NanoMech, Inc. v. Arunya Suresh , 777 F.3d 1020 ( 2015 )


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  •                  United States Court of Appeals
    For the Eighth Circuit
    ___________________________
    No. 13-3671
    ___________________________
    NanoMech, Inc.,
    lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant,
    v.
    Arunya Suresh,
    lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellee.
    ____________
    Appeal from United States District Court
    for the Western District of Arkansas - Fayetteville
    ____________
    Submitted: September 8, 2014
    Filed: February 6, 2015
    ____________
    Before BYE, COLLOTON, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
    ____________
    COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.
    NanoMech, Inc. sued a former employee, Arunya Suresh, for breach of her
    noncompete agreement. The district court1 granted judgment on the pleadings for
    1
    The Honorable P.K. Holmes, III, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
    the Western District of Arkansas.
    Suresh, ruling that the noncompete agreement was unenforceable under Arkansas
    law. NanoMech appeals, and we affirm.
    I.
    NanoMech, a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in
    Arkansas, researches and develops nanotechnologies. The company specializes in
    creating nanotechnology products in the areas of nano-machining, manufacturing,
    lubrication, energy, biomedical coatings, and strategic military applications.
    Before NanoMech hired Suresh, she signed a non-disclosure agreement in
    which she agreed to protect NanoMech’s interest in any information that was
    disclosed to her for the purpose of evaluating a potential employment relationship.
    NanoMech then hired Suresh in March 2010. As a condition of her employment,
    Suresh signed an employment agreement, which by its terms is governed by Arkansas
    law. The agreement contains the following noncompete provision:
    COVENANT NOT TO COMPETE: The Employee agrees that during
    the term of this Agreement, and for two (2) years following termination
    of this Agreement by the Company, with or without cause; or, for a
    period of two (2) years following a termination of this Agreement by the
    Employee, the Employee will not directly or indirectly enter into, be
    employed by or consult in any business which competes with the
    Company.
    R. Doc. 12, Ex. A, at 3.
    During her employment with NanoMech, Suresh participated in projects
    involving nano-integrated materials and the manufacturing processes for
    nanoparticle-based products. Among other things, Suresh researched and developed
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    NanoMech’s multi-component lubrication product, nGlide, which is the subject of a
    pending U.S. patent application.
    Suresh resigned from NanoMech on May 2, 2012, stating that she was planning
    to pursue doctoral studies full-time. In March 2013, however, NanoMech discovered
    that Suresh had accepted employment as an Application Chemist with BASF, a
    worldwide chemical company that develops engine lubricants.
    In May 2013, NanoMech sued Suresh, alleging breach of her non-disclosure
    agreement and breach of her covenant not to compete on the ground that BASF
    directly competes with NanoMech and its nGlide technology. The company sought
    to enjoin Suresh from employment with BASF for the remainder of the term of the
    noncompete and to enjoin her from disclosing any of NanoMech’s confidential
    information. NanoMech also sought compensatory damages.
    Suresh answered the complaint, asserting that NanoMech failed to state a
    claim. She also counterclaimed for tortious interference with business expectancy.
    Six days after she submitted her answer, Suresh moved to dismiss NanoMech’s
    complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim. NanoMech opposed
    Suresh’s motion to dismiss, arguing both that it was untimely and without merit.
    The district court noted that Suresh’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a
    claim was technically untimely under Rule 12(b)(6) because Suresh already had filed
    her answer, but in accordance with Rule 12(h)(2), the court construed her motion as
    a motion for judgment on the pleadings under Rule 12(c). The court granted Suresh’s
    motion, concluding that the noncompete agreement was overbroad and unenforceable
    because it lacked a geographic scope and prevented Suresh from working for an
    undefined set of NanoMech’s competitors in any capacity. The court also concluded
    that NanoMech failed to state sufficient facts to show that Suresh’s breach of the non-
    disclosure agreement resulted in damages. After the court issued its order, Suresh
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    moved to dismiss her counterclaim against NanoMech. The court dismissed the
    counterclaim without prejudice, and that resolution suffices under our precedent to
    establish a final decision over which this court has appellate jurisdiction. See Great
    Rivers Coop. of Se. Iowa v. Farmland Indus., Inc., 
    198 F.3d 685
    , 689 (8th Cir. 1999).
