemster, 
    572 F.3d 455
    , 464 (8th Cir. 2009) (en banc). This is not such a case.
    The convictions and the sentence are affirmed.
    ______________________________
    -6-
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 16-1173

Citation Numbers: 682 F. App'x 525

Judges: Wollman, Murphy, Melloy

Filed Date: 4/6/2017

Precedential Status: Non-Precedential

Modified Date: 11/6/2024