United States v. Shaun Knox , 634 F.3d 461 ( 2011 )

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 10-1620
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United States of America, *
*
Plaintiff - Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* District of South Dakota.
Shaun Knox, *
*
Defendant - Appellant. *
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Submitted: October 21, 2010
Filed: March 10, 2011
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Before RILEY, Chief Judge, MELLOY and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
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MELLOY, Circuit Judge.
A jury convicted Shaun Knox of sexual abuse pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 2242(2).
The district court1 fined Knox $500 and sentenced him to 151 months' imprisonment.
On appeal, Knox argues that the district court erroneously denied his request for a jury
instruction on a lesser-included offense of simple assault. He also argues that his fine
was improper and that his sentence was unreasonable. We affirm.
1
The Honorable Roberto A. Lange, United States District Judge for the District
of South Dakota.
I. Background
On May 23, 2009, Roya Standing Bear hosted a graduation party at her mother's
home in Mission, South Dakota, which is located on the Rosebud Indian Reservation.
Approximately ten to twenty high-school age men and women attended the party.
Among the attendees were Knox and M.B., who were both age twenty at the time of
the party.
M.B. arrived at Standing Bear's home and began drinking hard alcohol between
5:00 and 7:00 p.m. M.B. rarely drank, but on this night, M.B. drank excessively and
participated in drinking games. Near 8:00 p.m., M.B. became sick, so a friend took
her to Standing Bear’s bedroom where she fell asleep on Standing Bear’s bed. When
M.B. woke up, Knox was having vaginal intercourse with her. M.B. repeatedly told
Knox to stop and to get off her, but he continued to have vaginal intercourse with her.
Officers with the Rosebud Indian Reservation arrested Knox later that night in
Standing Bear’s bedroom. On May 25, federal law-enforcement officials interviewed
Knox concerning the events of the graduation party. Knox initially denied having any
sexual contact with M.B. at the party. Later, however, he admitted that he had sexual
intercourse with M.B. but claimed it was consensual. Specifically, Knox claimed he
had fallen asleep on Standing Bear's bed and that M.B. had woken him up when she
kissed him. Knox claimed that he then kissed M.B., that she then took off her own
pants, and that they then proceeded to have sexual intercourse for about two minutes.
The intercourse ended, according to Knox, when he and M.B. were interrupted by the
entry of a third person into the room.
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On June 23, 2009, a grand jury indicted Knox with sexual abuse pursuant to 18
U.S.C. § 2242(2).2 After a two-day trial in December 2009, a jury convicted Knox of
the charge. The district court then fined Knox $500 and sentenced him to 151 months'
imprisonment.
II. Discussion
A. Lesser-Included-Offense Instruction
Knox first claims the district court erroneously refused to instruct the jury that
it could find Knox guilty of a lesser-included offense of simple assault pursuant to 18
U.S.C. § 113(a)(5). Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 31(c)(1) provides that a
defendant may be found guilty of "an offense necessarily included in the offense
charged." Accordingly, in appropriate circumstances, a defendant is entitled to a jury
instruction that would "permit a finding of guilt of the lesser offense." Sansone v.
United States, 380 U.S. 343, 349 (1965) (internal quotation marks omitted). We
review the district court's rejection of Knox's request for a lesser-included-offense
instruction for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Gentry, 555 F.3d 659, 667 (8th
Cir. 2009).
Knox argues that he was entitled to a jury instruction on the lesser-included
offense of simple assault because a rational jury could have found that his sexual
intercourse with M.B. began consensually, that M.B. then withdrew her consent, and
that Knox then continued to have sexual intercourse with her.3 Knox's claim at trial,
2
The statute prohibits "knowingly . . . engag[ing] in a sexual act with another
person if that other person is (A) incapable of appraising the nature of the conduct; or
(B) physically incapable of declining participation in, or communicating
unwillingness to engage in, that sexual act . . . ."
3
At oral argument, Knox also argued that a rational jury could have found that
he committed a simple assault against M.B. after a third person walked in on them
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however, was that his sexual intercourse with M.B. was consensual throughout.
Generally, we affirm a district judge's refusal to instruct the jury on a lesser-included
offense when the defendant claimed complete innocence throughout trial. United
States v. Milk, 281 F.3d 762, 771 (8th Cir. 2002); United States v. DeNoyer, 811 F.2d
436, 441 (8th Cir. 1987); United States v. Eagle Elk, 658 F.2d 644, 648–49 (8th Cir.
1981); United States v. Collins, 652 F.2d 735, 742 (8th Cir. 1981). We see no reason
not to apply this general rule here. "Defendant's asserted defense was complete
innocence, not perpetration of a less serious infraction. Thus, under our cases, there
was no occasion for a charge on lesser included offenses . . . ." DeNoyer, 811 F.2d
at 441. In light of this case law, we can at least say that on the facts of this case, the
district judge did not abuse his discretion by refusing Knox's request for a lesser-
included-offense instruction.
