Herman Jackson v. Flint Ink ( 2004 )

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
___________
No. 03-2189
___________
Herman Jackson, *
*
Appellant, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the District
* of Minnesota.
Flint Ink North American Corporation, *
also known as Flint Ink Corporation, *
*
Appellee. *
___________
Submitted: February 13, 2004
Filed: June 7, 2004 (Corrected July 7, 2004)
___________
Before MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, JOHN R. GIBSON, and RILEY, Circuit
Judges.
___________
MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.
During the seventeen months that Herman Jackson worked as a paste operator
at Flint Ink North American Corporation, he was disciplined twenty times for
violating Flint Ink's work rules and attendance policy. Flint Ink terminated his
employment on three separate occasions, but agreed with Mr. Jackson's union to
reinstate him after the first two terminations. After he was fired the third time, he
filed suit, alleging, as relevant here, that Flint Ink had violated Title VII of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e to 2000e-17, by subjecting him to a hostile
work environment because of his race (he is black), and by retaliating against him for
reporting the racially hostile work environment to a superior. The district court1
granted Flint Ink's motion for summary judgment on both claims.
Mr. Jackson maintains that the district court improperly granted summary
judgment with respect to his hostile work environment and retaliation claims.
"Summary judgment is appropriate when the evidence, viewed in a light most
favorable to the non-moving party, demonstrates that there is no genuine issue of
material fact, and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law."
Clark v. Kellogg Co., 205 F.3d 1079, 1082 (8th Cir. 2000); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
Reviewing the district court's grant of summary judgment de novo, see Breeding v.
Arthur J. Gallagher & Co., 164 F.3d 1151, 1156 (8th Cir. 1999), we affirm.
I.
To prevail on his hostile work environment claim, Mr. Jackson must show that
he was a member of a protected group, that he was subjected to unwelcome
harassment, that the harassment was because of his membership in the group, and that
the harassment affected a term, condition, or privilege of his employment. See
Palesch v. Missouri Comm'n on Human Rights, 233 F.3d 560, 566 (8th Cir. 2000).
Unless the alleged harassment was caused by his supervisors, Mr. Jackson must also
show that Flint Ink knew or should have known about the harassment but failed to
take prompt and effective remedial action. See id. at 566 & n.5.
In order to be actionable under Title VII, a work environment must have been
"both objectively and subjectively offensive, one that a reasonable person would find
hostile or abusive, and one that the victim in fact did perceive to be so." Faragher
v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 787 (1998). We assume for present purposes
1
The Honorable Paul A. Magnuson, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota.
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that Mr. Jackson thought that his work environment was offensive. We must decide,
though, whether a reasonable person would have perceived the environment to be
hostile or abusive. In making this inquiry, we look "at all the circumstances,"
including the "frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is
physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it
unreasonably interferes with an employee's work performance." Harris v. Forklift
Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 23 (1993). Only actions that are "so severe or pervasive as to
alter the conditions of [the plaintiff's] employment" can create an actionable
environment. Clark County Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 270 (2001) (per
curiam) (internal quotations omitted).
Mr. Jackson has presented evidence of several incidents that occurred during
his employment at Flint Ink that can plausibly be characterized as racial harassment,
including the use of racial epithets by his managers and co-workers and the
appearance of racially derogatory graffiti.
Mr. Jackson alleges that he heard managers refer to him using racially
derogatory terms on two occasions. He testified in his deposition that he heard his
supervisor, Larry Stordahl, refer to him as "that damn nigger" after an altercation
during which Mr. Jackson threatened two co-workers after one of them spit on his
foot or somewhere in his work area. Mr. Jackson also testified that on one occasion
as he was leaving the office of Frank Schreiner, the plant manager, he heard
Mr. Schreiner use the term "black" or "damn black" in some unspecified context.
In addition to these two incidents, Mr. Jackson testified to four instances in
which his co-workers had made racially offensive remarks: One co-worker used the
slang phrase "nigger-rigging" when several workers were sitting at a picnic table,
which Mr. Jackson describes as "an old saying that when we working on stuff and it's
old stuff, you know, we call it nigger-rigging." Another co-worker called
Mr. Jackson a "nigger." A third co-worker, on one occasion, expressed his dislike for
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music that Mr. Jackson was listening to by stating that "[w]e don't listen to that damn
black music around here, nigger shit, radio." The same co-worker, during the
incident in which Mr. Jackson was concededly "in [the] face" of another co-worker
who had spit in his work area, pulled the other co-worker away and exclaimed
"fucking nigger."
