United States v. Tony L. Mann ( 2003 )

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 02-2881
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United States of America, *
*
Appellee, * Appeal from the United States
* District Court for the
v. * Western District of Missouri.
*
Tony L. Mann, *
*
Appellant. *
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Submitted: December 11, 2002
Filed: January 17, 2003
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Before BOWMAN, MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.
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BOWMAN, Circuit Judge.
The appellant, Tony L. Mann (Mann), pled guilty to being a felon in possession
of a firearm. See 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (2000). On appeal, he urges that the District
Court1 erred when it enhanced his base-offense level by four levels pursuant to
§ 2K2.1(b)(5) (2001) of the United States Sentencing Guidelines (U.S.S.G.) because
the court determined that he had possessed a firearm in connection with another
felony. Mann contends the enhancement was erroneous because, notwithstanding the
1
The Honorable Gary A. Fenner, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.
plain language of § 2K2.1(b)(5), which makes the enhancement applicable if "the
defendant used or possessed any firearm or ammunition in connection with another
felony," the government was unable to prove that he used or possessed any of the
firearms specifically identified in the indictment in connection with another felony
offense. We disagree and affirm.
I.
The facts of this case are straightforward. Mann, who police suspected of
methamphetamine manufacturing and distribution, was observed by two Springfield,
Missouri, police officers riding a scooter and, a short while later, a bicycle. The
officers knew that Mann was a convicted felon and that he had pulled a pistol on a
citizen several weeks earlier. When the officers signaled for Mann to stop his bike,
he took flight and the officers pursued him on foot. The chase wove between several
houses and, when Officer Shanholster caught sight of Mann, he ordered him to stop
and show his hands. Mann did show his hands, but in his hands he held a firearm that
was pointed at Officer Shanholster, who testified during the felon-in-possession
sentencing hearing that Mann then fired a single shot at him. Shortly thereafter,
Mann was surrounded at his home and eventually taken into custody. Although a
number of firearms were discovered in his home, none could be positively identified
as the one that Mann used to assault Officer Shanholster.
II.
On appeal, a district court's interpretation of the sentencing guidelines is
subject to de novo review while its findings of fact are reviewed for clear error.
United States v. Auginash, 266 F.3d 781, 785 (8th Cir. 2001). Mann's contention that
§ 2K2.1(b)(5) does not mean what its plain language says presents a purely legal
question, and we review the District Court's decision de novo.
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Unless the sentencing guidelines provide a special definition of the particular
term whose meaning is in issue, we give the language of the guidelines its ordinary
meaning. Chapman v. United States, 500 U.S. 453, 462 (1991). Section 2K2.1(b)(5)
provides, in relevant part, for a four-level enhancement in the defendant's offense
level "[i]f the defendant used or possessed any firearm or ammunition in connection
with another felony offense." Although § 2K2.1(b)(5) contains no terms of art or
otherwise ambiguous language, Mann urges that § 2K2.1(b)(5)'s reference to "any
firearm" does not in fact mean "any firearm." Rather, according to Mann, "any
firearm" must be read to mean one of the firearms for which he was charged with
being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).
Mann's argument is novel, but we conclude he is trying to "make the weaker
argument defeat the stronger."2 Section 2K2.1(b)(5) is a far-reaching enhancement
and, in United States v. Scolaro, we had occasion to consider its scope and noted:
"[t]o summarize, the § 2K2.1(b)(5) adjustment is warranted in this case if [the
defendant] used or possessed any firearm in connection with another felony offense."
United States v. Scolaro, 299 F.3d 956, 957 (8th Cir. 2002). Scolaro demonstrates
the sweep of § 2K2.1(b)(5) for, in that case, we upheld the application of the
enhancement based on a defendant's violent assault (without a firearm) that enabled
him to steal the victim's firearms. Even the dissent in Scolaro acknowledged
§ 2K2.1(b)(5)'s breadth when it noted that "the § 2K2.1(b)(5) sentence enhancement
takes into account the increased risk of violence whenever guns are possessed by
persons committing felonies." Id. at 959 (Bright, J., dissenting).
