Bradley Baumann v. Vladimir Zhukov , 802 F.3d 950 ( 2015 )


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  •                   United States Court of Appeals
    For the Eighth Circuit
    ___________________________
    No. 14-2981
    ___________________________
    Bradley B. Baumann, et al., individually and as co-special administrators
    lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiffs - Appellants
    v.
    Vladimir Zhukov, et al.
    lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellees
    ____________
    Appeal from United States District Court
    for the District of Nebraska - Omaha
    ____________
    Submitted: June 9, 2015
    Filed: October 1, 2015
    ____________
    Before LOKEN, BYE, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
    ____________
    LOKEN, Circuit Judge.
    A deadly crash involving truck drivers Vladimir Zhukov and Keith Johnson
    rendered westbound Interstate 80 impassible near Potter, Nebraska, in the early hours
    of September 9, 2012. Approximately forty minutes later, Christopher and Diana
    Schmidt and their two children were stopped at the end of the nearly mile-long traffic
    jam when a truck driven by Josef Slezak smashed into their vehicles, tragically killing
    them and Diana’s unborn child. The administrators of the Schmidts’ estates sued,
    among others, Zhukov, Zhukov’s equipment provider, and Zhukov’s and Johnson’s
    employers, alleging that the negligence of Zhukov and Johnson in causing the first
    crash proximately caused the second. Plaintiffs appeal the district court’s1 grant of
    summary judgment for these defendants. Reviewing the grant of summary judgment
    de novo, we agree with the district court that the Schmidts’ injuries were not
    proximately caused by the negligence of Zhukov or Johnson because the
    unanticipated negligence of Slezak was an “efficient intervening cause.” Latzel v.
    Bartek, 
    846 N.W.2d 153
    , 164 (Neb. 2014). Accordingly, we affirm.
    I. Background
    We state the facts in the light most favorable to plaintiffs, the nonmoving
    parties. Shortly before 4:20 a.m. on September 9, 2012, Zhukov was driving a
    tractor-trailer rig westbound on Interstate 80 near Potter, Nebraska, when he struck
    an object in the road. His vehicle lost air-brake pressure, causing its spring-powered
    parking brakes to apply automatically. Zhukov stopped with the full rig, or at least
    a large part of the trailer, in the right-hand lane. Two experts opined that he could
    have pulled completely onto the shoulder before stopping. Zhukov turned on his
    hazard lights and placed warning reflectors behind the rig, but left them much closer
    to the trailer than federal regulations require and in a formation that guided traffic
    towards the right shoulder rather than the unobstructed left lane. See 49 C.F.R.
    § 392.22(b). At 4:34 a.m., a semi-tractor-trailer driven by Keith Johnson crashed into
    the rear of Zhukov’s trailer. Johnson did not slow down or attempt to change lanes
    before hitting Zhukov. The crash killed Johnson, caused a fire, and scattered debris,
    resulting in a complete blockage of both westbound lanes.
    1
    The Honorable F.A. Gossett III, United States Magistrate Judge for the District
    of Nebraska, to whom the case was assigned by consent of the parties pursuant to 28
    U.S.C. § 636(c).
    -2-
    A sheriff’s deputy arrived on the scene of the accident at 4:40 a.m.; the first
    firefighting unit arrived at 4:49 a.m. A traffic jam 0.86 miles long formed behind the
    crash. The Schmidts, traveling westbound in two cars, safely stopped at the end of
    the long line. Vehicles in the lineup -- including both Schmidt cars and the truck
    immediately in front of them -- activated hazard lights, and police, fire, and
    ambulance vehicles had overhead lights flashing. Nevertheless, at 5:14 a.m., a semi-
    tractor-trailer driven by Josef Slezak smashed into Christopher Schmidt’s car at
    approximately seventy-five miles per hour. The collision propelled Christopher’s car
    into Diana Schmidt’s car, propelling it under the semi-trailer stopped in front of the
    Schmidts. All four vehicles caught fire. The entire Schmidt family perished.