Finally, Mr. Jackson testified that "KKK sign" graffiti appeared in both the
shower area and on a wall near the back door in the chemical area at Flint Ink. He
offered pictures of these graffiti into evidence, each showing a drawing of a burning
cross surrounded by three "K"'s. Mr. Jackson testified, regarding the graffiti on the
back wall, that "they got it like it's burning and it seemed like they want to put me on
a cross and burn me up. I'm from Mississippi, you know, and all this stuff is scary,
you know, it's very scary." Another black Flint Ink employee, Ronnie Davis, testified
that he saw the graffiti on the back wall and thought that it was a threat against
Mr. Jackson "[b]ecause they didn't like the guy. They just didn't like the guy."
The words "H.J. slept here" were written on a molding piece or wooden frame
that was perpendicular to the back wall at Flint Ink on which the KKK symbol was
found. The initials apparently refer to Mr. Jackson, who had been disciplined twice
for sleeping in the break room and in his truck during work hours. (Similar comments
about the discovery of Mr. Jackson sleeping on the job were found written in other
locations at Flint Ink.) Mr. Jackson initially stated in his deposition that his name was
"under" the cross in his work area, but he later qualified this by agreeing that the
name was "actually on the molding piece, it's not on the same portion of what the
KKK is."
The dissent notes that, in testifying regarding the KKK symbol in the shower
area, Mr. Jackson stated that "they got the KKK sign plus the burning cross, and then
they got my name on it." But that quotation is isolated from its context. When
pressed, Mr. Jackson said merely that there was other graffiti somewhere in the
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vicinity of the KKK symbol in the shower area that he was unable to read.
Mr. Jackson testified that he did not know what this writing said, but that one of his
attorneys "read it off what it said, and I wasn't seeing how he could do it," and told
him that it said "Herman something." During his deposition, Mr. Jackson was shown
a picture that he had taken of the KKK symbol and the shower area surrounding it and
was asked to indicate where in the picture the graffiti that purportedly included his
first name was located. He initially stated that he did not "see it on the document,"
then contended that his name "was on there or under there somewhere," and
eventually pointed somewhere on the document. The record does not indicate where
he was pointing. The record does contain the picture submitted by Mr. Jackson of
what is evidently the wall in question, but the word "Herman" is nowhere discernible
in it.
"[C]onduct must be extreme to amount to a change in the terms and conditions
of employment," Faragher, 524 U.S. at 788, but the "[h]arassment need not be so
extreme that it produces tangible effects on job performance or psychological well-
being." Carter v. Chrysler Corp., 173 F.3d 693, 702 (8th Cir. 1999). Whether the
existence of racially derogatory behavior in the workplace constitutes a hostile work
environment actionable under Title VII is a function of both the severity and
pervasiveness of the offensive conduct, with a high level of severity compensating
for a low level of pervasiveness and vice versa.
The result in several of our previous cases involving racial slurs and
harassment in the workplace has turned upon the pervasiveness vel non of the
offensive conduct. "Unquestionably, a working environment dominated by racial
slurs constitutes a violation of Title VII." Johnson v. Bunny Bread Co., 646 F.2d
1250, 1257 (8th Cir. 1981). But "[o]ffhand comments and isolated incidents of
offensive conduct (unless extremely serious) do not constitute a hostile work
environment." Burkett v. Glickman, 327 F.3d 658, 662 (8th Cir. 2003).
