United States v. Kelvin Coleman ( 2002 )

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 01-2079
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United States of America, *
*
Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* Western District of Missouri.
Kelvin Coleman, also known as *
Pete Coleman, *
*
Appellant. *
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Submitted: November 12, 2001
Filed: March 26, 2002
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Before WOLLMAN1, Chief Judge, BOWMAN and STAHL,2 Circuit Judges.
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BOWMAN, Circuit Judge.
1
The Honorable Roger L. Wollman stepped down as Chief Judge of the United
States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit at the close of business on January 31,
2002. He has been succeeded by the Honorable David R. Hansen.
2
The Honorable Norman H. Stahl, United States Circuit Judge for the First
Circuit, sitting by designation.
A jury convicted Kelvin Coleman of cocaine offenses in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(b) (1994). The District Court3 sentenced Coleman to seventy
months in prison. In this appeal, Coleman argues that the District Court committed
reversible trial error in five instances. We briefly address each instance and affirm
the District Court.
First, Coleman argues that the District Court erred in allowing an undercover
agent to testify as to the meaning of a certain phrase uttered by Coleman. This phrase
was heard by the jury when they were shown a videotape of the drug transaction for
which Coleman was convicted. We review the District Court's ruling for abuse of
discretion. See United States v. Brown, 110 F.3d 605, 609 (8th Cir. 1997). The
undercover agent in this case contemporaneously heard Coleman use certain drug
jargon during the undercover operation. During the trial, the agent testified to the
meaning of certain portions of the conversation. The District Court allowed the
testimony in the agent's capacity as both a witness to the statements and as a law-
enforcement officer with experience in drug jargon. See United States v. Peoples,
250 F.3d 630, 641 (8th Cir. 2001) (holding that a witness to a conversation may
testify to its meaning). The District Court's admission of the undercover agent's
testimony was not an abuse of discretion.
Second, Coleman argues that the District Court improperly admitted evidence
of a previous, uncharged sale of crack by the defendant. Again, we review the
District Court's ruling for an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Davidson, 195
F.3d 402, 408 (8th Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1180, 529 U.S. 1093 (2000).
Because Coleman claimed a defense of entrapment, evidence of prior bad acts was
admissible to show Coleman's predisposition to the bad acts. See United States v.
Crump, 934 F.2d 947, 953 (8th Cir. 1991). Also, the Federal Rules of Evidence
3
The Honorable Howard F. Sachs, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.
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allow admission of evidence of "other crimes, wrongs, or acts" to show proof of
motive, intent, or preparation if, among other reasons, the evidence is of bad acts
similar and not overly remote in time to the crime committed. Fed. R. Evid. 404(b);
see also United States v. Green, 151 F.3d 1111, 1113 (8th Cir. 1998). The evidence
admitted by the District Court was evidence of a previous drug-dealing incident by
Coleman with the same agent in the recent past. The District Court did not abuse its
discretion in admitting this evidence.
Third, Coleman argues that the District Court erroneously instructed the jury
regarding Coleman's testimony. When a claim of error in a jury instruction is raised
for the first time on appeal, as this one is, we review the instruction for plain error.
See United States v. Bordeaux, 121 F.3d 1187, 1189 (8th Cir. 1997). During
Coleman's testimony at trial, he recalled conversations with a confidential informant.
These conversations, which Coleman described and argued were exculpatory as
evidence of entrapment, focused on certain promises made by the confidential
informant regarding sexual favors for Coleman. The government objected to this
testimony as hearsay; the court overruled the objection on the ground that the
testimony was not offered as proof of the matter asserted. Later, the District Court
sua sponte instructed the jury as to the limited nature of the Coleman's testimony.
After review, we acknowledge that the District Court's instruction could have been
clearer, but we conclude that the District Court did not commit plain error within the
judicially defined meaning of that term. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725,
731-37 (1993) (defining "plain error").
Fourth, Coleman claims that the government failed to rebut his defense of
entrapment. Coleman testified at trial regarding this defense, which the jury rejected.
Similarly, the District Court denied a post-trial motion for judgment of acquittal.
Entrapment is an affirmative defense generally left to the jury, see Crump, 934 F.2d
at 956, and the entrapment defense requires evidence that an agent of the government
developed the criminal plan and that the defendant was not predisposed to commit the
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crime independent of the government's actions, United States v. Brooks, 215 F.3d
842, 845 (8th Cir. 2000). We have reviewed the District Court's denial of Coleman's
motion for acquittal (and, necessarily, the jury verdict as well) in the light most
favorable to the government, and we affirm the denial. See United States v. Hinton,
908 F.2d 355, 357 (8th Cir. 1990) (standard of review).
Fifth, Coleman argues that the District Court erred in assessing Coleman's
criminal history for purposes of sentencing. Coleman argues that previous
misdemeanor convictions were improperly considered by the District Court in
sentencing. We are unpersuaded. Our review of the law reveals precedent of this
Court allowing misdemeanor convictions to enter sentencing calculations. See e.g.,
United States v. Porter, 14 F.3d 18, 19 (8th Cir. 1994). After de novo review of this
question of law, see United States v. Drapeau, 188 F.3d 987, 990 (8th Cir. 1999), we
hold that the District Court properly considered Coleman's criminal history for
sentencing purposes.
Lastly, we need not consider additional issues raised by Coleman in his pro se
supplemental brief because Coleman is represented by counsel in his appeal. See
United States v. Martin, 59 F.3d 767, 768 n.2 (8th Cir. 1995).
Coleman's conviction and sentence are affirmed.
A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
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