B. Imposition of $500 Fine
Knox next claims that the district court erred when it imposed a $500 fine upon
him. Since Knox did not object to the fine at sentencing, the district court's imposition
of the fine is reviewed for plain error. United States v. Allmon, 500 F.3d 800, 807
(8th Cir. 2007).
The United States Sentencing Guidelines provide that a district judge must
"impose a fine in all cases, except where the defendant establishes that he is unable
having consensual sexual intercourse. The simple assault would have occurred,
according to Knox, due to the non-sexual "touching of [Knox's] body against [M.B.'s
body] as they remained on the bed" while Knox "got his clothes on and left" the room.
Without deciding whether this type of touching constitutes a simple assault, we note
that there was no evidence at trial that Knox's body touched M.B.'s body in this
manner. See United States v. Eagle Elk, 658 F.2d 644, 648 (8th Cir. 1981) (noting
that a defendant is not entitled to a jury instruction on a lesser-included offense when
the evidence does not provide a "rational basis for a jury" to convict the defendant of
the lesser-included offense).
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to pay and is not likely to become able to pay any fine." U.S.S.G. § 5E1.2(a). In
determining the amount of Knox's fine, a district judge must consider eight factors,
including the defendant's ability to pay.4 Allmon, 500 F.3d at 807. No detailed fact-
finding is necessary for each factor, but the record must reflect that the factors were
considered. Id.In this case, the district court stated that the $500 fine would help pay for the
cost of incarceration, and the court's development of a payment plan reflected the
court's consideration of how burdensome the fine would be on Knox. Moreover, the
sentencing transcript indicates that the court reviewed the presentence report, which
indicated that although Knox had no assets, he also had no liabilities or outstanding
debt. Thus, the record supports the conclusion that the district court considered
Knox's ability to pay when it imposed the $500 fine. United States v. Herron, 539
F.3d 881, 888 (8th Cir. 2008). Indeed, the district court's dramatic departure from the
guideline fine range of $17,500 to $175,000 also suggests the district court considered
Knox's ability to pay.
Nonetheless, Knox claims that the district court necessarily found he was
unable to pay the $500 fine because the court found that he was unable to pay the
interest on the fine and the interest on a $112.50 restitution fee. Knox contends that
if he was unable to pay a nominal amount of interest, it would be inconsistent for the
district judge to find that he could pay a $500 fine. Knox's argument ignores the fact
that a reasonable interpretation of the district judge's finding was that Knox was able
4
The eight factors include (1) the need to reflect the seriousness of the offense,
to promote respect for the law, to provide just punishment, and to afford adequate
deterrence; (2) the defendant's ability to pay; (3) the burden the fine will place on the
defendant; (4) any restitution or reparation the defendant must also make; (5) any
collateral consequences; (6) whether the defendant has previously been fined for a
similar offense; (7) the expected costs of the defendant's imprisonment, probation, or
supervised release; and (8) any other pertinent considerations. U.S.S.G. § 5E1.2(d).
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to pay up to—but no more than—$612.50 in fines and restitution fees. Thus, the
district judge's findings were not necessarily inconsistent. Therefore, we find no plain
error in the district court's imposition of a $500 fine upon Knox.
C. Reasonableness of Sentence
Finally, Knox claims that his 151-month sentence is substantively unreasonable.
At sentencing, the district court's task is to impose a sentence that is "sufficient, but
not greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes of" 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
United States v. Toothman, 543 F.3d 967, 971 (8th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation
marks omitted). The sentencing court's execution of this task must be reasonable. Id.We presume that a district court reasonably executes this task if it selects a sentence
within the relevant guideline range. United States v. West, 612 F.3d 993, 998 (8th
Cir. 2010).
In this case, Knox's guideline range was 121 to 151 months. Thus, since Knox's
sentence was within this range, we may presume the sentence is reasonable. The
district judge stated at sentencing that a 151-month sentence was justified because,
among other reasons, Knox had a "definite alcohol issue," was a high-school dropout,
and had shown an interest in combining alcohol usage with attempts to "hook up with"
women. This explanation suggests that the district judge thought Knox had a
background which increased his likelihood to repeat the offense of which he was
convicted. Since 18 U.S.C. §§ 3553(a)(1) and (2) require sentencing judges to impose
a sentence that is sufficient to deter the defendant from repeating the same offense, the
district judge's explanation supports the conclusion that Knox's sentence was
reasonable.
However, in his explanation of why he chose a 151-month sentence, the district
judge also referenced Knox's interest in basketball and the death of Knox's sister and
father. Knox claims that these references made the district court's sentence
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unreasonable. Although Knox's family tragedies and his interest in basketball
certainly do not compel a sentence at the high end of the guideline range, it is unclear
how references to these facts necessarily make a sentence at the high end of the
guideline range unreasonable in light of the findings outlined in the previous
paragraph. Thus, Knox has failed to rebut the presumption that his 151-month
sentence is substantively reasonable.
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
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