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Thus, in Johnson, we concluded as a matter of law that there was no violation
of Title VII because there was "no steady barrage of opprobrious racial comment" and
the "use, if any, of racial terms was infrequent, was limited to casual conversation
among employees, and with possible rare exceptions was not directed toward" the
plaintiffs. Johnson, 646 F.2d at 1257. We explained that "[m]ore than a few isolated
incidents of harassment must have occurred. Racial comments that are merely part
of casual conversation, are accidental, or are sporadic do not trigger Title VII's
sanctions." Id. (internal quotations omitted). Similarly, in Powell v. Missouri State
Highway and Transp. Dep't, 822 F.2d 798, 801 (8th Cir. 1987), we upheld a trial
court's finding that there was not a racially bigoted work environment where there
was evidence that a plaintiff had been subjected to "a few isolated racial slurs." In
contrast, we upheld a finding of an objectively hostile work environment resulting in
a constructive discharge in Delph v. Dr. Pepper Bottling Co. of Paragould, Inc.,
130 F.3d 349, 352, 354 (8th Cir. 1997), where there was testimony that the plaintiff
had been subjected to "a steady barrage of racial name-calling at the [defendant's]
facility," and we upheld a finding of a hostile work environment in Ways v. City of
Lincoln, 871 F.2d 750, 754-55 (8th Cir. 1989), where the plaintiff had identified
about fifty examples of racial harassment.
Here, there is evidence that Mr. Jackson was exposed, at most, to six isolated
instances of racially derogatory language from two managers and three co-workers
over the course of a year and a half. Mr. Jackson does not contend that either of the
alleged derogatory statements made by managers were made to him. One of these
("that damn nigger") was made in the context of breaking up the emotional
confrontation involving spitting and threats. Mr. Jackson testified that he did not
understand the other statement ("black" or "damn black") at the time and that he could
not remember it well. The four alleged racial statements made by co-workers were
highly offensive, but two of these ("nigger shit, radio" and "nigger-rigging") were not
referring directly to Mr. Jackson, and another ("fucking nigger") was made in the heat
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of the spitting episode, during which it is uncontradicted that Mr. Jackson had
threatened to "kick both of [his co-workers'] asses" and to "kill" one of them.
The offensive racial slurs in the record were infrequent and few in number, and
some of them appear to have been offhand remarks not directed specifically at
Mr. Jackson; there is no evidence of a "steady barrage of opprobrious racial
comment." Standing alone, we think that the derogatory language identified by
Mr. Jackson would not violate Title VII, which does not "impose a code of workplace
civility." See Palesch, 233 F.3d at 567.
The burning cross graffiti, however, makes this a closer case, as its symbolism
is potentially more hostile and intimidating than the racial slurs. Even a single
instance of workplace graffiti, if sufficiently severe, can go a long way toward
making out a Title VII claim. Two of our recent cases provide guidance as to the
proper significance to be given the graffiti in assessing Mr. Jackson's claim. Each
case is factually similar to the instant case in that the plaintiffs were trying to make
out a hostile work environment claim based on evidence that a small number of racial
epithets had been uttered in the workplace and racist graffiti had appeared in the
bathroom. In Woodland v. Joseph T. Ryerson & Son, Inc., 302 F.3d 839, 844 (8th Cir.
2002), "racist graffiti – drawings of 'KKK,' a swastika, and a hooded figure –
appeared on the walls of one of the men's restrooms at the plant" and copies of a
racially derogatory "poem" were "strewn about the plant." We held that these alleged
incidents of racial harassment by co-workers, which we deemed "inexcusable
behavior," were "neither severe nor pervasive enough to create a hostile work
environment." Id. (internal quotations omitted).
On the other hand, in Reedy v. Quebecor Printing Eagle, Inc., 333 F.3d 906,
908-10 (8th Cir. 2003), we held that a hostile work environment claim was
submissible where racial graffiti that included the plaintiff's name written below the
phrase "kill all niggers," the word "coon" written below the plaintiff's name, and a
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drawing of an ape accompanied by the phrase "all niggers must die" had appeared in
a bathroom stall. We distinguished Woodland by characterizing the symbols in the
graffiti there as being "generically threatening" as opposed to the "death threat aimed
directly and specifically at [the plaintiff in Reedy]," the severity of which we found
to be the dispositive consideration. Id. at 909. Thus, we determined that it was
particularly significant that the "message of hate expressed to [the plaintiff in Reedy]
through the graffiti was physically threatening in a way that the graffiti in Woodland
was not." Id.
