United States v. Valentino Bagola ( 2015 )


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  •                  United States Court of Appeals
    For the Eighth Circuit
    ___________________________
    No. 14-1034
    ___________________________
    United States of America,
    lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee,
    v.
    Valentino James Bagola, also known as Tino,
    lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant.
    ____________
    Appeal from United States District Court
    for the District of North Dakota - Fargo
    ____________
    Submitted: March 12, 2015
    Filed: August 6, 2015
    ____________
    Before WOLLMAN and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges, and WHITE,1 District
    Judge.
    ____________
    1
    The Honorable Ronnie L. White, United States District Judge for the Eastern
    District of Missouri, sitting by designation.
    COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.
    Following a jury trial, Valentino Bagola was convicted of two counts of first
    degree murder, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1111(a) and 1153. The district court2
    sentenced Bagola to two concurrent terms of life imprisonment. On appeal, Bagola
    challenges the district court’s jury instructions on felony murder and child abuse, the
    sufficiency of the evidence to convict him, and the district court’s restriction of his
    cross-examination of a witness. We affirm.
    I.
    D.S. and her brother T.D., members of the Spirit Lake Sioux Tribe, were nine
    and six years old, respectively, when they were found dead on May 21, 2011. Mena
    Shaw, the children’s mother, found D.S. and T.D. obscured by a blanket in a bedroom
    at the house of their father, Travis DuBois, on the Spirit Lake Reservation in North
    Dakota.
    D.S., who was found without underwear or pants, had sustained forty stab
    wounds. A battery had been inserted into her rectum. T.D. suffered sixty-six stab
    wounds, including one that fractured his skull and another that made a shallow,
    seven-centimeter cut across the front of his neck. Law enforcement agents
    responding to the scene recovered a knife with a broken handle from an indoor trash
    can, and a smaller knife from the trash outdoors. There was blood on both knives.
    Agents also noted that a partially open basement window permitted access to the
    DuBois residence.
    2
    The Honorable Ralph R. Erickson, Chief Judge, United States District Court
    for the District of North Dakota.
    -2-
    Shaw, the mother, had moved out of the DuBois residence shortly before D.S.
    and T.D. were murdered, leaving the children in the care of DuBois. DuBois left the
    home after Shaw discovered the bodies of T.D. and D.S. He was later arrested for
    public intoxication. Law enforcement agents focused on DuBois as a suspect in the
    murders and interviewed him for seven hours in the wake of the crime. Several days
    later, during a polygraph examination, DuBois denied any involvement in the
    murders, but then confessed after the examination that he had committed the crime.
    Forensic evidence led investigators to change their focus. Bagola became the
    main suspect after law enforcement agents discovered that DNA found under D.S.’s
    fingernails matched Bagola’s. Bagola was a cousin of D.S. and T.D. He had lived
    with Shaw, DuBois, D.S., and T.D. at the DuBois residence in early 2011, but moved
    into another house nearby before the children were murdered. Bagola occasionally
    babysat D.S., T.D., and another sibling, and he did so in the days before D.S. and T.D.
    were killed. Investigators interviewed Bagola, and he provided detailed oral and
    written confessions to the murders of D.S. and T.D. and the sexual abuse of D.S.
    A grand jury indicted Bagola, charging him with the first degree murders of
    D.S. and T.D. As relevant on appeal, the murder charges were based on the federal
    felony-murder law, which provides that a “murder . . . committed in the perpetration
    of, or attempt to perpetrate, . . . aggravated sexual abuse[,] sexual abuse, [or] child
    abuse . . . is murder in the first degree.” 18 U.S.C. § 1111(a). The indictment alleged
    that Bagola committed the murder of D.S. in the perpetration of and attempt to
    perpetrate the aggravated sexual abuse, sexual abuse, and child abuse of D.S. As to
    the murder of T.D., the alleged predicate offense was the child abuse of T.D.
    A jury found Bagola guilty of both counts of murder based on all of the
    predicate offenses charged in the indictment. The court sentenced him to life
    imprisonment, and Bagola now appeals the convictions.
    -3-
    II.
    Bagola first challenges the district court’s jury instructions on felony murder
    and child abuse. Bagola disputes Jury Instructions 5 and 6, which provided that the
    fourth element of first degree murder was that a killing was committed “during the
    perpetration of, or attempt to perpetrate,” sexual abuse, aggravated sexual abuse, or
    child abuse of the victim. R. Doc. 192, at 6, 9. Bagola contends that the instructions
    were wrong to include “child abuse” as a predicate felony during which a killing was
    committed, because the child abuse of D.S. and T.D. “merged” with the murders. He
    interprets the felony-murder statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1111(a), to mean that the predicate
    felony must be “something apart from the murder itself.” On this view, the jury
    should have been instructed that if the act that constituted child abuse was the same
    act that caused the victim’s death, then the jury could not convict Bagola of murder
    based on a predicate felony of child abuse. Bagola cites no authority supporting his
    view that § 1111(a) should be construed in this manner, but he directs us to a divided
    decision of the Iowa Supreme Court applying his preferred rule under an Iowa murder
    statute. State v. Heemstra, 
    721 N.W.2d 549
    (Iowa 2006).
