United States v. Robert B. Beltz ( 2004 )

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 03-3970
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United States of America, *
*
Plaintiff-Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* Eastern District of Missouri.
Robert B. Beltz, *
*
Defendant-Appellant. *
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Submitted: September 16, 2004
Filed: October 14, 2004
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Before MURPHY, McMILLIAN, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
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MURPHY, Circuit Judge.
Robert Beltz was convicted by a jury of attempt to manufacture
methamphetamine and of possession of pseudoephedrine with reasonable cause to
believe the chemical would be used to manufacture methamphetamine. The district
court1 sentenced Beltz to 292 months imprisonment and five years supervised release.
Beltz appeals, arguing first, that the attempt and possession charges were cumulative;
second, that the district court abused its discretion in admitting testimony about his
1
The Honorable Henry E. Autrey, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.
prior participation in the production of methamphetamine; and third, that the
government failed to present sufficient evidence of an attempt to manufacture.2 We
affirm.
On September 25, 2002, law enforcement officers executed a search warrant
at the residence of Robert Beltz in Campbell, Missouri. The search resulted in the
seizure of numerous items commonly used in the production of methamphetamine.
Most were discovered in a camera-monitored workshop area located behind Beltz’s
garage. There in a desk later identified as belonging to Beltz, officers found 1,700
pseudoephedrine pills which had been removed from their packaging and bagged;
two plastic containers, two coffee filters, and a funnel, all containing a white residue;
a jar containing a liquid byproduct of methamphetamine production; scales; plastic
tubing; unused coffee filters; and a coffee grinder. Beltz’s wallet and a handgun
registered in his name were also in the desk.
Many other items involved in methamphetamine manufacturing were found in
other parts of the workshop: a microwave containing digital scales and coffee filters;
another microwave with a pie plate stained with chemicals used in different stages of
methamphetamine production; additional jars and funnels; a lid appearing to be the
top of an acid generator; liquid fire; muriatic acid; and a container of
pseudoephedrine substance of a type produced during the manufacturing process. A
drained can of starting fluid and a plastic bottle apparently used as an acid generator
were found in a trash barrel near the workshop. Also on the premises were tanks with
a residue believed by the officers to have resulted from anhydrous ammonia; a gas
mask fitted with an ammonia cartridge; and twenty one other firearms. While
searching the workshop, officers noted the presence of what appeared to be a
2
Beltz also would like to argue for an acceptance of responsibility reduction
if his case were remanded for resentencing or a new trial. Because of our disposition
of other issues we need not reach this point.
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homemade exhaust system. In a search of Beltz's bedroom, police discovered $4,500
in cash.
Beltz made a number of statements during the search after he had received
Miranda warnings. In response to a question about the materials in the workshop,
Beltz answered that they had been used in the production of methamphetamine. He
pointed out that there was no anhydrous ammonia or sodium metal on the property,
but he acknowledged the presence of liquid fire and batteries. Beltz also commented
on the container of liquid byproduct, stating that the substance was old and likely no
longer of value in the manufacturing process. When asked about his own experience
with methamphetamine, Beltz replied that he had used the drug for five years.
Beltz was charged in a superseding indictment with four offenses: possession
of pseudoephedrine with reasonable cause to believe the chemical would be used to
manufacture methamphetamine, under 21 U.S.C. § 841(c)(2); attempt to manufacture
methamphetamine, under 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846; making a firearm, under
26 U.S.C. §§ 5822 and 5861(f); and knowing possession of an unregistered firearm,
under 26 U.S.C. §§ 5841 and 5861(d). Beltz unsuccessfully moved to suppress
evidence, then moved for a bill of particulars and for election among counts or
determination of lesser included offense. These motions were also denied, and the
case proceeded to trial.
One of the witnesses called by the government was Christopher Thompson,
who testified that he and Beltz had produced methamphetamine at Beltz's residence
thirty to fifty times between 1997 and 2000. From photographs taken during the
course of the search, Thompson identified many of the seized items as those he and
Beltz had used in manufacturing the drug, including a set of pliers used by Beltz to
remove lithium strips from batteries. Thompson also testified to their practice of each
providing some of the ingredients necessary to produce the drug. Thompson most
commonly acquired the anhydrous ammonia, and Beltz the pseudoephedrine.
