United States v. Bushwa Farmer ( 2002 )

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 02-2065
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United States of America, *
*
Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* Western District of Missouri.
Bushwa Farmer, *
*
Appellant. *
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Submitted: September 10, 2002
Filed: December 12, 2002
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Before WOLLMAN, HEANEY and BYE, Circuit Judges.
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HEANEY, Circuit Judge.
Bushwa Farmer was found guilty and convicted of one count of being a felon
in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The district court
sentenced the defendant to ten years imprisonment on the firearm possession,
including a sentence enhancement for obstructing justice because Farmer testified that
he was not in possession of the firearm. We affirm the sentence, but remand the case
for resentencing.
I.
On August 1, 1999, Farmer was arrested by Kansas City, Missouri Police for
a hit and run accident. Following his arrest, police searched his car, and found a
loaded semi-automatic handgun on the passenger seat, as well as a holster, a spare
ammunition clip, and a gun cleaning tool. The gun was seized and sent to the crime
lab, where it was logged into evidence. The traffic charges were resolved, but no
charges were brought relating to the handgun. On October 15, 1999, forty days after
the firearm was delivered to the crime lab, it was destroyed pursuant to what the
government claims is Kansas City, Missouri Police Department policy.1
At some point thereafter, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms joined
the investigation. The ATF became involved through Project Felon, a program in
Kansas City through which felons arrested within the city limits of Kansas City are
charged in federal court rather than in city or state court. The ATF discovered that
Farmer had sustained three prior felony convictions in Missouri, making him
ineligible to possess a firearm.
On January 16, 2001, a federal grand jury returned a one-count indictment
against Farmer for being a felon in possession of a firearm. Farmer was convicted,
but the district court granted his motion for a new trial after it concluded the
prosecution had elicited testimony from ATF Agent Randall Roberts that was more
1
After reviewing Kansas City Police Department policies on-line, we could not
determine which policy the government referred to here. There is a policy outlining
destruction of firearms voluntarily turned into police, but no description of a general
policy. See Procedural Instruction, Property Seizure and Forfeiture (Kansas City,
Missouri, P.D., Jan. 31, 1991), available at
http://www.kcpd.org/masterindex/Files/PI/PI9103.pdf; Memorandum No. 88-8:
Firearms Violation Enforcement Project, (Kansas City, Missouri, P.D., Sept. 24,
1998), available at http://www.kcpd.org/masterindex/Files/Dm/DM%2088.pdf.
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prejudicial than probative.2 In the second trial, Farmer took the stand and testified on
his behalf, stating he did not have a gun in his possession the night of August 1, 1999,
nor did he see a gun, gun holster, spare ammunition clip, or gun cleaning kit in the
car. Following the second trial, the jury convicted Farmer of being a felon in
possession of a firearm.
In determining the appropriate sentence, the district court enhanced Farmer’s
offense level by two levels for Obstruction of Justice, pursuant to United States
Sentencing Guidelines § 3C1.1. The court enhanced the sentence because it found
that Farmer committed perjury when he testified that he was neither in possession of,
nor aware of a firearm in the car. In total, Farmer was sentenced to 120 months in
prison. The Appellant subsequently filed this timely appeal.
II.
A.
Farmer argues that he has been subjected to double jeopardy, in violation of his
Fifth Amendment right against repeated prosecutions for the same offense. Relying
on Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. 667 (1982), Farmer contends the new trial was the
result of intentional misdeeds by the prosecution and therefore constitutionally
barred. Id. at 679 (holding defendant may invoke the bar of double jeopardy if it is
shown that the prosecution intended to provoke a mistrial).
There is no indication here that the government was attempting to derail the
original trial. In fact, quite the opposite; the government won the first trial.
2
Agent Roberts testified that Farmer was selling narcotics to children, when the
prosecution claimed Agent Roberts was simply going to testify that the ATF believed
Farmer dealt cocaine.
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Appellant cites language by the prosecution that “there ain’t no appeal from an
acquittal” as demonstrative of the prosecutor’s intent. As a colloquial phrase, we do
not see any indication that the comment reflects specific prosecutorial strategy.
Rather, it is a quip the prosecutor made before the bench. No double jeopardy
problem is raised in this case.
B.
Farmer next raises the issue of whether the destruction of the firearm before
trial violated his due process rights. Criminal defendants have the right to obtain
from the prosecution evidence that is material to the guilt of the defendant. The
prosecution cannot suppress material evidence. Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87
(1963). To establish a Brady violation, the defendant must show the government
suppressed evidence that was both favorable to the defense and material to the issue
of guilt or punishment. United States v. Turner, 104 F.3d 217, 220 (8th Cir. 1997).
Appellant claims that the gun is exculpatory evidence for a number of reasons,
most of which are without merit. One significant challenge raised by Farmer is the
lack of fingerprinting conducted by the police on the gun. Without fingerprinting,
Farmer alleges the government could not conclusively prove the firearm was his.
Appellant successfully presented the fact that the gun had not been fingerprinted to
the jury; yet, the jury found a link between Farmer and the firearm. We cannot
conclude, therefore, that the government suppressed evidence that was favorable to
the defendant and material to the issue of his guilt. There is no Brady violation.
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C.