Moreover, § 2K2.1(b)(5)'s reference to "any firearm" is unambiguous. The
Eleventh Circuit recently observed that "[t]he Sentencing Guidelines themselves
evince an understanding of th[e] distinction" between "any" and "the." United States
2
Plato, Apology, in The Last Days of Socrates 18c (Hugh Tredennick & Harold
Tarrant, trans., Penguin Classics 1993).
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v. Sutton, 302 F.3d 1226, 1227 (11th Cir. 2002). Hence, the Eleventh Circuit noted
that although § 4B1.4(b)(3)(A) provides for an enhancement when an Armed Career
Criminal "used or possessed the firearm or ammunition in connection with a crime
of violence or controlled substances offense," § 2K2.1(b)(5) provides for an
enhancement when the defendant "used or possessed any firearm or ammunition in
connection with another felony offense." U.S.S.G. §§ 4B1.4(b)(3)(A), 2K2.1(b)(5)
(emphasis added); see Sutton, 302 F.3d at 1227-1228. Thus, the Sutton Court
concluded that:
When any firearm or ammunition will do, the Guidelines use the
nonspecific phrases 'any firearm or ammunition,' see, e.g. USSG
§ 2K2.1(b)(5), or 'a firearm or ammunition,' see, e.g. § 2K1.1(c)(1),
rather than the specific phrase 'the firearm or ammunition. The use of
'the firearm or ammunition' in § 4B1.4(b)(3)(A), then, indicates that this
Guideline applies only to a particular firearm.
Sutton, 302 F.3d at 1227-28. We think this reasoning is applicable here and hold that
the obvious corollary is also true. That is, the use of the term "any firearm or
ammunition" in § 2K2.1(b)(5) indicates that this guideline applies to any firearm and
not merely to a particular firearm upon which the defendant's felon-in-possession
conviction is based. Our holding is bolstered by two other factors.
First, the Guidelines' instructions for computing a defendant's offense level
indicate an intent that all relevant conduct be considered. See United States v.
Kenney, 283 F.3d 934, 938 (8th Cir.) (observing that the Guidelines' "expansive
language indicates that the Commission intended to include enhancements for every
applicable aspect of the criminal conduct"), cert. denied, 123 S.Ct. 270 (2002);
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1, cmt. n.4 ("offense level adjustments" are "cumulative" unless
otherwise specified). Here, Mann's shooting at Officer Shanholster while attempting
to evade arrest is made relevant to his sentencing on felon-in-possession charges by
the clear language of § 2K2.1(b)(5), which provides for an enhancement of the
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offense level if the defendant "used or possessed any firearm . . . in connection with
another felony offense." Mann's proposed construction of § 2K1.1(b)(5) would defeat
these sentencing principles insofar as his construction would not allow his offense
level to be determined cumulatively and would preclude the application of an
adjustment for his attempt to evade arrest by firing at the pursuing officer. The plain
language of the Guidelines requires that we reject this result.
Second, Mann's proposed reading would lead to absurd results. Not
surprisingly, his proposed construction would benefit those criminals, such as Mann,
who have the presence of mind to dispose of whatever firearm they used or possessed
in connection with another felony before being apprehended. In such a case, the
government would be precluded from seeking § 2K2.1(b)(5)'s enhancement even
when it is undisputed that the defendant so used or possessed a firearm, unless the
government could actually prove it was one of the weapons for which the defendant
was charged under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). We believe the language of § 2K2.1(b)(5)
forecloses such a result, and we reiterate our holding that "any firearm" means "any
firearm." That is, when a defendant is convicted under § 922(g)(1), a § 2K2.1(b)(5)
enhancement applies so long as the government can prove that the defendant used or
possessed any firearm in connection with another felony offense.
In this case, the enhancement was appropriate because Mann fired at a pursuing
Springfield, Missouri, police officer shortly before Mann was arrested at his home,
where a number of firearms were found. Mann's actions constituted felonies under
Missouri law and he was later convicted of Armed Criminal Action and Assault of
a Law Enforcement Officer in the First Degree. See Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 565.081,
571.015 (2000). Therefore the District Court properly applied § 2K2.1(b)(5)'s four-
level enhancement to Mann's base-offense level when sentencing him on the
§ 922(g)(1) felon-in-possession conviction.
