Tyrone White v. Lynn Dingle , 757 F.3d 750 ( 2014 )

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
___________________________
No. 13-1203
___________________________
Tyrone White
lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner - Appellant
v.
Lynn Dingle
lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent - Appellee
____________
Appeal from United States District Court
for the District of Minnesota - Minneapolis
____________
Submitted: May 14, 2014
Filed: July 2, 2014
____________
Before WOLLMAN, MELLOY, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
____________
BENTON, Circuit Judge.
Tyrone James White was convicted in Minnesota state court of first-degree
felony murder and attempted first-degree premeditated murder. The district court1
1
The Honorable Patrick J. Schiltz, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota.
denied his § 2254 petition. He appeals. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291,
this court affirms.
I.
After a jury trial, White was convicted of first-degree felony murder and
attempted first-degree murder in violation of Minn. Stats. §§ 609.17, 609.185(a)(1),
and 609.185(a)(3). The Minnesota Supreme Court affirmed. State v. White, 684
N.W.2d 500 (Minn. 2004).
White petitioned for post-conviction relief in state court. The trial court
summarily denied the petition. The Minnesota Supreme Court affirmed. White v.
State, 711 N.W.2d 106 (Minn. 2006).
White petitioned for post-conviction relief in federal court under 28 U.S.C. §
2254. The district court dismissed for failure to exhaust claims. This court affirmed.
White v. Dingle, 267 Fed. Appx. 489 (8th Cir. 2008). White moved to amend his
petition. The district court denied amendment. He appealed. This court remanded,
authorizing amendment. White v. Dingle, 616 F.3d 844 (8th Cir. 2010).
On remand, the district court denied relief. It granted a certificate of
appealability (COA) on the ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim alleging a juror
conflict. White moved to expand the COA. This court denied the motion. He
appeals pursuant to the COA, renewing his request for expansion.
II.
Reviewing the denial of a § 2254 petition, this court reviews factual findings
for clear error and legal conclusions de novo. Evans v. Luebbers, 371 F.3d 438, 441
(8th Cir. 2004).
-2-
A federal court “shall not” grant habeas relief unless the state court
adjudication:
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as
determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State
court proceeding.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
“To state a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel, a habeas petitioner must
demonstrate that (1) ‘counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness;’ and (2) ‘the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.’” Miller
v. Dormire, 310 F.3d 600, 602 (8th Cir. 2002), quoting Strickland v. Washington,
466 U.S. 668, 687-88 (1984). The first prong requires a showing “that counsel made
errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the
defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. The second prong
requires a showing that “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id.
at 694.
III.
White claims that his counsel was ineffective by failing to discover that the jury
foreperson, Martha Dixon, worked at the same casino as the victim’s roommate,
Theresa Hindsley. He contends that the Minnesota Supreme Court erred in reviewing
this claim. The Minnesota Supreme Court said:
-3-
White asserts that the victim’s roommate was a blackjack dealer at a
casino where the foreperson was employed as a supervisor. White bases
this claim on a statement allegedly made by the victim’s roommate to an
investigator with the Duluth Police Department, in which the victim’s
roommate said she was at work at the casino at the time of the shooting.
We can find no statement or report mentioning such a statement in the
district court record, and White did not attach any such statement or
report to his petition. If the victim’s roommate was in fact employed at
the casino and the foreperson knew her, it is possible that the foreperson
had previous knowledge about the case that prevented her from being
impartial. Nevertheless, because White failed to provide evidence to
support his claim that the foreperson was unable to be impartial, we
cannot conclude that White’s trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
request a Schwartz[2] hearing.
White, 711 N.W.2d at 112.
In fact, a police report from the day after the murder states “HINDSLEY said
that she works at the Fond-Du-Luh Casino.” As the Magistrate Judge mentioned in
the Report and Recommendation (R&R):
A police report dated April 25, 2001 completed by Duluth Police Officer
Joel Don Olejnicak (“Officer Olejnicak”) was contained in the state’s
first set of pretrial disclosures. (Coates Aff. at Ex. C at 2); (Disclosures
CD, vol. 2 at 63–68, vol. 10 at 209–11). On the third page of the police
report, Officer Olejnicak wrote:
I also spoke with THERESA LYNN HINDSLEY, DOB/03–1–80.
HINDSLEY said she is a roommate of CARLSON and had been
living there for approximately two weeks. HINDSLEY said that
she works at the Fond–Du–Luth Casino and had left for work at
2
See Schwartz v. Minneapolis Suburban Bus Co., 104 N.W.2d 301, 303
(Minn. 1960) (allowing for examination of jurors on the record, when juror
impartiality is disputed).
-4-
approximately 1530 hours and had not been at the residence since
then. HINDSLEY said when she left the residence, CARLSON
was the only person there.
(Id.); (White Decl. Ex. A) [Doc. No. 77 at 3]. At trial, Mr. Whitlock and
Mr. DeSanto apparently referred to this report in examining Officer
Olejnicak. (Admin. R. at 1898, 1916). The report, however, was not
identified in a trial exhibit list and the Court is unsure as to whether the
report was marked for identification at trial.