Appellant next argues that the government’s eighteen-month delay in bringing
the federal indictment resulted in a due process violation. In order to establish a due
process violation for pre-indictment delay, a defendant must establish that substantial
prejudice resulted from the delay, and that the delay was an intentional device to
harass or gain a tactical advantage over the accused. United States v. Stierwalt, 16
F.3d 282, 285 (8th Cir. 1994). The handgun was discovered and seized on August
1, 1999, while the federal indictment was filed on January 16, 2001.
Objections to defects in indictments must be raised prior to trial. Fed. R. Crim.
P. 12(b)(2). While we found no case law that considered whether delays in filing
indictments constituted “defects” in the indictment, it is reasonable to interpret
“defects in indictments” as including delays in bringing indictments. Appellant did
not object to the delay until trial. Because the motion was untimely, we are not able
to consider the merits of the claim.
D.
Appellant contends he had ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. To show
ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that counsel “made errors
so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant
by the Sixth Amendment,” and that counsel’s errors so prejudiced the defendant that
“there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different.” Guinan v. Armontrout, 909 F.2d
1224, 1228 (8th Cir. 1990) (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687,
694 (1984)).
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After carefully reviewing the record, we see no instances of serious error by
counsel or prejudice warranting relief. Although Farmer switched counsel regularly,
at no time does it appear that his counsel was “deficient,” nor did any of the counsels’
actions or alleged errors appear to have resulted in prejudice, depriving the defendant
of a fair trial.
E.
Finally, Farmer challenges his two-level enhancement for obstruction of
justice, arguing that the district court erred in finding that he committed perjury in his
testimony during the second trial. During the second trial, Farmer testified for the
first time, and stated that he was not in possession of the handgun, nor had he seen
it. He was convicted again, but this time, pursuant to United States Sentencing
Guidelines §3C1.1, the prosecution requested and the judge ordered a two-level
enhancement to Farmer’s sentence for obstructing justice by perjuring himself.
We review the district court’s obstruction of justice enhancement for clear
error. United States v. Hunt, 171 F.3d 1192, 1196 (8th Cir. 1999). Section 3C1.1
instructs judges to increase a convicted person’s offense level by two levels if “the
defendant willfully obstructed or impeded . . . the administration of justice during the
course of the investigation [or] prosecution,” and “the obstructive conduct related to
. . . the defendant’s offense of conviction.” After a review of the evidence, the
district court must make a finding of perjury by the preponderance of evidence.
United States v. Thomas, 93 F.3d 479, 489 (8th Cir. 1996).
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In finding that Farmer’s testimony was untrue, the district judge stated:
I suppose had the gun alone been found in Mr. Farmer’s vehicle that a
reasonable trier of fact might have concluded that someone tossed it in
the car. But my recollection is that it was not just the gun there. It was
also a gun cleaning kit. And it’s extremely unlikely that someone would
have disposed of a gun cleaning kit along with a gun on that evening.
So I think that the enhancement for obstruction was properly calculated
and I so find by a preponderance of the evidence.
(Sent. Tr. at 4.) The government failed to introduce the gun, the gun cleaning kit, the
holster, the recovered ammunition, or the ammunition clip. The government did
introduce an inventory report, but not the actual evidence. While we understand why
the firearm was destroyed and therefore unavailable for introduction at trial, the
government fails to explain why the other physical evidence was not introduced. We
therefore are concerned the district judge relied upon evidence that was only
introduced through a police inventory report in enhancing Farmer’s sentence by two
levels.
This enhancement would not have applied in the first trial. In neither trial did
the government introduce direct evidence that would show Appellant perjured
himself. We are uncomfortable with the district court approving a two-level
enhancement for perjury when the government offered such scant evidence for the
judge to rely upon in enhancing Farmer’s sentence. We therefore remand this case
for resentencing in regards to the 3C1.1 enhancement.
III.
We affirm the sentence except for the perjury finding against Bushwa Farmer
at the sentencing hearing. We therefore remand for resentencing consistent with this
opinion.
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WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
I concur in all but that portion of the court’s opinion which sets aside the two-
level enhancement for obstruction of justice based upon the district court’s finding
that Farmer had committed perjury.
In finding that Farmer’s testimony was untrue, the district court stated:
Evaluating the defendant’s trial testimony in the light most favorable to
the defendant, I do not believe that a reasonable trier of fact would have
found that testimony to be true. One of the most problematic aspects of
the testimony is Mr. Farmer’s denial that he possessed the weapon as
reflected in the transcript . . . . And I specifically find that that
testimony was untrue.
The district court then continued with its recitation of its findings, as quoted
by the court above. I am satisfied that the record supports the district court’s finding
that the preponderance of the evidence revealed that Farmer committed perjury.
Although it would have been preferable for the government to produce the gun
cleaning kit, I cannot fault the district court for relying upon the inventory report as
support for its finding that Farmer lied when he denied that he had possessed the
handgun.3
I would affirm the sentence as well as the conviction.
3
Whether the gun cleaning kit was destroyed or misplaced, we do not know.
See Kevin Peraino, A Lot of Lost Causes, Newsweek, Nov. 25, 2002, at 10.
(Reporting on “numerous examples of flawed procedures and lost evidence” in the
Kansas City Police Department.)
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A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U. S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
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