We think that the burning cross graffiti here falls somewhere in between what
was involved in Woodland and Reedy in terms of its severity. The Supreme Court has
recognized that "the burning of a cross is a 'symbol of hate,' " Virginia v. Black,
123 S. Ct. 1536, 1546 (2003) (quoting Capitol Square Review & Advisory Bd. v.
Pinette, 515 U.S. 753, 771 (1995) (Thomas, J., concurring)), and that "when a cross
burning is used to intimidate, few if any messages are more powerful," id. at 1547.
A crude drawing of a burning cross scrawled on the wall is, however,
objectively less intimidating than a real live burning cross, and is, we think, closer in
nature to the "KKK," swastika, and hooded figure symbols on the bathroom wall in
Woodland than the "kill all niggers" graffiti associated with the plaintiff in Reedy.
The burning cross undoubtedly evokes the Ku Klux Klan and its racialist ideology
and frequently violent history. But we are unable to conclude from the evidence in
the record that the crosses were "death threat[s] aimed directly and specifically" at
Mr. Jackson as opposed to generically threatening expressions of sympathy with the
beliefs of the Ku Klux Klan. While Mr. Jackson testified that graffiti stating "H.J.
slept here" and some other indecipherable message including the word "Herman"
were situated somewhere in the vicinity of the burning crosses, and non-racial graffiti
referring to Mr. Jackson was also found in other areas of Flint Ink, the record will not
support an inference that the pictures of the burning crosses and any references to
Mr. Jackson were intended to be read together as threatening comments directed
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specifically at Mr. Jackson. Even assuming arguendo that some connection between
the crosses and references to Mr. Jackson can be reasonably inferred, the resultant
communications are more vague and ambiguous than those at issue in Reedy, which
we characterized as "a close case" in terms of making out a submissible claim based
on a hostile work environment, 333 F.3d at 909.
After careful consideration, we conclude that the graffiti and the episodic racial
slurs involved in this case were insufficient to make out a Title VII claim.
Mr. Jackson has failed to present sufficient evidence that the harassment at Flint Ink
was so severe or pervasive that it altered the terms or conditions of his employment.
The district court did not reach the issue of whether Mr. Jackson made the
required showing that Flint Ink knew or should have known about the alleged
harassment by non-supervisors but failed to take prompt and effective remedial
action. It is unnecessary for us to address this issue in detail, but the evidence in the
record does not indicate that managers at Flint Ink were aware of the burning cross
graffiti or the co-workers' racially derogatory statements. (There is evidence that the
management became aware of other graffiti at Flint Ink, which they promptly had
removed.) As the district court found, though, Mr. Jackson did report the alleged
racism of his supervisor, Mr. Stordahl, to Mr. Stordahl himself. This report is at issue
in his retaliation claim discussed below.
II.
Title VII makes it unlawful for an employer to discriminate against an
employee "because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment
practice by this subchapter, or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or
participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this
subchapter." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). Mr. Jackson contends that he was unlawfully
retaliated against because he was fired for complaining to his supervisor,
Mr. Stordahl, about Mr. Stordahl's own racism. A plaintiff asserting a Title VII
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retaliation claim must first establish a prima facie case of retaliation by showing that
he or she engaged in a protected activity, that an adverse employment action
occurred, and that there is a causal connection between the two events. See Sherpell
v. Humnoke Sch. Dist. No. 5, 874 F.2d 536, 540 (8th Cir. 1989). If a plaintiff makes
such a showing, the burden of production then shifts to the defendant to rebut the
plaintiff's prima facie case under the principles set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp.
v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). See, e.g., Mitchell v. Iowa Prot. & Advocacy Servs.,
325 F.3d 1011, 1013 (8th Cir. 2003).
The district court held that Mr. Jackson had failed to make out a prima facie
case of retaliation: It concluded that he established facts sufficient to prove that he
had engaged in a protected activity (complaining to Mr. Stordahl about Mr. Stordahl's
own racially discriminatory behavior) and that an adverse employment action had
occurred (he was terminated), but that he had failed to establish a causal connection
between the protected conduct and the adverse action.