....
Notwithstanding the Minnesota Supreme Court’s assertion to the
contrary, the record does in fact contain documents, independent of
White’s post-conviction private investigator’s letter, that connect Dixon
and Hindsley. White II, 711 N.W.2d at 112. Thus, the Minnesota
Supreme Court may not have considered all facts relevant to White’s
claim.
White v. Dingle, No. 06-CV-1343, 2012 WL 6853473, at *21 (D. Minn. Aug. 7,
2012) (Magistrate R&R), adopted by No. 06-CV-1343, 2013 WL 146512 (Jan. 14,
2013).
A.
The district court issued a COA under the language of § 2254(d)(1):
Was it contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established
law as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States for the
Minnesota Supreme Court to reject petitioner’s claim that his trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate the possible bias of
juror Martha Dixon?
-5-
White, 2013 WL 146512, at *1. Under § 2254(d)(1), a state court decision is
“contrary to” clearly established federal law when the state court (1) “arrives at a
conclusion opposite to that reached by [the Supreme] Court on a question of law;” or
(2) “decides a case differently than [the Supreme] Court has on a set of materially
indistinguishable facts.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405, 413 (2000). A
decision is an “unreasonable application” of clearly established federal law when the
state court “identifies the correct governing legal principle from [the Supreme]
Court’s decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s
case.” Id. at 413. “[A] federal habeas court making the ‘unreasonable application’
inquiry should ask whether the state court’s application of clearly established federal
law was objectively unreasonable.” Id. at 409.
The R&R—adopted by the district court—said:
Based on the facts available to him, Mr. Whitlock should have further
investigated Dixon’s background on voir dire. Specifically, he should
have discovered the link between Dixon and Hindsley and requested a
Schwartz hearing to investigate whether Dixon was truthful when she
stated she did not know anyone on the witness list. Nevertheless, his
failure does not rise to the level of ineffective assistance of counsel. To
expect trial counsel to conduct an investigation as to the impartiality of
every juror, even those who repeatedly and unequivocally state their
impartiality on voir dire misconstrues Strickland. Moreover, Hindsley
did not testify, nor were she and Dixon familially related. Stated another
way, the connection between Dixon and Hindsley was more tenuous
than the relationship between the Williams juror and her ex-husband.
Though Mr. Whitlock’s representation can be criticized in hindsight, his
failure to request a Schwartz hearing or further investigate the
connection between Dixon and Hindsley did not render him ineffective
under Strickland.
The Court finds that the first prong of Strickland was not met.
Magistrate R&R, 2012 WL 6853473, at *23.
-6-
In Williams v. Taylor, the defendant discovered after trial that the jury
foreperson failed to disclose that she was the ex-wife of the prosecution’s lead-off
witness (a deputy sheriff). Williams, 529 U.S. at 441-43. The Court said, “We
should be surprised, to say the least, if a district court familiar with the standards of
trial practice were to hold that in all cases diligent counsel must check public records
containing personal information pertaining to each and every juror. Because of [the
foreperson’s] silence, there was no basis for an investigation into [her] marriage
history.” Id. at 443.
White argues Williams is distinguishable because additional investigation was
unnecessary to discover Dixon’s and Hindsley’s connection. White asserts: “Here,
the evidence of the relationship between Hindsley and Dixon was apparent from the
records available to trial counsel.” The question here, he maintains, is: Whether, in
light of the information available to trial counsel, counsel should have further
investigated the connection between Dixon and Hindsley.
As the district court acknowledged, White’s counsel should have investigated
Dixon’s and Hindsley’s potential connection. Magistrate R&R, 2012 WL 6853473,
at *23. However, this omission did not render counsel ineffective under Strickland.
During a lengthy voir dire examination, Dixon stated that she did not know any of the
parties or witnesses. (Hindsley was listed as a witness, but did not testify.) Dixon
also repeatedly said she could be fair and impartial. At trial, only one statement in
one document suggested that Dixon and Hindsley worked at the same casino. There
was no evidence that they knew each other. (In response to a voir dire question about
the employees she supervised, Dixon said “everybody’s been there in that department
for a number of years, so we’re kind of all real close, you know, know each other
pretty well and each other’s habits and stuff.”) Since trial, White still presents no
evidence that Dixon and Hindsley knew each other. He fails to show that counsel’s
performance “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Strickland, 466
U.S. at 688.
-7-
White also fails to show prejudice. Id. at 694 (prejudice requires showing “that
there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different”). White asserts that he was
“prejudiced by counsel’s errors” because there “is a strong possibility that the jury
foreperson was biased because of her relationship to the surviving victim’s
roommate.” As the district court found, there is no direct evidence of bias. His
speculation of prejudice is without evidentiary support.
B.
White asks this court to expand the COA, arguing that the Minnesota Supreme
Court’s ruling on juror partiality is reviewable under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2).
The R&R analyzed White’s claim of juror partiality under both § 2254(d)(1)
and § 2254(d)(2). Magistrate R&R, 2012 WL 6853473, at *22 (“Because White
asserts that the Minnesota Supreme Court made factual errors, this claim within
Ground Five is evaluated under both 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2) and § 2254(d)(1).”).