    The weather on September 9 was clear, with no precipitation. Plaintiffs’ First
    Amended Complaint alleged that, at the time of the second accident, the “line of
    traffic stopped due to the Zhukov/Johnson collision was visible for no less than one
    mile to approaching traffic, and users of citizens band radios, both westbound and
    eastbound, were warning oncoming drivers that traffic had come to a stop ahead.”2
    A fire truck, with lights and siren on, passed the end of the traffic jam on its way to
    the first crash scene less than a minute before the second crash. Despite these
    multiple warning signs, Nebraska State Trooper and accident reconstructionist Travis
    Wallace determined that Slezak did not brake or attempt to avoid the Schmidts’ cars
    before crashing into them. Slezak had been driving for at least fourteen hours at the
    time of the crash -- three more than is permitted by federal regulation. See 49 C.F.R.
    § 395.3(a)(3)(i). Wallace concluded Slezak was fatigued, inattentive, and unable to
    operate a motor vehicle safely.
    2
    Plaintiffs assert in their Reply Brief, without citation to authority, that these
    allegations are not judicial admissions because they were neither admitted nor denied
    in defendants’ answers. The assertion is without merit. See L.L. Nelson Enters., Inc.
    v. Cty. of St. Louis, 
    673 F.3d 799
    , 806 (8th Cir. 2012) (allegations in complaint are
    binding judicial admissions); Official Comm. of the Unsecured Creditors of Color
    Tile, Inc. v. Coopers & Lybrand, LLP, 
    322 F.3d 147
    , 167 (2d Cir. 2003).
    -3-
    The administrator plaintiffs sued Zhukov, the companies for which he was
    driving, MTR Express and Swift Truck Lines, and Johnson’s employer, Long Haul
    Trucking, alleging theories of direct and vicarious liability. Plaintiffs claimed that
    the negligence of Zhukov and Johnson caused the first collision, resulting in a traffic
    stoppage that created conditions which reasonably and foreseeably led to the
    Schmidts’ deaths from the second collision. The district court granted defendants’
    motion for summary judgment, concluding that plaintiffs could not satisfy the element
    of proximate causation because “Slezak’s negligence was an efficient intervening
    cause, which severed any causal connection between Defendants’ conduct and the
    injuries sustained by Plaintiffs.” Plaintiffs appeal, arguing that Slezak’s negligence
    was not unforeseeable as a matter of law and therefore a jury should determine
    whether defendants’ negligence proximately caused the Schmidts’ injuries. After
    plaintiffs settled their separate claims against owner-operator Slezak and the trucking
    company that engaged him, final judgment was entered, giving us appellate
    jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
    II. Discussion
    The law of Nebraska, the forum state, governs this diversity action. Heatherly
    v. Alexander, 
    421 F.3d 638
    , 641 (8th Cir. 2005). “In order to recover in a negligence
    action, a plaintiff must show a legal duty owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, a
    breach of such duty, causation, and damages.” A.W. v. Lancaster Cty. Sch. Dist.
    0001, 
    784 N.W.2d 907
    , 913 (Neb. 2010). Proximate cause “consists of three
    elements: that (1) but for the negligence, the injury would not have occurred, (2) the
    injury is the natural and probable result of the negligence, and (3) there is no efficient
    intervening cause.” Heatherly, 421 F.3d at 641-42. “An efficient intervening cause
    is new and independent conduct of a third person, which itself is a proximate cause
    of the injury in question and breaks the causal connection between the original
    conduct and the injury.” Latzel, 846 N.W.2d at 164. “The causal connection is
    severed when (1) the negligent actions of a third party intervene, (2) the third party
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    had full control of the situation, (3) the third party’s negligence could not have been
    anticipated by the defendant, and (4) the third party’s negligence directly resulted in
    injury to the plaintiff.” Id. (quotation omitted).
    Only the third element of an efficient intervening cause is disputed here --
    whether the intervening negligence of Slezak in colliding with the stopped Schmidt
    vehicles was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the negligent acts of Zhukov
    and Johnson that caused the first accident. Foreseeability is ordinarily a question for
    the trier of fact, but where reasonable minds could not differ, “foreseeability
    determinations can properly be made as a matter of law.” Id. at 165.