    The district court expressed no view on the legal question now presented, and
    it is little wonder why not. Bagola proposed the very instruction to which he now
    objects. In his proposed jury instructions, Bagola asked the court to instruct the jury
    that one element of the murder charges could be satisfied by proof that “the killing
    was committed in the perpetration, or attempt to perpetrate, child abuse” against D.S.
    or T.D., respectively. R. Doc. 147, at 3, 4 (emphasis added). The court instructed the
    jury as Bagola requested, and Bagola raised no objection.
    “[A] defendant who requests and receives a jury instruction may not challenge
    the giving of that instruction on appeal.” United States v. Mariano, 
    729 F.3d 874
    ,
    881 (8th Cir. 2013). Where a defendant has “invited” an alleged mistake, there can
    be no reversible error. 
    Id. at 880-81.
    Accordingly, we reject Bagola’s challenge to
    -4-
    the district court’s jury instructions on the fourth element of felony murder. We
    express no view on Bagola’s proposed interpretation of § 1111(a).
    Bagola also challenges the district court’s jury instruction on the definition of
    “child abuse.” According to the instruction, one element of child abuse is that the
    defendant “willfully inflicted bodily injury, substantial bodily injury, or serious
    bodily injury upon a child.” R. Doc. 190, at 19. Bagola says the instruction was
    wrong, because the federal felony-murder statute defines child abuse as “intentionally
    or knowingly causing death or serious bodily injury to a child.” 18 U.S.C.
    § 1111(c)(3) (emphasis added). The error, he argues, permitted the jury to convict
    him based on a finding of “bodily injury” without finding “serious bodily injury.”
    It is difficult to fathom how Bagola could have been prejudiced by the cited
    error. Could a jury conceivably have found “bodily injury” but not “serious bodily
    injury” in a case involving two deaths and at least forty stab wounds per child? But
    we need not even analyze prejudice because, again, Bagola is in no position to
    challenge the giving of an instruction that he requested. 
    Mariano, 729 F.3d at 880
    .
    Bagola’s proposed instruction on “child abuse” would have required the government
    to prove that he “inflicted, or allowed to be inflicted, bodily injury, substantial bodily
    injury, or serious bodily injury.” R. Doc. 147, at 11. The court delivered precisely
    the instruction that Bagola requested. There is no reversible error.
    III.
    Bagola next contends that there was insufficient evidence for the jury to
    convict him of the felony murder of D.S. He asserts that no reasonable jury could
    have found that he perpetrated, or attempted to perpetrate, the predicate offenses of
    sexual abuse or aggravated sexual abuse. This argument is premised on Bagola’s
    contention, addressed above, that the murder conviction cannot be sustained based
    on the predicate offense of child abuse. As we have rejected Bagola’s appeal on that
    -5-
    point, the challenge to the sufficiency of evidence to establish sexual abuse and
    aggravated sexual abuse is necessarily fruitless. The conviction can be sustained on
    the ground that Bagola killed D.S. during the perpetration of child abuse. In any
    event, for reasons discussed below, there was also sufficient evidence for a rational
    jury to find that Bagola killed D.S. during the perpetration, or attempted perpetration,
    of sexual abuse and aggravated sexual abuse.
    Sexual abuse consists of knowingly causing another person to engage in a
    sexual act by threatening or placing that other person in fear. 18 U.S.C. § 2242(1).
    Aggravated sexual abuse is causing the sexual act by using force against that person
    or by “threatening or placing that other person in fear that any person will be
    subjected to death, serious bodily injury, or kidnapping.” 
    Id. § 2241(a).
    A “sexual
    act” includes penetration, however slight, by the penis of the anus. 
    Id. § 2246(2)(A).
    Bagola argues that the only evidence that he perpetrated, or attempted to perpetrate,
    sexual abuse or aggravated sexual abuse is his statement that he “started to bone
    [D.S.],” and the discovery of a battery in D.S.’s rectum. He insists that this evidence
    was insufficient to support the jury’s verdict on the predicate offenses.
    Bagola confessed to raping D.S. anally. He stated that he “started to bone
    [D.S.],” and defined “bone” as some contact between his penis and the child’s anus.
