Hollis Martz v. Troy Cravens ( 2019 )

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
___________________________
No. 19-2048
___________________________
Hollis Devin Martz
lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee
v.
Michael Barnes, Deputy Sevier County Detention Center; Kris Hundley, Deputy
Sevier County Detention Center; Thomas Jackson, Deputy Sevier County
Detention Center
lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants
Troy Cravens, Deputy Sevier County Detention Center
lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
Matthew D. Webb, Deputy Sevier County Detention Center
lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant
Chad Dowdle, Deputy Sevier County Detention Center; Robert Gentry,
Investigator Sevier County Detention; Wendell Randall, Deputy Sevier County
Detention Center; Christopher Wollcot, Deputy Sevier County Detention Center;
Sheriff Benny Simmons, Sevier County Sheriff’s Department
lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellants
____________
Appeal from United States District Court
for the Western District of Arkansas - Texarkana
____________
Submitted: December 3, 2019
Filed: December 9, 2019
[Unpublished]
____________
Before GRUENDER, WOLLMAN, and KOBES, Circuit Judges.
____________
PER CURIAM.
In this interlocutory appeal, Hollis Devin Martz, an inmate formerly detained
at the Sevier County Detention Center, brought a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action claiming,
as relevant, that Deputy Wendell Randall, Deputy Chad Dowdle, Deputy Investigator
Robert Gentry, Deputy Troy Cravens, Jail Administrator Christopher Wolcott, and
Sheriff Benny Simmons used excessive force and were deliberately indifferent to his
medical needs relating to a pepper-spray incident. Defendants have appealed the
district court’s denial of their motion for summary judgment on the basis of qualified
immunity. We reverse and remand.
Martz alleged that on May 6, 2016, Randall, with Gentry and Dowdle present,
deployed pepper spray toward an inmate who was causing a disturbance in the same
cell where Martz was housed. The pepper spray missed the cell mate and hit Martz
in his face, eyes, ears, and mouth, causing him to vomit and experience shortness of
breath. Martz told Randall, Dowdle, Gentry, and Cravens that he had been hit, but
was left overnight without a shower and was denied a clothes change and medical
attention. Martz further alleged that Jail Administrator Wolcott became aware at
some unspecified point that Martz had been hit with mace and conspired to deny him
a clothes change, a shower, and medical attention, and that after being informed,
Sheriff Simmons neglected his duties to oversee inmates’ care by allowing the
underlying officers’ actions. The district court denied summary judgment, concluding
-2-
that while defendants did not use excessive force in the deployment of the pepper
spray, they were not entitled to qualified immunity on the excessive-force and
deliberate-indifference claims based on the denial of clean up and medical care after
the pepper-spray incident.
We review the denial of qualified immunity de novo. See Thompson v.
Monticello, 894 F.3d 993, 997-98 (8th Cir. 2018) (standard of review). Our review
of the record satisfies us that Martz did not meet his burden of establishing that the
law was clearly established such that a reasonable officer would have understood his
actions violated those rights. See Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 741 (2011) (case
directly on point is not required, “but existing precedent must have placed the
statutory or constitutional question beyond debate”); Hanson as Tr. for Layton v.
Best, 915 F.3d 543, 548 (8th Cir. 2019) (burden is on plaintiff to identify authority);
De La Rosa v. White, 852 F.3d 740, 745 (8th Cir. 2017) (contours of clearly
established right must be sufficiently clear such that a reasonable official would have
understood his actions violate that right).
Specifically, it was not clearly established that--absent a prior use of
unconstitutional excessive force--defendants could be held liable for excessive force
based on the failure to decontaminate or the denial of medical care alone. In those
cases in which we have held that the failure to allow decontamination or the denial
of medical care constituted excessive force, such failures occurred as part of a
continuing series of events, beginning with the use of unconstitutional excessive
force. See, e.g. Burns v. Eaton, 752 F.3d 1136, 1140 (8th Cir. 2014) (“the few cases
where we denied summary judgment in Eighth Amendment excessive force claims
based on pepper spraying have involved no warning this force would be used, no
apparent purpose other than inflicting pain, use of unnecessary ‘super-soaker’
quantities of the chemical, refusal to allow the victim to wash off the painful chemical
for days, and/or use of additional physical force.”); see also Allen v. Mills, No.
1:16-CV-00026-SNLJ, 2018 WL 6171436, at *7 (E.D. Mo. Nov. 26, 2018) (noting
-3-
that Burns clarified that the failure to permit a prisoner to wash off pepper spray is a
delayed decontamination claim invoking deliberate indifference standards, not an
excessive force claim). In the absence of a finding of the use of excessive force, we
conclude that defendants were entitled to qualified immunity on the delayed
contamination claim.
We further conclude that defendants were entitled to qualified immunity on
Martz’s claim that they were deliberately indifferent by denying him a
decontamination shower and medical care after the pepper-spray incident. See
Thompson, 894 F.3d at 997-98. Even assuming that Martz had a serious medical
need, the summary judgment record reveals that defendants provided him with
immediate access to a sink, towel, and soap in his cell for decontamination. Because
such facilities were available, it is not clear that defendants were deliberately
indifferent by failing to provide Martz with an immediate shower or other care. See
White v. Pauly, 137 S. Ct. 548, 552 (2017) (“[C]learly established law should not be
defined at high level of generality. As this Court explained decades ago, the clearly
established law must be particularized to the facts of the case. . . . The [lower court]
. . . la[id] out excessive-force principles only at a general level.”) (internal citations
omitted); Johnson v. Leonard, 929 F.3d 569, 576 (8th Cir. 2019) (deliberate
indifference is a fact-intensive inquiry and requires a level of culpability even more
than gross negligence and akin to criminal recklessness); Davis v. Hall, 375 F.3d 703,
712 (8th Cir. 2004) (officials are not liable for bad guesses in gray areas, but for
transgressing bright lines); see also Ward v. Smith, 844 F.3d 717, 720 (8th Cir. 2016)
(no constitutional violation in excessive force case when, after inmate’s genitals were
intentionally pepper sprayed, he had access in his cell to running water but not soap);
Burns, 752 F.3d at 1140-41 (no deliberate indifference when prison official was told
to shut off water and prisoner was unable to rinse pepper spray out of eyes for 10
minutes).
-4-
Accordingly, we reverse the denial of summary judgment based on qualified
immunity on the excessive force and deliberate indifference claims, and we remand
the case to the district court for entry of judgment in favor of defendants on those
claims.
______________________________
-5-