    “[W]hen one engaged in the lawful use of the highway causes an obstruction
    to be placed upon it in such a manner as to be dangerous to traffic, he must use
    ordinary care to prevent injury to others where he knows that said obstruction is
    calculated to do injury to travelers.” Brown v. Neb. Pub. Power Dist., 
    306 N.W.2d 167
    , 170 (Neb. 1981) (quotation omitted). In determining proximate cause, “[i]t is
    sufficient if what occurs is one of the kind of consequences which might reasonably
    be foreseen.” Id. at 171 (quotation omitted). Pointing to statistical analysis and
    expert testimony in the summary judgment record, plaintiffs argue that the Schmidts’
    deaths were the kind of consequences defendants could (and did) reasonably foresee
    because “traffic flow interruptions including prior collisions [are] a leading cause of
    serious/fatal [highway] crashes.”
    We have found no Nebraska decision addressing whether a third party’s
    intervening negligence that caused a second collision was a reasonably foreseeable
    consequence of the negligence that caused an initial collision resulting in a traffic
    stoppage. In a number of cases, however, the Supreme Court of Nebraska has held
    as a matter of law that the negligence of a landowner or a government agency that
    created a hazardous road condition was not the proximate cause of a highway
    accident because a driver’s negligence was an efficient intervening cause that severed
    -5-
    any causal connection. In Latzel, the court held that landowners’ negligence in
    planting corn that obstructed drivers’ views of an unmarked intersection was not the
    proximate cause of a subsequent collision because the landowners -
    were not bound to anticipate that drivers would disregard the obvious
    danger of traversing a visually obstructed unmarked intersection without
    being able to see what they needed to see to do so safely. Reasonable
    minds cannot differ that the drivers’ actions could not have been
    anticipated by the landowners and that as a matter of law, the drivers’
    negligence constituted an efficient intervening cause of the collision.
    846 N.W.2d at 167. Similarly, in Malolepszy v. State, 
    729 N.W.2d 669
    , 677 (Neb.
    2007), the Court held that the State’s allegedly negligent design and management of
    a construction site did not proximately cause injuries plaintiff sustained in an accident
    because the “State was not bound to anticipate that a vehicle stopped along the
    shoulder of the road would suddenly pull out in front of oncoming traffic.” Accord
    Willet v. Cty. of Lancaster, 
    713 N.W.2d 483
    , 489 (Neb. 2006) (driver’s failure to
    obey stop sign at obstructed intersection not foreseeable to the County); Zeller v. Cty.
    of Howard, 
    419 N.W.2d 654
    , 659 (Neb. 1988) (driver who disregarded obvious
    danger at intersection lacking stop sign was efficient intervening cause); Delaware
    v. Valls, 
    409 N.W.2d 621
    , 624 (Neb. 1987) (adjacent property owners could not
    foresee plaintiff would negligently enter obstructed intersection).
    The foreseeability issue is more difficult when the initial negligence is a
    highway obstruction or collision that results in a second collision. In general, as
    plaintiffs argue, the risk that a highway stoppage will cause follow-on collisions is
    well known. But numerous courts in other jurisdictions, faced with similar facts,
    have concluded that the proximate cause inquiry is fact specific.
    In cases involving successive car accidents, proximate cause has been
    resolved as a matter of law based on the following considerations: (a)
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    lapse of time; (b) whether the force initiated by the original wrongdoer
    continued in active operation up to the injury[;] (c) whether the act of
    the intervenor can be considered extraordinary[;] and (d) whether the
    intervening act was a normal response to the situation created by the
    [first] wrongdoer.
    Blood v. VH-1 Music First, 
    668 F.3d 543
    , 546 (7th Cir. 2012) (quotation omitted).
    In Blood, defendants negligently caused a crash blocking northbound Interstate 57.
    Four hours later, a truck slammed full speed into plaintiff’s car, stopped at the end of
    the resulting four-and-a-half-mile-long traffic jam. Applying Illinois law, the Seventh
    Circuit affirmed the grant of summary judgment for defendants, noting the length of
    time between the two crashes and emphasizing that the second truck driver “acted
    extraordinarily” in failing to stop, when every other driver had come to a safe stop
    and visibility was good. Id. at 548.