    Bagola also admitted that he penetrated D.S.’s anus, responding affirmatively when
    officers asked him whether he was “able to fit [his] penis inside of her” and whether
    his “penis [was] hard when [he was] sticking it in her.”
    A confession must be corroborated to support a criminal conviction, Wong Sun
    v. United States, 
    371 U.S. 471
    , 488-89 (1963), but there was substantial independent
    evidence in this case to justify an inference that Bagola’s admissions were true. Some
    corroborative evidence tended to verify Bagola’s admission of the criminal acts; other
    evidence fortified the truth of the confession more generally. Both types of evidence
    can satisfy the corroboration requirement. 
    Id. at 489;
    United States v. Kirk, 528 F.3d
    -6-
    1102, 1111-12 & n.10 (8th Cir. 2008). The detailed nature of Bagola’s confession
    further bolsters its veracity. Rachlin v. United States, 
    723 F.2d 1373
    , 1379 (8th Cir.
    1983).
    Most prominent of the corroborating evidence was the condition of D.S.’s body
    when discovered. Bagola admitted penetrating her anus. D.S. was found wearing no
    pants or underwear, and there was a battery lodged in her rectum. Investigators also
    recovered Bagola’s DNA from under D.S.’s fingernails, thus corroborating Bagola’s
    admission that he thought D.S. scratched him in an attempt to fight him off.
    Investigators corroborated other details. Bagola admitted entering the DuBois
    residence “through the bottom window;” investigators securing the crime scene found
    a partially open basement window that allowed entry to the residence. Bagola
    admitted in his written confession that he “stabb[ed T.D.] constantly one after
    another,” “cut [T.D.’s] throat and leave [sic] him there to bleed out,” and “started to
    stab [D.S.] one after another.” T. Tr. Vol. III, at 364. A forensic examiner
    corroborated this account with testimony that T.D. sustained sixty-six stab wounds,
    including a shallow cut to his throat that measured seven centimeters, while D.S. was
    stabbed forty times.
    Bagola confessed that he used a big knife, that its handle broke when he was
    stabbing one of the children, and that he disposed of the knife in an indoor garbage
    can or outdoors. Investigators recovered a broken bloody knife in the kitchen trash,
    and a smaller bloody knife in the trash outdoors. The forensic examiner bolstered the
    accuracy of Bagola’s confession by testifying that T.D. sustained a stab wound that
    fractured his skull, and that it was possible for a knife to break if it were removed
    after becoming lodged in a skull. Another forensic examiner testified that Bagola’s
    palm print and T.D.’s blood were found on a computer in the bedroom where D.S.
    and T.D. were found.
    -7-
    There was ample evidence to support the jury’s finding that Bagola killed D.S.
    during the perpetration of sexual abuse and aggravated sexual abuse. His confession
    and corroborating evidence could lead a rational jury to conclude that he knowingly
    used threats and force to penetrate D.S.’s anus with his penis. Accordingly, Bagola’s
    conviction for murdering D.S. need not rest solely on the predicate offense of child
    abuse. The jury’s alternative findings that the killing was committed in the course of
    sexual abuse and aggravated sexual abuse are independent grounds to sustain the
    conviction.
    IV.
    Bagola next argues that the district court abused its discretion under the rules
    of evidence and violated his rights under the Confrontation Clause by limiting his
    cross-examination of DuBois. Because DuBois initially confessed to the murders,
    Bagola sought to demonstrate reasonable doubt about whether the government was
    prosecuting the right man. As part of that strategy, Bagola’s counsel attempted to
    present evidence about what happened when investigators administered a polygraph
    examination to DuBois. In particular, counsel tried to elicit from DuBois that when
    DuBois denied to the examiner that he stabbed or caused injury to the children, the
    examiner told DuBois that he was “strongly reacting” during the test. The
    government objected on the ground that the results of a polygraph examination are
    inadmissible, and that DuBois’s answer about the examiner’s comment would
    disclose a result of the examination. The district court sustained the objection.
    The use of polygraph evidence is disfavored. United States v. Montgomery,
    
    635 F.3d 1074
    , 1094 (8th Cir. 2011). “[T]here is simply no consensus that polygraph
    evidence is reliable,” United States v. Scheffer, 
    523 U.S. 303
    , 309 (1998), and, “[b]y
    its very nature, polygraph evidence may diminish the jury’s role in making credibility
    determinations.” 
    Id. at 313
    (plurality opinion); see United States v. Gianakos, 
    415 F.3d 912
    , 924-25 & n.7 (8th Cir. 2005). For these reasons, the district court ordered
    -8-
    before trial that while Bagola could elicit testimony about statements made by DuBois
    during the examination, he was forbidden to introduce evidence about the results of
    the examination. Consistent with the pretrial order, the court ruled during trial that
    evidence of the examiner’s statement that DuBois was “strongly reacting” when
    answering questions about the killings was inadmissible.
