United States v. Corey Victor Bevins , 848 F.3d 835 ( 2017 )

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 15-3986
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United States of America
lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
Corey Victor Bevins
lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the District of Minnesota - St. Paul
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Submitted: October 21, 2016
Filed: February 14, 2017
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Before RILEY, Chief Judge, WOLLMAN and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
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RILEY, Chief Judge.
Corey Bevins pled guilty to production of child pornography in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 2251(a) and (e), receipt of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 2252(a)(2) and (b)(1), and possession of child pornography in violation of
18 U.S.C. §§ 1151, 2252(a)(4)(A), and 2252(b)(2). The district court1 sentenced
Bevins to 300 months in prison after varying downward from Bevins’s advisory
Guidelines range of 720 months. On appeal, Bevins contends the district court
procedurally erred by improperly calculating his Guidelines range and failing
adequately to explain his 300-month sentence at the sentencing hearing. Bevins also
asserts his sentence is substantively unreasonable. We do not find merit in any of
Bevins’s challenges. Therefore, we affirm his sentence. See 28 U.S.C. § 1291
(appellate jurisdiction).
I. BACKGROUND
In April 2013, law enforcement agents discovered a host computer they
believed contained child pornography files. The computer’s IP address was tracked
to a residence in northwest Minnesota where Bevins, then age 37, lived with his
mother and her husband. In January 2014, officers executed a search warrant on the
property and seized four computer towers, an SD memory card, a USB drive, a cell
phone, and 73 CDs that belonged to Bevins. The memory card contained five videos
and seven images of Bevins engaged in sexual acts with known minors, including
nine-year-old M.B., a daughter of Bevins’s cousin. Bevins was arrested and
confessed to having a six-month “relationship” with M.B. “a couple years ago,”
engaging in sexual conduct with M.B., and recording M.B. engaged in sexual conduct
with him on multiple occasions. Officers later found an additional 60 images and 269
videos of child pornography, which Bevins admitted he knowingly downloaded from
the internet.
The government filed a superseding indictment in April 2015, charging Bevins
with nine counts: counts 1 and 2 for production of child pornography, see 18 U.S.C.
§ 2251(a), (e); count 3 for attempted production of child pornography, see id.; counts
1
The Honorable Richard H. Kyle, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota.
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4 through 8 for receipt of child pornography, see id. § 2252(a)(2), (b)(1); and count
9 for possession of child pornography, see id. §§ 1151, 2252(a)(4)(A), (b)(2). Bevins
pled guilty to counts 2 (production), 5 (receipt), and 9 (possession), in exchange for
the government dismissing the remaining six counts. In the plea agreement, Bevins
further admitted he “used and attempted to use the same known victim to engage in
sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of producing a visual depiction of such
conduct on two additional occasions.” The plea agreement made clear this “[would]
be considered relevant conduct for sentencing purposes.”
The presentence investigation report (PSR) assessed Bevins’s conduct and the
plea agreement under the advisory United States Sentencing Guidelines (Guidelines
or U.S.S.G.), and recommended a prison sentence of 720 months.2 Bevins objected
to several enhancements and adjustments applied in the PSR. Specifically, Bevins
disputed the five levels added for patterned behavior, see U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(5), the
five levels added for Bevins being a repeat and dangerous sex offender, see id.
§ 4B1.5(b)(1), the four levels added for sadistic or masochistic behavior, see id.
§ 2G2.1(b)(4), and the three levels added as a result of the PSR not grouping the
production and attempted production counts, see id. § 3D1.4. Bevins also asked the
district court to vary downward given “[i]ndividualize[d] consideration[s],” and
because “the child pornography guidelines are essentially unworkable” and “without
empirical basis.” Bevins suggested a 180-month sentence—the statutory minimum
if all sentences ran concurrently—would be “more than sufficient.” See 18 U.S.C.
§§ 2251(e), 2252(b), 3553(a). While the government agreed a downward variance
was appropriate, it advocated for a below-Guidelines sentence of 360 months.
2
Bevins’s total offense level exceeded the level recognized by the Guidelines,
and thus was reduced from 49 to 43. See U.S.S.G. ch. 5, pt. A, cmt. n.2. The
Guidelines range was life imprisonment, but the combined maximum term allowed
under the statutes was 720 months. See 18 U.S.C. §§ 2251(e), 2252(b); U.S.S.G.
ch. 5, pt. A.