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III.
Based on the foregoing discussion, we affirm the judgment of the District
Court.
MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, dissenting.
I respectfully dissent from the judgment of the court because I do not agree that
U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(5) (2001) allows for the four-level increase in the offense level
assessed in this case . I am not sure, in the first place, that the guideline provision at
issue here even has a plain meaning, but if I had to say that it did and what it was, I
would come to a conclusion opposite from the one that the court reaches. Meaning,
plain or otherwise, must be gleaned from context, and the court gives the context of
the words that it is construing no significance at all. Here, the context makes it
relatively plain to me that the word "any" refers to any firearm that is mentioned in
the indictment.
For one thing, § 2K2.1(b)(5) is found in the part of the guidelines entitled
"Offense Conduct," so the presumption arises that, at least in cases of doubt, the sub-
section has to do with conduct that occurred in the course of committing, planning,
or concealing the offense that is charged. This presumption draws strength (indeed,
becomes virtually irrebuttable) when we notice that § 2K2.1(b)(5) is one of a group
of sub-sections that U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b) labels "Specific Offense Characteristics":
Surely this must mean characteristics that are specific to the offense with which the
defendant is charged. There is nothing whatever in the record to connect the assault
on Officer Shumholster with the weapons described in the indictment, and the
government admits as much.
In rendering its judgment, moreover, the court overlooks § 2K2.1(b)(4), which
immediately precedes the sub-section at issue here, and which provides a two-level
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increase "[i]f any firearm was stolen." In this sub-section, the phrase "any firearm"
quite obviously refers to a firearm charged in the indictment, otherwise it makes no
sense. It is a familiar principle of statutory construction that identical phrases in a
statute, particularly when they occur in close proximity, are ordinarily to be given
identical meanings. See, e.g., Ratzlaf v. United States, 510 U.S. 135, 143 (1994);
United States v. Dinwiddie, 76 F.3d 913, 926 (8th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 519 U.S.
1043 (1996). The court does not refer to this principle or explain why it is not
applicable in the present case.
The court relies on United States v. Scolaro, 299 F.3d 956 (8th Cir. 2002), to
support its conclusion, but I suggest that the case is inapposite because it involved the
question of what the phrase "another felony offense" means. There is no hint in that
case that the court thought that the other felony could be one which was unconnected
to the firearms described in the indictment, and there could not have been such a hint,
because it was conceded by all that those very firearms were in fact involved in the
events that the court determined constituted "another felony offense." See id. at 957-
58. I can likewise glean no relevant guidance from the holding in United States v.
Sutton, 302 F.3d 1226 (11th Cir. 2002) (per curiam), a case from another circuit,
which the court reads backwards to provide a makeweight for its result.
The court also opines that the defendant's proposed reading leads to absurd
results, apparently because he might escape an increase in his offense level by ridding
himself of a particular firearm. He might indeed do that, but I see nothing absurd in
the fact that he would thereby escape punishment. An offender will frequently evade
prosecution or escape conviction for a crime involving possession by ridding himself
or herself of the relevant object: The government's case will simply fail for lack of
proof.
In sum, it seems to me more than arguable that the plain meaning of
§ 2K2.1(b)(5) renders it inapplicable to Mr. Mann's case. At the very least, I believe
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that his proposed construction is more reasonable than the government's. Even if it
were not, it is familiar law in this circuit that "[w]here there are two plausible
readings of a guideline provision, we apply the rule of lenity and give the defendant
the benefit of the reading that results in the shorter sentence." United States v.
Oetken, 241 F.3d 1057, 1060 (8th Cir. 2001); see also United States v. Hutton, 252
F.3d 1013, 1017 (8th Cir. 2001); United States v. Pharis, 176 F.3d 434, 436 (8th Cir.
1999). The court omits to mention these cases and does not explain why they do not
govern the instant situation. Since I cannot see how the meaning that Mr. Mann
wants us to attribute to the relevant guideline can possibly be characterized as
implausible, I respectfully dissent from the court's judgment.
A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
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