United States v. Todd Ohlmeier ( 2022 )

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
___________________________
No. 21-1568
___________________________
United States of America,
lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee,
v.
Todd Allen Ohlmeier,
lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant.
____________
Appeal from United States District Court
for the Southern District of Iowa - Western
____________
Submitted: November 18, 2021
Filed: February 7, 2022
____________
Before COLLOTON, GRASZ, and KOBES, Circuit Judges.
____________
COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.
Todd Ohlmeier appeals a portion of the judgment in his criminal case imposing
an assessment of $5,000 under the Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act, 18 U.S.C.
§ 3014(a). Ohlmeier argues that the district court plainly erred in finding that he had
a positive net worth of $7,283.35 when in fact his net worth was negative $7,283.35,
that he was prejudiced by this factual mistake, and that the error should be corrected.
We conclude that a remand for further proceedings is warranted.
Ohlmeier pleaded guilty to receipt of child pornography, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2). Federal law provides that a district court, until February 18,
2022, must assess an amount of $5,000 on any “non-indigent person” convicted of
that offense. 18 U.S.C. § 3014(a). The amounts collected through this assessment are
transferred to a Domestic Trafficking Victims’ Fund, administered by the Attorney
General. Id. § 3014(c).
At sentencing, the district court found that Ohlmeier was not indigent and
imposed the $5,000 assessment. The defense argued against the assessment before the
ruling, but did not object to the district court’s finding about Ohlmeier’s net worth.
To obtain relief after failing to object, Ohlmeier must establish a plain error that
affected his substantial rights and seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public
reputation of judicial proceedings. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993).
At the sentencing hearing, the district court considered whether Ohlmeier was
“non-indigent” for purposes of § 3014(a) and resolved the issue as follows:
The defendant bears the burden of establishing, proving his indigence.
In this instance, we have in front of us the presentence investigation
report which, as is reflected in the report, is based upon the defendant’s
statements, but there are not other records that appear to be documentary
in support of those items.
The total net worth is listed at $7,283.35. The total monthly cash flow
is $844. The Court finds under the applicable statute that he is
nonindigent and can be assessed the $5,000 Juvenile Victims of
Trafficking Act assessment.
R. Doc. 65, at 29 (emphasis added).
-2-
The record shows, however, that Ohlmeier’s net worth was listed in the
presentence report as negative $7,283.35 rather than the positive $7,283.35 stated by
the district court. R. Doc. 50, at 18. The government suggests that the court “simply
misstated” the fact of Ohlmeier’s net worth, but the defendant did not object, and the
prosecutor did not prompt a correction, so we are left with only the court’s reported
statement. As the record comes to us, Ohlmeier has established that the district court
relied on a plainly erroneous understanding of his net worth in determining whether
he was indigent.
We are satisfied that Ohlmeier was prejudiced by this factual error. In the
context of plain error review, prejudice means that there is a “reasonable probability”
that the error affected the outcome of the proceeding. Molina-Martinez v. United
States, 578 U.S. 189, 194 (2016). In making this predictive judgment, we observe that
the district court’s brief discussion of the indigency question cited only Ohlmeier’s
purported net worth of $7,283.35 and a monthly cash flow of $844 in support of its
finding. The correct data, however, show that Ohlmeier’s net worth was both negative
and $14,566.70 less than what the district court apparently understood. Given his
prison sentence of ninety-six months, Ohlmeier will be approximately sixty-five years
old when he is released from custody, and his age, poor health, and criminal history
may well affect his potential earning capacity thereafter. Under those circumstances,
we believe there is at least a reasonable probability that the district court would have
reached a different finding on the issue of indigency if the court had not labored under
a misimpression about the defendant’s net worth. We do not opine here on whether
a finding of indigency is required by the record as a whole, for that is a determination
for the district court to make in the first instance, in light of the true facts and subject
to review for clear error. See United States v. Barthman, 983 F.3d 318, 322-23 (8th
Cir. 2020); cf. United States v. Herron, 539 F.3d 881, 888-89 (8th Cir. 2008).
-3-
We also exercise our discretion to correct the factual error. While the
consequences here are not as grave as those where a term of imprisonment is premised
on a factual mistake, we do conclude that the public reputation of judicial proceedings
would be seriously affected if the judgment were to stand without further
consideration. It would reflect poorly on the judicial process if an offender were
deemed non-indigent, and required to pay an assessment of several thousand dollars,
based on a mistaken understanding that he maintained a positive net worth of more
than the assessment when his net worth was actually negative by the same amount.
For these reasons, we vacate the portion of the judgment imposing an
assessment of $5,000 under 18 U.S.C. § 3014(a), and remand for further proceedings
on that matter.
______________________________
-4-