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At the sentencing hearing, the district court reported it had reviewed the PSR
and the parties’ position papers regarding Bevins’s objections and the sentencing
factors. After listening to the parties’ oral arguments, the district court overruled all
objections to the PSR and sentenced Bevins as follows:
Well, taking into account the 3553(a) factors, it’s my judgment that a
total sentence in this case, and I’ll break it down, of 25 years in prison
meets the objectives of 3553(a). And that will be a sentence of 15 years
on Count 2, 5 years on Count 5, 5 years on Count 9, all to run
consecutively for a total of a 25-year [300-month] sentence.
On appeal, Bevins challenges his Guidelines range, the adequacy of the district
court’s explanation regarding the § 3553(a) factors, and the substantive
reasonableness of his sentence.
II. DISCUSSION
In reviewing Bevins’s sentence, we “must first ensure that the district court
committed no significant procedural error, such as failing to calculate (or improperly
calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to
consider the § 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts,
or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence.” Gall v. United States, 552 U.S.
38, 51 (2007). If the district court’s sentencing decision is free of procedural error,
we “then consider the substantive reasonableness of the sentence imposed.” Id.
Bevins makes several arguments which we address in turn.
A. Guidelines Calculations
Bevins first argues the district court procedurally erred by improperly
calculating his Guidelines range. “[W]e review the district court’s application of the
Guidelines de novo.” United States v. Poe, 764 F.3d 914, 917 (8th Cir. 2014). We
begin by noting we need not address Bevins’s challenges to the calculation of his
adjusted offense level for the receipt and possession counts—namely, that a four-level
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enhancement for committing an offense that involved “material that portrays . . .
sadistic or masochistic conduct” under § 2G2.2(b)(4) was unwarranted, that his
conduct was too “sporadic” to support a five-level enhancement for “engag[ing] in
a pattern of activity” under § 2G2.2(b)(5), and that adding five levels under
§ 4B1.5(b)(1) for being a “repeat and dangerous sex offender” resulted in an
impermissible “double count” when paired with the pattern enhancement. These
issues had no impact on Bevins’s Guidelines range. The receipt and possession
counts were grouped with the production count to which Bevins pled guilty. See
U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(c). And the production count had a higher adjusted offense level
and controlled for purposes of calculating Bevins’s Guidelines range. See id.
§ 3D1.3, .4. The receipt and possession counts (along with the challenged increases)
became irrelevant as a practical matter. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(a) (harmless error).
We proceed to Bevins’s argument that he should not have received a five-level
enhancement for being a “repeat and dangerous sex offender” because § 4B1.5(b)(1)
“should” require proof of a prior conviction. The Guidelines reject Bevins’s
proposed reading. The five-level increase under § 4B1.5(b)(1) applies when “the
defendant engaged in a pattern of activity involving prohibited sexual conduct.” A
pattern exists if the defendant engaged in such conduct “on at least two separate
occasions . . . without regard to whether the occasion . . . resulted in a conviction.”
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5 cmt. n.4(B); see also United States v. Godsey, 690 F.3d 906, 910
(8th Cir. 2012) (“Unless an Application Note is clearly erroneous or in conflict with
the Constitution, a federal statute, or the guideline itself, the note is binding on a
district court.”). The PSR noted “Bevins created at least two videos depicting child
pornography on separate dates” and admitted to engaging in prohibited sexual
conduct on multiple occasions. This conduct is sufficient to make Bevins a repeat
and dangerous sex offender triggering § 4B1.5(b)(1).
We also find the four-level enhancement under § 2G2.1(b)(4) warranted
because, as the enhancement requires, “the offense involved material that portrays
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sadistic or masochistic conduct or other depictions of violence.” The Guidelines do
not define these terms, but we have previously held images showing an adult male
engaging (or attempting to engage in) intercourse or oral sex with a minor were
included within the provision’s scope. See, e.g., United States v. Diaz, 368 F.3d 991,
992 (8th Cir. 2004). Bevins produced videos showing him attempting to penetrate
and penetrating M.B. despite her resistance. The videos plainly constitute material
that warranted the four-level enhancement under § 2G2.1(b)(4).
Lastly, the PSR added three levels to Bevins’s combined offense level under
§ 3D1.4 because, although Bevins pled guilty to only one production count, he
stipulated to the conduct that gave rise to the dismissed production and attempted
production counts. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.2(c). Bevins proposes the three production
counts should have been grouped because they “involved the same victim, the same
pattern,” and “‘substantially the same harm’” such that they should have been
grouped under § 3D1.2. Our precedent forecloses this proposition. Each time Bevins
produced videos of M.B. engaged in sexual conduct, “he inflicted a separate and
distinct harm upon that child; therefore, his actions cannot be considered substantially
the same harm for grouping purposes under § 3D1.2.” United States v. Kiel, 454 F.3d
819, 822 (8th Cir. 2006); see also U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2 cmt. n.4. Bevins’s total offense
level and Guidelines range were correctly calculated.