Mr. Jackson maintains that, contrary to the district court's conclusion, he has
produced sufficient evidence that he was fired because he complained about racial
discrimination. He relies, for the most part, on the temporal proximity of the two
events, alleging that he complained about the discrimination about a month before his
third and final termination from Flint Ink. In his charge of discrimination to the
Minnesota Department of Human Rights, he stated that the last time that he had
complained about the discrimination was four months before he was fired. Though
the evidence in the record is unclear and inconsistent regarding when, if ever, he
actually complained, we give him the benefit of the doubt for summary judgment
purposes and assume that he complained a month before he was fired.
Mr. Jackson was disciplined twenty times during his seventeen months at Flint
Ink, eventually resulting in his final termination. Many of his infractions related to
his attendance and use of the time clock, e.g., failing to punch out, punching in too
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early or late, punching in and then failing to work, and missing work for various
reasons. He was also disciplined for "loafing," sleeping on the job, refusing to follow
orders from his supervisor, and taking extended breaks.
Mr. Jackson grieved his third firing, and he was represented by his union in an
arbitration hearing. The arbitrator's findings, while by no means binding on a jury,
provide persuasive evidence in the form of a neutral party's observations regarding
Mr. Jackson's work performance and the appropriateness of Flint Ink's disciplinary
responses. The arbitrator, after conducting an evidentiary hearing, concluded that
Flint Ink's disciplinary actions were "totally consistent with the explicit principle of
Progressive Discipline," and that "the frequency and consistency of [Mr. Jackson's]
inappropriate behavior must be clearly characterized as 'abuse of time' and that
pattern of behavior constituted an incontrovertible disregard for the understood and
reasonable expectations of the Employer relative to his compliance with plant-wide
Rules, and such must be characterized as sufficient cause for discharge." Regarding
Mr. Jackson's claims of discrimination, the arbitrator stated that the record was
"totally devoid of any evidence that would/could buttress a finding [that Mr. Jackson]
was discharged for any reason other than his demonstrated abuse of time/attendance
behavior," and that Flint Ink "has clearly communicated its expectations relative to
compliance with work hour rules to all employees, and has consistently applied
discipline to those who elected to violate such."
There is abundant evidence in the record that Mr. Jackson consistently failed
to meet the legitimate expectations of Flint Ink in the performance of his job.
Mr. Jackson contends that the long string of disciplinary actions, culminating in his
final termination, was due to his supervisors' racism. He argues that these
documented violations and warnings do not amount to evidence that he was not
meeting the legitimate expectations of Flint Ink, but instead are "at best, irrelevant"
to Flint Ink's decision to fire him because they are all "after-the-fact rationalizations
for having terminated Mr. Jackson and demonstrate the extent of Flint Ink's
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retaliation." Based on our independent reading of the record, we agree with the
district court that Mr. Jackson has "offer[ed] no evidence aside from bald speculation
to support his argument that the warnings he received were illegitimate." There is no
evidence that his disciplinary record was somehow contrived or that being fired as a
result of amassing such a record would be in any way out of the ordinary. Indeed, the
evidence showed that several other employees, both white and black, had been
terminated for similar violations of plant rules and the attendance policy.
We have noted that "a plaintiff can establish a causal connection between
statutorily protected activity and an adverse employment action through
circumstantial evidence, such as the timing between the two events." Smith v.
Riceland Foods, Inc., 151 F.3d 813, 819 (8th Cir. 1998). While timing alone may
sometimes be sufficient to establish a causal connection for the purpose of making
a prima facie showing of retaliation, it is insufficient where, as here, other evidence
overwhelmingly suggests another legitimate reason for the adverse employment
action. "Title VII protection from retaliation for filing a complaint does not clothe
the complainant with immunity for past and present inadequacies [and] unsatisfactory
performance." Jackson v. St. Joseph State Hosp., 840 F.2d 1387, 1391 (8th Cir.
1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 892 (1988). Thus, "[w]e will not hold an employer
legally liable for firing an employee who is not performing his job satisfactorily
merely because the discharge follows within" a relatively short time after the
employee's complaint about discrimination. Valdez v. Mercy Hosp., 961 F.2d 1401,
1403 (8th Cir. 1992).
In light of Mr. Jackson's extensive disciplinary record, including his persistent
violations of work and attendance rules both before and after his alleged reporting of
racism, and the highly tenuous evidence of a causal connection between his complaint
and his termination, a reasonable jury could not find that he was fired because of his
complaining rather than his poor work performance.
