United States v. Shondell Ingram ( 2007 )

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 06-3915
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United States of America, *
*
Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* Western District of Missouri.
Shondell E. Ingram, *
*
Appellant. *
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Submitted: May 18, 2007
Filed: September 6, 2007
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Before MURPHY, HANSEN, and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
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COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.
Shondell E. Ingram was convicted by a jury of unlawful possession of a firearm
as a previously convicted felon. The district court1 sentenced him to 262 months’
imprisonment. Ingram appeals the conviction and sentence, and we affirm.
1
The Honorable Scott O. Wright, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.
I.
Ingram’s conviction stems from the events of August 21, 2005, in Grandview,
Missouri. Police reported to the Ridgeview Apartments, where three young women
told them that Ingram had wrapped a handgun in a white t-shirt and put it in the back
of a red Dodge pickup truck. An officer discovered a loaded .32-caliber handgun
wrapped in a large white t-shirt in the truck bed. One of the women identified Ingram,
who was in the area, and officers arrested him. Ingram was prohibited from
possessing a firearm, having been convicted of armed robbery in 1991.
The prosecution presented testimony from several persons who resided at the
Ridgeview Apartments. Angel Young and Christina Young, who are not related, lived
together in one apartment with Christina’s parents and Christina’s younger sister,
Ashley. Jennifer Zimmerman lived in another unit. Another witness, Jesse Dean, was
the boyfriend of Ashley Young. At trial, Zimmerman, Angel, and Christina all
testified that Ingram took the gun from his waistband, and placed it in the bed of the
Dodge truck. Angel and Christina testified that Ingram wrapped the gun in a white
t-shirt. Dean, Angel, and Ashley testified that they saw Ingram in possession of a
handgun earlier in the day.
According to Dean and Ashley, Ingram was angry with Dean because he had
refused to commit a robbery with Ingram. Dean testified that to express his anger,
Ingram lifted his shirt to display a handgun concealed in his waistband, threatened to
shoot through the door of the apartment where Dean was visiting Ashley, and
threatened to kill Dean. When Dean looked outside, he saw Ingram pointing the
weapon at the window.
Angel and Christina testified that later, when they were outside the apartment,
they saw Ingram hiding in the hallway nearby. After that, Angel saw him in the
parking lot near his car, putting bullets in the gun. Ingram called the women over and
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told Angel that he would kill her if she “snitched” on him. The women then ran to
Jennifer Zimmerman’s apartment. Ingram followed them, but was refused entry.
Zimmerman then called the police, setting in motion the events that led to Ingram’s
arrest and prosecution.
II.
Ingram first challenges the sufficiency of evidence to support his conviction.
He contends that the evidence failed to establish that he knowingly possessed the
firearm. When reviewing convictions for the sufficiency of the evidence, “we view
the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, resolving evidentiary
conflicts in favor of the government, and accepting all reasonable inferences drawn
from the evidence that support the jury’s verdict.” United States v. Garnica, 477 F.3d
628, 630 (8th Cir. 2007) (per curiam) (internal quotation omitted). We will reverse
a conviction only if no reasonable jury could have found the defendant guilty beyond
a reasonable doubt. Id.Ingram’s challenge rests on apparent inconsistencies in the statements of his
accusers. Angel claimed to have seen three guns, Christina recalled only one gun, and
Zimmerman told the 911 operator that there were five guns, based on information the
other two women had given her. Similarly, Ingram points to Zimmerman’s apparently
inaccurate statement of what t-shirt Ingram had been wearing, and inconsistencies as
to whether an additional witness named “Daniel” was present in Zimmerman’s
apartment with the three women. There was also conflicting evidence about whether
Christina Young was present when Ingram was arrested.
Ingram also claims that the reported actions of several of the witnesses were
inconsistent with the gravity of the situation they described, such that their testimony
is inherently incredible. He says that Ashley’s mother – who apparently left her
seventeen-year-old daughter alone at the Ridgeview Apartments – would not have
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done so if, as Ashley claimed, Ashley felt “uncomfortable” with Ingram being in the
area. And Ingram contends that Christina would not have waited outside for the
police with Ingram nearby, if she were really concerned that Ingram had a gun and
was looking for her. Finally, Ingram questions Dean’s credibility, highlighting Dean’s
motivation to avoid a gun charge in the aftermath of a recent conviction for a burglary
offense.
These challenges to credibility do not warrant overturning the jury’s verdict.
“Attacks on the sufficiency of the evidence that call upon this court to scrutinize the
credibility of witnesses are generally not an appropriate ground for reversal.” United
States v. McKay, 431 F.3d 1085, 1094 (8th Cir. 2005), cert. denied, 126 S. Ct. 2345and 127 S. Ct. 46 (2006). To prove that Ingram knowingly possessed a firearm, the
government produced two women who said they had seen Ingram wrap a handgun in
a large white t-shirt and put it in a truck bed. Two police officers testified that they
found the gun in the truck, wrapped in an extra large t-shirt that was likely to fit
Ingram, who was a six-foot, two-inch, 210-pound man. Dean and Angel testified that
Ingram possessed a handgun earlier in the day, and there was dramatic testimony
about Ingram brandishing the weapon and threatening to kill Dean because he would
not help him commit a robbery. Angel testified that she saw Ingram loading the gun
in the parking lot and that he threatened to kill her if she “snitched.” In short, the jury
heard from four witnesses who claimed to have seen Ingram possess a handgun on
August 21, 2005, and from two police officers who found the gun where the eye-
witnesses said Ingram had concealed it. The jury reasonably could believe that
Ingram did knowingly possess the firearm, despite the inconsistencies in testimony
that Ingram identifies. Ingram’s allegations of factual inconsistencies, illogical
behavior, and motivations to lie may have been useful fodder for cross-examination
and closing argument, but they are not nearly compelling enough to establish that no
reasonable jury could have found him guilty.