    Bagola argues that the district court abused its discretion by excluding the
    examiner’s statement to DuBois because the government “opened the door” to this
    line of inquiry. “The doctrine of opening the door allows a party to explore otherwise
    inadmissable evidence on cross-examination when the opposing party has made
    unfair prejudicial use of related evidence on direct examination.” United States v.
    Durham, 
    868 F.2d 1010
    , 1012 (8th Cir. 1989) (internal quotation marks omitted).
    The otherwise inadmissible evidence must “clarify or rebut an issue opened up” by
    opposing counsel. United States v. Beason, 
    220 F.3d 964
    , 968 (8th Cir. 2000).
    The government did not “open the door” to evidence about results of the
    polygraph examination. On direct examination, DuBois testified that he was
    administered a polygraph examination, that he agreed to submit to the test because
    he was “not lying” and was therefore “not afraid” of the test, and that he told an
    investigator after the test that he was not telling the truth during the polygraph
    examination. The government did not elicit the statements that DuBois made during
    the examination. DuBois continued at trial by asserting that his post-examination
    confession was untrue and explaining that he made a false confession because
    investigators put words in his mouth during the lengthy interrogation that had taken
    place several days before the polygraph.
    This testimony does not constitute unfair prejudicial use of testimony related
    to the results of the polygraph examination. The government’s questioning steered
    clear of introducing the results of the polygraph. Bagola, not the government, first
    elicited from DuBois on cross-examination that he denied during the polygraph
    -9-
    examination that he stabbed D.S. and T.D. or caused any of their injuries. Bagola’s
    cross-examination then tried to place the examiner’s interpretation of his responses
    before the jury, and the district court properly excluded it. That DuBois confessed
    was important evidence, but that he confessed after the examiner’s statement about
    “strong reactions” had minimal probative value. The district court was within its
    discretion to conclude that the danger of confusion and unfair prejudice from
    injecting the examiner’s interpretation of the polygraph substantially outweighed the
    probative value of the disputed testimony.
    Bagola responds that he was not attempting to present evidence of “results,”
    because the question did not call for testimony about whether the examiner found that
    DuBois was deceptive. But polygraph examinations measure a subject’s
    physiological reactions through sensors attached to the subject and connection to a
    machine. “Results” are the examiner’s interpretation of data recorded by the
    machine. Testimony that a subject was “strongly reacting,” like testimony that a
    subject was “deceptive,” calls for the examiner’s interpretation of the physiological
    responses registered by the subject. The district court permissibly determined that
    Bagola was pressing a distinction without a difference.
    Bagola also contends that the district court’s ruling on the question about
    “strong reactions” violated his rights under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth
    Amendment. He did not raise this point during trial, so we review the claim under
    the plain error standard. United States v. Johnson, 
    688 F.3d 494
    , 504 (8th Cir. 2012).
    The Sixth Amendment guarantees an accused an opportunity for effective
    cross-examination, but it does not entitle him to “cross-examination that is effective
    in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish.” Delaware v.
    Fensterer, 
    474 U.S. 15
    , 20 (1985) (per curiam). District courts retain wide latitude
    to impose reasonable limits on cross-examination. Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 
    475 U.S. 673
    , 679 (1986). Bagola argues that the limitation here was unreasonable. He says
    -10-
    the jury might have evaluated DuBois’s credibility differently if it had known that
    DuBois confessed right after the examiner told him that he reacted strongly when
    denying the murders. According to Bagola, the examiner’s comment would have
    provided an explanation for DuBois’s confession that differed from DuBois’s claim
    that agents “put words in [his] mouth” during the interrogation that preceded the
    polygraph.
    We see no reasonable likelihood that the disputed testimony would have given
    the jury a significantly different impression of DuBois’s credibility. Insofar as the
    examiner’s comment influenced DuBois to confess, a jury may well have viewed the
    evidence as consistent with DuBois’s claim that investigators put words in his mouth
    and led him to confess when he was really innocent. The district court reasonably
    perceived a danger, moreover, that the jury would focus instead on purported
    “results” of the polygraph examination and give excessive weight to an inference
    drawn from the examiner’s statement. See 
    Scheffer, 523 U.S. at 313-14
    (plurality
    opinion); 
    Gianakos, 415 F.3d at 924-25
    & n.7. Bagola had sufficient opportunity to
    raise doubts in other ways about DuBois’s retraction of his confession, so it was not
    plain error to exclude cross-examination about the examiner’s comment.
    *      *       *
    The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
    ______________________________
    -11-
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 14-1034

Judges: Wollman, Colloton, White

Filed Date: 8/6/2015

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 10/19/2024