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III.
For the reasons stated, we affirm the district court's grant of Flint Ink's motion
for summary judgment.
JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
The court today acknowledges the teaching of the Supreme Court that "the
burning of a cross is a symbol of hate," and "when a cross burning is used to
intimidate, few if any messages are more powerful." Virginia v. Black, 123 S. Ct.
1536, 1546, 1547 (2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). It then, astoundingly,
concludes that the burning cross graffiti, coupled with appellant's initials,2 were not
sufficient to create a fact issue for jury consideration.
I differ with the court's holding for two reasons.
First, the question of whether the note "H. J. slept here" is connected to the
KKK and burning cross graffiti is a question of fact.3 In reviewing a motion for
2
Jackson testified that in his work area "they had the KKK sign with the cross
and with my name under it." In discussing photos he had taken, he said that in a
photo of the shower "they got the KKK sign plus the burning cross, and then they got
my name on it." Gloria Lawler filed an affidavit stating, "Mr. Jackson asked me if I
wanted to see the signs at Flint. He told me that the drawings were right on the
outside for everyone to see. I walked across a field, and toward the overhead door.
Right on the frame of the door was the drawing with KKK-HJ and the cross on it."
3
Jackson described the "HJ slept here" and the KKK graffiti as part of the same
photo and stated that he interpreted it as people "let[ting] me know, your ass gonna
get burned up." Defense counsel stated that the name was "actually on the molding
piece, it's not on the same portion of what the KKK is," and Jackson agreed. The
copy of the photo reproduced in the appendix is not of sufficient quality for us to
resolve any ambiguity, and on this record, it would not be proper to do so anyway.
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summary judgment, we must view the facts in the light most favorable to the non-
moving party, rather than choosing among various possible reasonable inferences.
"Credibility determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of
legitimate inferences from the facts are jury functions, not those of a judge, whether
he is ruling on a motion for summary judgment or for a directed verdict." Anderson
v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986) (emphasis added); see also Kenney
v. Swift Transp., Inc., 347 F.3d 1041, 1044 (8th Cir. 2003) (nonmovant entitled to all
reasonable inferences). The court today discards two reasonable inferences--that the
cross and the words were drawn by the same hand or else by different hands with the
intent that the image and the words refer to each other. The court thus takes on the
jury's job of choosing which among competing inferences is most likely.
Second, the court today distinguishes between a "crude drawing" of a burning
cross and "a real live burning cross," supra at 7, to conclude that the writing on the
wall was not intimidating enough to alter the terms and conditions of Jackson's
employment. In Virginia v. Black, 123 S. Ct. at 1547, the Supreme Court observed
that the burning cross, when used with intimidating purpose, is among the most
powerful messages in our culture. The circumstances in this case support the
inference that whoever drew the burning cross did it with intent to intimidate. This
was obviously not, for instance, an educational or historical display for Black History
month. The record is rife with evidence of hostility between Jackson and his white
co-workers, including the spitting incident in which a co-worker referred to Jackson
as a "fucking nigger." Jackson testified that he understood the message of the graffiti
to be "scary." His co-worker Ronnie Davis testified that he believed the graffiti was
a threat against Jackson because many of their co-workers didn't like Jackson. When
a symbol threatening racial violence is invoked and continuously displayed in the
plaintiff's workplace, it is both "frequent" and "physically threatening." See Harris
v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 23 (1993). The appearance of KKK graffiti in a
workplace bathroom was not enough to create a hostile environment in Woodland v.
Joseph T. Ryerson & Son, Inc., 302 F.3d 839, 844 (8th Cir. 2002), but our holding
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was based on the fact that the employer took prompt and decisive action to eradicate
the graffiti. Here, the burning cross stayed on the wall. Jackson testified that it was
in a very visible spot by the back door. Moreover, the propinquity of the burning
cross to the written jab referring to Jackson by name supports the inference that the
threat was directed at Jackson personally, a factor we held significant in creating a
hostile environment in Reedy v. Quebecor Printing Eagle, Inc., 333 F.3d 906, 909
(8th Cir. 2003).
I would hold that Jackson came forward with sufficient evidence of racial
harassment to survive the motion for summary judgment.
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