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A jury found Beltz guilty of possessing pseudoephedrine with reasonable cause
to believe the chemical would be used to manufacture methamphetamine and of
attempting to manufacture methamphetamine. It acquitted him of both firearm
charges. Beltz moved for a judgment of acquittal on the attempt conviction because
of insufficient evidence; the motion was denied. After a sentencing hearing, Beltz
was given concurrent sentences of 240 months for unlawful possession of
pseudoephedrine and 292 months for attempted manufacture of methamphetamine.
Beltz also received concurrent terms of supervised release, being sentenced to five
years for unlawful possession of pseudoephedrine and three years for attempted
manufacture of methamphetamine.
Beltz argues that the district court erred in ordering the entry of judgment for
sentences on both unlawful possession of pseudoephedrine and attempted
manufacture of methamphetamine. He contends that Congress did not intend to
impose multiple punishments for the conduct at issue. Our review is de novo for
claims of multiplicity in charging an offense. United States v. Underwood, 364 F.3d
956, 966 (8th Cir. 2004).
The Fifth Amendment provides that "No person shall...be subject for the same
offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb." U.S. Const. Amend. V. The
double jeopardy clause protects against multiple punishments for the same offense
and prevents imposition of greater punishment than authorized by Congress.
Missouri v. Hunter, 459 U.S. 359, 366 (1983). One type of analysis used by the
Supreme Court to ascertain the extent of punishment Congress intended in its
criminal legislation is to examine the statutory elements of the offenses charged, and
it concluded in Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932), that multiple
punishments are permitted for separate convictions when each requires an element of
proof that the other does not. Our court has adopted the Blockburger test for
determining whether multiple punishments are permitted. United States v. Boykins,
966 F.2d 1240, 1245 (8th Cir. 1992) (rejecting the single course of conduct test).
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Beltz contends that the crime of possessing pseudoephedrine with reasonable
cause to believe the chemical would be used to manufacture methamphetamine, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(c)(2), is a lesser included offense of attempting to
manufacture methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846. The
imposition of multiple punishments is thus precluded he says. He claims that the
elements of the possession offense are subsumed entirely within the greater crime of
attempt, for which the government must prove the additional element of a personal
intent to manufacture a controlled substance.
Beltz misconstrues the statutory offenses. Section 841(c)(2) requires proof of
three elements: (1) the defendant was in possession of pseudoephedrine; (2) the
defendant's possession of the chemical was knowing or intentional; and (3) the
defendant knew or had reason to believe that the chemical would be used to
manufacture a controlled substance. In contrast, §§ 841(a)(1) and 846 require proof
of two separate elements: (1) the defendant intended to manufacture
methamphetamine; and (2) the defendant engaged in conduct constituting a
substantial step toward the production of the drug. United States v. Montayne, 996
F.2d 190, 191 (8th Cir. 1993) (en banc), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 938 (1996). Since the
crime of attempt does not require the possession of pseudoephedrine, and the crime
of possession does not require an intent to manufacture methamphetamine, possession
is not a lesser included offense of attempt. The district court did not err in imposing
sentences for both offenses. Boykins, 966 F.2d at 1245.
The statutory provisions under which Beltz was convicted differ from those in
which Congress has explicitly provided for greater punishment upon proof of a fact
which aggravates a core offense. For example, manufacturing methamphetamine
under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) is a lesser included offense of manufacturing it within
1000 feet of a school under 21 U.S.C. § 860. United States v. Underwood, 364 F.3d
956, 967 (8th Cir. 2004). In fact one of the statutory elements of § 860 requires that
§ 841(a)(1) have been violated. Beltz lacks support for his argument that the
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structure of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act means that
Congress intended only "discrete and incremental punishments." Unlawful
possession and attempted manufacture are distinct offenses, with each requiring proof
of an element the other does not. Multiple punishment in this case does not
contravene the intent of Congress or violate the double jeopardy clause.