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Ingram next argues that he should have been allowed to introduce videotaped
interviews to impeach certain witnesses for the prosecution. We review the district
court’s evidentiary determinations for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Buffalo,
358 F.3d 519, 521 (8th Cir. 2004). The videotapes at issue were made by law
enforcement on the day after Ingram’s arrest. Ingram claims that they are the best
evidence of what the witnesses actually saw, as they record statements made before
the witnesses had an opportunity to “polish” their stories and potentially forget details
of what occurred. Specifically, for example, he points to Zimmerman’s trial
testimony, and argues that she minimized her initial evasiveness when responding to
investigators’ questions regarding the identity of “Daniel.” He contends that the
videotaped interviews should have been admitted as impeachment material under the
residual exception to the rule prohibiting hearsay. See Fed. R. Evid. 807.
We have observed that “Congress intended the residual hearsay exception to be
used very rarely, and only in exceptional circumstances.” United States v. Peneaux,
432 F.3d 882, 893 (8th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation omitted), cert. denied, 127 S. Ct.
42 (2006). As an exception to the prohibition on hearsay, Rule 807 applies only to
evidence that is offered for the truth of the matter asserted. See Fed. R. Evid. 801(c).
Ingram’s contention, however, is that the district court should have admitted “video
clips” as impeachment evidence. Extrinsic evidence of a witness’s prior statement
admitted merely to impeach the credibility of a witness’s in-court testimony is
governed by Federal Rule of Evidence 613, not Rule 807.
In any event, we conclude that the district court was well within its discretion
to exclude the videotapes. Ingram was allowed wide latitude in questioning the
investigator about the videotaped interviews. He successfully brought out
inconsistencies in Angel’s memory of what Ingram had been wearing and what kind
of gun he used, the fact that Angel could not see well at the time because she was not
wearing her glasses, and Zimmerman’s evasiveness on the identity of “Daniel.”
Ingram has failed to identify any evidence from the videotapes that he was unable to
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put before the jury through his examination of the investigator or cross-examination
of the witnesses who had been interviewed on videotape. Given his opportunity to
present the evidence through these avenues, we conclude that the district court did not
otherwise abuse its discretion.
Ingram’s final two contentions relate to his sentence. First, he argues that his
prior conviction for a walkaway escape from a community work center does not
qualify as a “violent felony” under the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA), 18
U.S.C. § 924(e). The ACCA mandates a minimum sentence of fifteen years’
imprisonment for a felon in possession of a firearm who has sustained three prior
convictions for a violent felony or a serious drug offense. It is undisputed that Ingram
had sustained at least two. If his walkaway escape qualifies as a third, then he was
properly classified as an armed career criminal.
Our circuit precedent, which is binding on this panel, holds that a walkaway
escape does constitute a violent felony for purposes of the ACCA. United States v.
Abernathy, 277 F.3d 1048, 1051 (8th Cir. 2002). The Supreme Court recently
expounded on the meaning of “violent felony,” declaring that the “proper inquiry is
whether the conduct encompassed by the elements of the offense, in the ordinary case,
presents a serious potential risk of injury to another.” James v. United States, 127 S.
Ct. 1586, 1597 (2007). Others have questioned whether there is adequate grounding
for the assumption in prevailing case law that the “ordinary” escape presents a serious
risk of injury. It has been suggested that more data are required to assess properly
whether most escape convictions are of the “walkaway” or “failure to return to
confinement” variety and, if so, whether the ordinary violation really presents the sort
of risk contemplated by § 924(e). United States v. Chambers, 473 F.3d 724, 726-27
(7th Cir. 2007), petition for cert. filed, No. 06-11206 (U.S. May 8, 2007). As things
stand, however, our case law dictates the conclusion that Ingram had sustained three
prior qualifying convictions, and the district court properly classified him as an armed
career criminal.
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Finally, Ingram disputes the district court’s finding that he possessed the
firearm in connection with another felony offense. This finding resulted in a one-level
adjustment of Ingram’s offense level under the advisory sentencing guidelines, see
USSG § 4B1.4(b)(3)(A); PSR ¶ 24, and an increase in his criminal history category
from V to VI. See USSG § 4B1.4(c)(2); PSR ¶ 33. We review the district court’s
application of the sentencing guidelines de novo and its factual findings for clear error.
United States v. Bell, 411 F.3d 960, 965 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 957 (2005).
Missouri law makes it a felony knowingly to “[e]xhibit[], in the presence of one
or more persons, any weapon readily capable of lethal use in an angry or threatening
manner.” Mo. Rev. Stat. § 571.030.1(4). Missouri courts have held that whether a
weapon was exhibited in a “threatening” manner is an objective determination, and
that the statute may be violated even where a firearm is unloaded or where the
exhibition is unaccompanied by an express verbal threat. Bell, 411 F.3d at 965(collecting cases). In this case, the court heard testimony that Ingram was upset with
Dean over his refusal to participate in a robbery. There was evidence that he
threatened to kill Dean, lifted his shirt exposing his handgun, and shortly thereafter
pointed the gun at Dean’s apartment window. This testimony was sufficient to
support the district court’s conclusion that Ingram exhibited a weapon capable of
lethal use in a threatening manner, and that Ingram thus possessed the firearm in
connection with a violation of section 571.030.1(4), another felony offense.
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For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
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