The R&R recommended, “White should receive a COA on claim two of Ground Five
because this ineffective assistance of counsel claim based on juror bias may be
debatable among reasonable jurists.” Id. at *25. The district court adopted the R&R,
but granted the COA only under § 2254(d)(1).
This court expands the COA to include review under § 2254(d)(2). See
Armstrong v. Hobbs, 698 F.3d 1063, 1068 (8th Cir. 2012) (A panel may “exercise
its discretion to consider sua sponte issues beyond those specified in a certificate of
appealability, whether the certificate was issued by a district court or by an
administrative panel of this court.”).
-8-
C.
“[A]n unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented
in state court proceedings” occurs “only if it is shown by clear and convincing
evidence that the state court’s presumptively correct factual findings do not enjoy
support in the record.” Whitehead v. Dormire, 340 F.3d 532, 536 (8th Cir. 2003),
citing 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2); 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). A petitioner must also
“demonstrat[e] that the state court’s determination of facts was unreasonable.” Id.
at 539, citing 28 U.S.C. 2254(d)(2).
White maintains that the Minnesota Supreme Court unreasonably found no
evidence of a connection between Dixon and Hindsley. The R&R said:
When Dixon testified that she worked at the Fond-Du-Luth Casino on
voir dire, the connection between she and Hindsley could have been
discovered. Contrary to the Minnesota Supreme Court’s assertion that
the trial record did not contain a “statement or report” substantiating the
connection between Dixon and Hindsley, the relevant pretrial
disclosures, witness lists, voir dire testimony, and trial testimony
referencing Hindsley, have been part of the record since trial.
....
While the Minnesota Supreme Court may not have adequately
considered all relevant portions of the trial record, White failed to show
by clear and convincing evidence that the state court’s factual findings
on the connection between Hindsley and Dixon “was based on an
unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence
presented.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). The Minnesota Supreme Court
specifically examined Dixon’s voir dire testimony and emphasized
Dixon’s repeated assertions that she did not know anyone on the witness
list. White II, 711 N.W.2d at 112. It also noted that Hindsley’s name was
on the December 27, 2002 version of the witness list. Id. Additionally,
the state court referenced Hindsley’s statement to “an investigator with
the Duluth Police Department” that she was at work at the Fond-du-Luth
-9-
Casino at the time of the murder. Id. White has not shown that the state
court’s finding that “no report or statement relevant to this claim” was
unreasonable given neither Officer Olejnicak’s report nor the private
investigator’s letter demonstrates that Dixon and Hindsley actually
worked together directly or were acquainted in any way. 28 U.S.C. §
2254(d)(2) or § 2254(e)(1). At best, these documents make White’s
claims of juror bias plausible.
Magistrate R&R, 2012 WL 6853473, at *19, 22.
This court agrees. The Minnesota Supreme Court erroneously found no
support in the trial record for White’s assertion that Hindsley “was a blackjack dealer
at a casino where [Dixon] was employed as a supervisor.” White, 711 N.W.2d at 112.
However, this error was not an unreasonable determination of facts in light of the
evidence presented. The court said:
If the victim’s roommate was in fact employed at the casino and the
foreperson knew her, it is possible that the foreperson had previous
knowledge about the case that prevented her from being impartial.
Nevertheless, because White failed to provide evidence to support his
claim that the foreperson was unable to be impartial, we cannot conclude
that White’s trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request a
Schwartz hearing.
Id. (emphasis added). The factual conclusion underlying the Minnesota Supreme
Court’s legal determination is that “White failed to provide evidence to support his
claim that the foreperson was unable to impartial.” This determination is not
unreasonable. The trial record contained no evidence that Dixon and Hindsley knew
each other, that Dixon had prior knowledge of the case, or that Dixon could not be
impartial. See Edwards v. Roper, 688 F.3d 449, 457 (8th Cir. 2012) (a petitioner “is
not entitled to relief based on the state court’s failure to consider evidence that was
not before it”).
-10-
IV.
White requests an evidentiary hearing to resolve factual issues. He asserts a
hearing is necessary because “the record is not complete as to the connection between
Ms. Dixon and Ms. Hindsley.”
Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2), the court shall not hold an evidentiary hearing,
unless the applicant shows that:
(A) the claim relies on–
(i) a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on
collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously
unavailable; or
(ii) a factual predicate that could not have been previously
discovered through the exercise of due diligence; and
(B) the facts underlying the claim would be sufficient to establish by
clear and convincing evidence that but for constitutional error, no
reasonable factfinder would have found the applicant guilty of the
underlying offense.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2). This court reviews the denial of an evidentiary hearing for
abuse of discretion. Cox v. Burger, 398 F.3d 1025, 1029 (8th Cir. 2005).
White’s claim does not meet either of § 2254(e)(2)’s narrow requirements. See
Taylor v. Roper, 561 F.3d 859, 864 (8th Cir. 2009). There are no disputed facts about
the information available to White’s counsel at the time of trial. The request for an
evidentiary hearing is denied. See id.
-11-
*******
The judgment is affirmed.
______________________________
-12-