B. Record Adequacy
Bevins also claims the district court “fail[ed] to make an adequate record” of
why the 300-month sentence “is justified” in light of the factors listed in 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a). It is of course true a district court is required to consider the § 3553(a)
factors and “must adequately explain the chosen sentence to allow for meaningful
appellate review.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 50; see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c); Rita v. United
States, 551 U.S. 338, 356-59 (2007). It is also true the sentencing explanation in this
case was succinct, and the district court “might have said more.” Rita, 551 U.S. at
358-59 (“He must have believed that there was not much more to say.”). Bevins did
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not object to the adequacy of the district court’s explanation at the sentencing hearing
and raises this claim for the first time on appeal. The government cites United States
v. Maxwell, 778 F.3d 719, 734 (8th Cir. 2015), to argue such failure to object waives
the issue; however, a subsequent opinion clarified we do “routinely . . . conduct[]
plain-error review of claims that a district court failed adequately to explain a chosen
sentence.” United States v. Chavarria-Ortiz, 828 F.3d 668, 671 (8th Cir. 2016); cf.
Maxwell, 778 F.3d at 734-35 (applying plain-error review despite declaring the court
would “not sustain a procedural challenge . . . by a defendant who did not object to
the adequacy of the court’s explanation at sentencing”). “As a practical matter,
however, a forfeited challenge to the adequacy of a district court’s explanation for a
sentence . . . faces long odds.” Chavarria-Ortiz, 828 F.3d at 671.
We start with the well-settled principle that when considering the § 3553(a)
factors, “[a] district court is not required to make specific findings; all that is
generally required to satisfy the appellate court is evidence that the district court was
aware of the relevant factors.” United States v. Perkins, 526 F.3d 1107, 1110 (8th
Cir. 2008). Here there can be no doubt the district court was aware of, and indeed
considered and applied, the § 3553(a) factors—this is made obvious by the fact the
district court did vary downward. Furthermore, the district court had at its disposal
the PSR, which discussed the § 3553(a) factors and “contain[ed] extensive
information regarding [Bevins], his history and characteristics, the nature and
circumstances of the offense, the kinds of sentences available, and a recommended
advisory sentencing guidelines range, all of which are factors under § 3553(a).”
United States v. Jones, 493 F.3d 938, 941 (8th Cir. 2007), vacated, 552 U.S. 1091,
and reinstated per curiam, 275 F. App’x 561, 562 n.2 (8th Cir. 2008). The district
court also noted on the record that it read the parties’ position papers regarding the
§ 3553(a) factors, and the district court listened to the parties’ oral arguments at the
hearing. See United States v. Johnson, 619 F.3d 910, 922 (8th Cir. 2010) (“[T]he
district court was aware of [defendant’s] arguments, and we therefore presume that
the district court considered and rejected them.”). Bevins “points to nothing to
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suggest a reasonable probability that the district court would have imposed a more
lenient sentence if the court had elected to discuss the appropriateness of the sentence
at greater length.” Chavarria-Ortiz, 828 F.3d at 672. In light of all these reasons we
are convinced the district court’s explanation, though brief, was not so plainly
inadequate as to warrant reversal.
C. Sentence Reasonableness
Having found no procedural error, we are left with Bevins’s contention that his
sentence is substantively unreasonable. We review the substantive reasonableness
of a sentence “under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 41.
Here, the district court sentenced Bevins to 300 months in prison—a term 420 months
(35 years) shorter than his advisory Guidelines range. After Gall, it is an “‘unusual
case when we reverse a district court sentence . . . as substantively unreasonable,’”
United States v. Feemster, 572 F.3d 455, 464 (8th Cir. 2009) (en banc) (quoting
United States v. Gardellini, 545 F.3d 1089, 1090 (D.C. Cir. 2008)), and it is “nearly
inconceivable” that a sentence is so high as to be substantively unreasonable and
constitute an abuse of discretion when the district court imposed a below-Guidelines
sentence, United States v. Lazarski, 560 F.3d 731, 733 (8th Cir. 2009). The sentence
imposed was not unreasonably high.
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm.
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