    Similarly, in Donegan v. Denney, 
    457 S.W.2d 953
     (Ky. 1970), glass cargo fell
    from a Pepsi truck, blowing out the tires of the next car and causing three following
    cars to collide. Traffic stopped, and another five cars collided nearly a thousand feet
    from the first crash. The court affirmed the grant of judgment for the defendant as a
    matter of law, concluding that Pepsi’s negligence was not a proximate cause of the
    five-car collision because its original negligence was superseded “in light of so many
    instances in which motorists had safely stopped between the site of Pepsi’s
    negligence and the locale of the five-car collision.” Id. at 958; accord Hale v. Brown,
    
    167 P.3d 362
    , 363, 367 (Kan. App. 2007) (driver who drove off freeway, causing
    traffic jam when emergency vehicles responded, not the proximate cause of second
    accident thirty-five minutes later at end of the line); Anderson v. Jones, 
    213 N.E.2d 627
    , 630 (Ill. App. 1966) (accident blocking freeway not proximate cause of crash at
    end of resulting traffic jam; three to ten minutes elapsed and numerous cars stopped
    safely); cf. Vanderbeek v. Conlon, 
    125 A.2d 531
    , 533 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div.
    1956) (affirming jury verdict for defendant; one hour after first collision, second was
    caused by intervening negligence of driver who ignored conspicuous warnings).
    -7-
    In a case of this kind, like the district court we conclude the Supreme Court of
    Nebraska would take a fact-specific approach to the question whether a second
    highway crash was proximately caused by the intervening negligence of a third party
    that could not have been reasonably anticipated by the defendants who caused the
    first crash. As the Court said in a different factual context in A.W., 784 N.W.2d at
    917:
    The extent of foreseeable risk depends on the specific facts of the case
    and cannot be usefully assessed for a category of cases; small changes
    in the facts may make a dramatic change in how much risk is
    foreseeable. Thus, courts should leave such determinations to the trier
    of fact unless no reasonable person could differ on the matter.
    Applying a fact specific analysis, the district court concluded that Slezak’s
    negligence was an unforeseeable efficient intervening cause as a matter of law:
    As in Latzel, Defendants may have generally anticipated that traffic
    would become impeded or stopped due to a traffic accident occurring on
    the roadway. However, Defendants were not bound to anticipate that a
    fatigued trucker, driving well-over the hours of service limit, would fail
    to stop behind a line of traffic at a point nearly a mile away from the
    initial collision and at least thirty-six minutes after the initial accident,
    and slam into the back of the Schmidts’ vehicle at seventy-five miles-
    per-hour without even attempting to apply the brakes.
    We agree. In the time between the first and second crashes, numerous vehicles,
    including at least a dozen semi-tractor-trailers, stopped safely, forming a line of
    traffic nearly a mile long. Many -- including the Schmidts and the trucker in front of
    them -- turned on their hazard lights, and emergency vehicles present and en route to
    the scene activated their lights and sirens. The result was a patently obvious hazard
    that, as plaintiffs admit, would have been visible to approaching traffic for at least a
    mile on this clear night. Under Nebraska law as defined in Latzel and earlier cases,
    -8-
    Slezak’s negligence was an efficient intervening cause that severed the causal
    connection between defendants’ alleged negligence and plaintiffs’ injuries. No
    reasonable jury could conclude otherwise.
    Our decision in Heatherly, on which plaintiffs rely, is not to the contrary. In
    that case, a speeding truck driver pushed plaintiffs’ vehicle into defendant’s truck,
    which was unsafely parked on the shoulder of an exit ramp. 421 F.3d at 640-41. We
    reversed the district court’s grant of judgment as a matter of law that defendant was
    not the proximate cause of plaintiffs’ injuries. Heatherly involved a direct collision
    between defendant’s negligently parked truck and plaintiffs’ vehicle. A driver who
    negligently creates a highway obstruction “must reasonably foresee the probability
    of some injury from his negligent acts, not only from careful drivers of other vehicles
    but also from negligent ones, so long as the act of the other driver is not so
    ‘extraordinary’ as to be not reasonably foreseeable.” Morrow v. Greyhound Lines,
    Inc., 
    541 F.2d 713
    , 719 (8th Cir. 1976) (applying the similar intervening cause
    standard under Missouri law) (emphasis added). The extraordinarily unforeseeable
    nature of Slezak’s intervening negligence distinguishes this case from Heatherly.
    The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
    BYE, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
    I believe the district court improperly granted summary judgment because a
    reasonable juror could find Slezak’s negligence was foreseeable by Zhukov and
    Johnson. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.