    II.
    NanoMech appeals only the district court’s ruling on the enforceability of the
    noncompete agreement. NanoMech first argues that the district court erred in
    construing Suresh’s motion to dismiss as a motion for judgment on the pleadings.
    NanoMech argues that Suresh’s motion was filed too late under Rule 12(b)(6),
    because Suresh already had filed her answer, but was premature under Rule 12(c),
    because NanoMech had not yet answered Suresh’s counterclaim. As the pleadings
    were not yet closed when Suresh filed her motion, NanoMech argues that the district
    court erred in converting her motion to dismiss into a motion for judgment on the
    pleadings.
    Although NanoMech is technically correct that Rule 12(c) requires all
    pleadings to be closed before a motion may be filed, NanoMech did not suffer any
    prejudice as a result of the district court’s decision. Suresh moved to dismiss only
    NanoMech’s claims, which were closed when Suresh filed her motion. By the time
    the district court ruled on Suresh’s motion, NanoMech had answered Suresh’s
    counterclaim, which closed the pleadings with respect to all claims. Any error in the
    district court’s decision to convert Suresh’s motion to dismiss into a Rule 12(c)
    motion for judgment on the pleadings was therefore harmless. Cf. Am. Fed’n of State,
    Cnty. and Mun. Emps. v. City of Benton, 
    513 F.3d 874
    , 878 (8th Cir. 2008).
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    III.
    The more substantial question is whether the district court properly granted
    judgment on the pleadings in favor of Suresh. We review a motion for judgment on
    the pleadings under the same standard that governs a motion to dismiss under Rule
    12(b)(6). McIvor v. Credit Control Servs., Inc., 
    773 F.3d 909
    , 912-13 (8th Cir. 2014).
    Therefore, we must consider whether NanoMech has pleaded “enough facts to state
    a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 
    550 U.S. 544
    , 570 (2007).
    Covenants not to compete are reviewed on a case-by-case basis in Arkansas,
    Bendinger v. Marshalltown Trowell Co., 
    994 S.W.2d 468
    , 472 (Ark. 1999), and
    reasonableness is “determined under the particular circumstances,” of each case.
    Optical Partners, Inc. v. Dang, 
    381 S.W.3d 46
    , 54 (Ark. 2011). But this approach
    does not mean that judgment on the pleadings is never permissible. A court may
    dismiss an action to enforce a noncompete agreement where the facts adduced in the
    pleadings show that an evidentiary hearing is not necessary to make the
    reasonableness determination. NanoMech was required to allege facts sufficient to
    support a claim for relief that is plausible on its face.
    NanoMech argues that the district court erred in holding the noncompete
    agreement unreasonable and therefore unenforceable under Arkansas law. A restraint
    of trade is reasonable only when it is “no greater than what is reasonably necessary
    to secure the interest of the party protected by the contract and is not so broad as to
    be injurious to the public interest.” Optical 
    Partners, 381 S.W.3d at 53
    . In general,
    a noncompete agreement must meet three requirements to be enforceable under
    Arkansas law: “(1) the [employer] must have a valid interest to protect; (2) the
    geographical restriction must not be overly broad; and (3) a reasonable time limit
    must be imposed.” Duffner v. Alberty, 
    718 S.W.2d 111
    , 112 (Ark. Ct. App. 1986) (en
    banc). The district court held that Suresh’s noncompete was overbroad, and thus
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    unenforceable, because it lacked a geographic restriction and failed to define what
    activities Suresh was prohibited from performing for NanoMech’s competitors.
    NanoMech asserts that the success of its research, development, and
    commercialization depends on its ability to protect the confidentiality of its
    proprietary information. The company argues that during Suresh’s employment with
    NanoMech, she had broad access to the company’s trade secrets, including its
    chemical formulas, manufacturing processes, and business strategies. NanoMech
    thus contends that a broad covenant not to compete is reasonable because there is a
    risk that Suresh would disclose trade secrets if she were permitted to work for a
    competing nanotechnology company.