Beltz next argues that the district court erred in admitting Christopher
Thompson's testimony about Beltz's prior involvement in production of
methamphetamine at his residence. Beltz contends that this was improperly admitted
under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) as proof of his propensity to commit future
criminal acts. We review a district court's evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion.
United States v. Buffalo, 358 F.3d 519, 521 (8th Cir. 2004).
Rule 404(b) permits evidence of other crimes when offered not to prove
criminal propensity, but "for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity,
intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident."
Fed.R.Evid. 404(b). Evidence that is relevant to the crime charged is not other crimes
evidence. United States v. Aranda, 963 F.2d 211, 213-14 (8th Cir. 1992). Since
Thompson's testimony was probative of the crime of attempt to manufacture
methamphetamine, Rule 404(b) was no bar to its admission. In order to prove that
Beltz had taken a substantial step toward the production of methamphetamine, the
government sought to demonstrate a connection between him and the seized
materials. Thompson's testimony as to Beltz's prior use of those materials made this
connection and was thus direct evidence of a charged offense. Thompson's testimony
would also have been admissible as other crimes evidence, for Beltz's prior
participation in the production of methamphetamine at his residence is relevant to a
material issue in the case—his present knowledge and intent in possessing
pseudoephedrine and manufacturing equipment. See United States v. Hawthorne,
235 F.3d 400, 404 (8th Cir. 2004). The district court did not abuse its discretion in
allowing Thompson's testimony.
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Beltz contends finally that the district court erred by not granting his motion
for a judgment of acquittal on the basis of insufficient evidence to support the jury's
finding of attempt. Our review of the sufficiency of evidence is limited. "We will
reverse a denial of a motion for acquittal only if, after viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the jury's verdict, giving the government the benefit of all
reasonable inferences that may be drawn from the evidence, no construction of the
evidence will support the jury's verdict." United States v. Hollingsworth, 257 F.3d
871, 878 (8th Cir. 2001), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 1100 (2002); United States v. Davis,
785 F.2d 610, 619 (8th Cir.1986) ("We will...reverse only if a reasonable jury could
not have found guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.").
In order to prove an attempt to manufacture methamphetamine, the government
was required to demonstrate that Beltz intentionally engaged in conduct constituting
a substantial step toward the production of methamphetamine. Hollingsworth, 257
F.3d at 878. Considering the evidence presented at trial, a reasonable jury could have
found Beltz guilty of attempting to produce methamphetamine beyond a reasonable
doubt. See, e.g., id. at 878-79 (sufficient evidence of attempt to manufacture
methamphetamine where defendant purchased a single precursor chemical while
residing with others at a residence containing a nonoperational methamphetamine
lab); United States v. Mazzella, 768 F.2d 235, 240 (8th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 474
U.S. 1006 (1985) (finding a "substantial step" toward production where defendant
ordered and received the necessary equipment and chemicals); United States v. Smith,
264 F.3d 1012, 1016-17 (10th Cir. 2001) (defendant "need not possess a full 'working
lab' to be convicted of attempting to manufacture methamphetamine," nor actually
possess "all the needed precursor chemicals").
The search of Beltz's residence revealed a large number of separated
pseudoephedrine tablets, an extensive amount of equipment used in the manufacture
of methamphetamine, substances resulting from various stages of production of the
drug, and a substantial amount of money and firearms. During the search, Beltz
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conceded that the equipment had been used to produce methamphetamine and
demonstrated knowledge of the manufacturing process. Thompson's testimony
further demonstrated Beltz's ability to manufacture the drug, connected Beltz to the
equipment seized during the search, and indicated that Beltz could obtain access to
those chemicals not located on the property at the time of his arrest. Since it cannot
be said that "no construction of th[is] evidence will support the jury's verdict,"
Hollingsworth, 257 F.3d at 878, the district court did not err in denying Beltz motion
for a judgment of acquittal on the attempt charge.
For these reasons the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
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