    In secondary-accident cases, the issue is typically whether the negligent act that
    caused the second accident was so extraordinary it was not foreseeable to the first
    negligent driver. See Blood v. VH-1 Music First, 
    668 F.3d 543
    , 548 (7th Cir. 2012)
    (finding the second driver’s negligence was “extraordinary” when he crashed into
    -9-
    stopped traffic at nearly fifty-five miles-per-hour in clear weather conditions on a flat
    portion of the interstate). If the secondary driver’s negligence is so “extraordinary”
    that it was not foreseeable, the secondary accident is an “efficient intervening cause,”
    which severs the causal connection between the original negligent conduct and the
    injury. Id.; Heatherly v. Alexander, 
    421 F.3d 638
    , 641–42 (8th Cir. 2005).
    While there is no Nebraska case on point, a number of other jurisdictions have
    found a triable issue of fact under circumstances similar to this case. In Smith v.
    Commercial Transportation, Inc., a tractor overturned at 4:30 a.m., blocking all three
    lanes of traffic and creating a two-mile backup. 
    470 S.E.2d 446
    , 447–48 (Ga. Ct.
    App. 1996). The backup still had not been cleared almost six hours later, when a car
    approached with its cruise control set at sixty-five miles-per-hour and collided with
    the rear of another tractor trailer in front of it. Id. The Georgia Court of Appeals
    noted the six-hour and two-mile gap between the initial accident and the secondary
    accident were “certainly factors to be considered in the foreseeability analysis,” but
    it rejected the defendants’ argument that these factors were decisive as a matter of law
    and reversed the district court’s grant of summary judgment for the defendants who
    caused the original crash. Id. at 448–49 (“A jury could conclude that when one
    negligently turns over a tractor-trailer full of produce, it is reasonably foreseeable that
    the time required to clear it and the resulting traffic back-up will be immense.”); cf.,
    e.g., Cooke v. Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 
    14 So. 3d 1192
    , 1197 (Fla. Dist. Ct.
    App. 2009) (finding a fact question of proximate cause in secondary crash where
    decedent, approximately a mile away from the original crash, crested a hill at highway
    speeds and crashed into a truck that was traveling twenty to thirty miles per hour due
    to a traffic jam the original crash caused). These secondary-accident cases show the
    foreseeability inquiry can turn on a number of case-specific factors – such as the time
    of day, driving conditions, and time and distance from the original crash – which is
    why the Nebraska Supreme Court instructs courts to leave the case-specific
    foreseeability determination to the finder of fact “unless no reasonable person could
    differ on the matter.” A.W. v. Lancaster Cty. Sch. Dist. 0001, 
    784 N.W.2d 907
    , 917
    -10-
    (Neb. 2010); see also Dee v. Johnson, 
    286 P.3d 22
    , 24 (Utah Ct. App. 2012)
    (collecting cases); Longoria v. Graham, 
    44 S.W.3d 671
    , 675 (Tex. App. 2001)
    (collecting cases).
    I do not believe this is the type of case which compels only one reasonable
    conclusion on foreseeability. The traffic jam Zhukov and Johnson caused was
    unremarkable – traffic backed up for less than a mile, and only forty minutes had
    passed by the time Slezak crashed into the Schmidts. The accident occurred in the
    early hours of the morning, when a reasonable person could expect highways to be
    saturated with truck drivers, some inattentive from lack of sleep. Under these
    circumstances, and in this unsettled area of Nebraska law, I would decline to hold as
    a matter of law that Slezak’s negligence was so extraordinary that it was an “efficient
    intervening cause” which severed the causal connection between Zhukov’s and
    Johnson’s negligent conduct and the death of the Schmidts.
    In certain cases, the secondary accident may be so far removed from the
    original accident that no reasonable juror could find the secondary negligence
    foreseeable. I agree with the Seventh Circuit, and the majority, that Blood is such a
    case. But in Blood, the secondary accident was separated from the original crash by
    four hours and five miles, whereas the accident that killed the Schmidts in this case
    was substantially closer to the original crash, both in time (40 minutes) and in
    location (less than one mile). 668 F.3d at 548–49. While Blood may have presented
    a set of facts “nowhere near [the proximate cause] line,” the same cannot be said
    about this case.
    In this case, where to draw the line on proximate cause is an issue for the finder
    of fact. Therefore, I would reverse and remand.
    ______________________________
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