    While it is true that trade secrets warrant increased protection under Arkansas
    law, Orkin Exterminating Co. of Ark. v. Murrell, 
    206 S.W.2d 185
    , 189-90 (Ark.
    1947), a noncompete agreement that protects trade secrets will not be enforced if it
    is overbroad. Mercy Health Sys. of Nw. Ark., Inc. v. Bicak, 
    383 S.W.3d 869
    , 874-75
    (Ark. Ct. App. 2011). Suresh’s agreement contains no geographic limitation and
    imposes no restrictions on the activities Suresh is prohibited from performing for
    other nanotechnology companies. Under the plain language of the agreement, Suresh
    would be prohibited from working for any company that is a competitor of
    NanoMech, in any capacity, anywhere in the world. Even though NanoMech’s
    proprietary interests warrant protection, the leading Arkansas authorities suggest that
    Suresh’s noncompete agreement unduly infringes on her ability to pursue work in her
    chosen field, and is therefore overbroad.
    NanoMech contends that a lack of a geographic restriction in a noncompete
    agreement is not fatal under Arkansas law. It directs our attention to Girard v.
    Rebsamen Ins. Co., 
    685 S.W.2d 526
    (Ark. Ct. App. 1985), and Freeman v. Brown
    Hiller, Inc., 
    281 S.W.3d 749
    (Ark. Ct. App. 2008), where the Arkansas Court of
    Appeals upheld noncompete agreements that contained no geographic limitation. In
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    both cases, however, the agreements narrowly circumscribed the prohibitions on the
    employees. The employees were permitted to engage in the same business as their
    former employers, in any geographic location, but they were prohibited from
    soliciting any customers with whom they had contact while working for their former
    employers. 
    Freeman, 281 S.W.3d at 752
    , 755-56; 
    Girard, 685 S.W.2d at 527
    , 529-
    30. In Girard, the noncompete still permitted the employee “to solicit and accept
    business from 95% of the overall insurance market.” 
    Girard, 685 S.W.2d at 529
    .
    The employee in Girard was therefore free to pursue his trade in any area of the
    country, provided he did not solicit former clients. See HRR Ark., Inc. v. River City
    Contractors, Inc., 
    87 S.W.3d 232
    , 239 (Ark. 2002).
    Suresh’s noncompete agreement is more analogous to the agreement at issue
    in 
    Bendinger, 994 S.W.2d at 471-73
    , where the Arkansas court held unenforceable
    a noncompete agreement between a trowel company and its former employee because
    the agreement failed to provide a geographic limitation. The Bendinger court
    distinguished Girard and concluded that without a geographic limitation, the
    noncompete lacked any “inherent limitation” that functioned like the customer-
    specific restriction in Girard. 
    Id. at 473.
    Suresh’s noncompete agreement also is not
    customer-specific, so without a geographic scope to limit its application, the Arkansas
    courts are likely to deem the agreement overbroad.
    NanoMech argues that an unlimited geographic scope is reasonable in this case
    because the company engages in global business and competes with nanotechnology
    companies around the world. The Third Circuit in Victaulic Co. v. Tieman, 
    499 F.3d 227
    (3rd Cir. 2007), observed that “[i]n this Information Age, a per se rule against
    broad geographic restrictions would seem hopelessly antiquated,” 
    id. at 237,
    and
    NanoMech advances a similar theme here. But even assuming that the Arkansas
    court would accept a worldwide geographic scope as reasonable in this context, cf.
    
    Bendinger, 994 S.W.2d at 472
    (citing cases suggesting that “where a company is
    actually engaged in nation-wide activities, nation-wide protection would appear to
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    be reasonable and proper”), Suresh’s agreement is still overbroad because this
    agreement—unlike those approved in Girard and Freeman, see 
    id. at 473
    n.4—prohibits her from working in any capacity for any business that competes with
    the company. 
    Id. at 473.
    Under Arkansas law, a noncompete agreement must be
    valid as written; a court may not narrow it. 
    Id. As we
    understand Arkansas law, a
    blanket prohibition on Suresh’s ability to seek employment of any kind with an
    employer in the nanotechnology industry anywhere in the world is unreasonable and
    thus unenforceable.
    For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
    ______________________________
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