Samuel Boston v. Douglas Weber ( 2008 )

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 07-2222
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Samuel W. Boston, *
*
Appellant, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* District of South Dakota.
Douglas Weber, Warden, South *
Dakota State Penitentiary; Larry *
Long, Attorney General, State of *
South Dakota, *
*
Appellees. *
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Submitted: January 16, 2008
Filed: May 8, 2008
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Before BYE, BEAM and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
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GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.
Samuel W. Boston appeals the district court’s1 order dismissing his petition for
a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 as untimely. We affirm.
1
The Honorable Karen E. Schreier, Chief Judge, United States District Court
for the District of South Dakota.
I. BACKGROUND
A jury convicted Boston of second-degree murder, and he was sentenced to life
in prison without the possibility of parole. The South Dakota Supreme Court affirmed
the conviction on June 11, 2003. Boston did not seek a writ of certiorari to the United
States Supreme Court before the ninety days allowed for filing such a writ expired on
September 9, 2003. See Sup. Ct. R. 13. He filed an application for state habeas relief
on January 15, 2004. The state circuit court dismissed Boston’s habeas application.
On January 7, 2005, the South Dakota Supreme Court denied Boston’s motion for a
certificate of probable cause to appeal the circuit court’s denial of his habeas
application.
Boston filed his petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
2254 in federal district court on December 20, 2005. The State did not argue that
Boston’s petition was untimely, and the magistrate judge’s Findings and
Recommendations contended that “[t]he petitioner’s federal writ of habeas corpus was
filed within one year of the state Supreme Court order denying his motion for an
appeal. Therefore, the one year statute of limitations has been met.” The magistrate
judge recommended that Boston’s habeas petition be denied on the merits. Boston
filed objections in the district court.
The district court sua sponte ordered the parties to address whether Boston’s
petition was time barred under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of
1996 (“AEDPA”), Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214. The State then filed a motion
to dismiss the petition as untimely, and Boston filed a response in opposition to the
motion. The district court dismissed Boston’s petition finding that it was time barred
under AEDPA. Alternatively, the district court concluded that, even if timely, the
petition should be dismissed because it was a mixed petition, one that included both
exhausted and unexhausted claims. The district court granted a certificate of
appealability on the following three issues: (1) whether the petition was timely filed
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under AEDPA; (2) whether the State intelligently waived the AEDPA statute of
limitations defense; and (3) whether the petition raised issues that were not exhausted
at the state level. Boston now appeals on all three grounds.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Timeliness under AEDPA
We review the district court’s decision to dismiss a § 2254 habeas petition
based on the AEDPA statute of limitations de novo. O’Neal v. Kenny, 501 F.3d 969,
970 (8th Cir. 2007), petition for cert. filed, --- U.S.L.W. --- (U.S. Feb. 15, 2008).
AEDPA requires a state prisoner seeking a writ of habeas corpus to file his federal
petition within one year after “the date on which the judgment became final by the
conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such review.” 28
U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A). When the state court of last resort enters a judgment in a
direct criminal appeal and the petitioner does not seek a writ of certiorari, the
judgment is final at the conclusion of the ninety days allowed by the Supreme Court
for the filing of such a writ. Curtiss v. Mount Pleasant Corr. Facility, 338 F.3d 851,
853 (8th Cir. 2003). In this case, the judgment was final on September 9, 2003.
The AEDPA statute of limitations is tolled for “[t]he time during which a
properly filed application for State post-conviction or other collateral review with
respect to the pertinent judgment or claim is pending . . . .” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2).
In Painter v. Iowa, we held “that the time between the date that direct review of a
conviction is completed and the date that an application for state post-conviction relief
is filed counts against the one-year period.” 247 F.3d 1255, 1256 (8th Cir. 2001).
Boston filed his state habeas application on January 15, 2004, 127 days after the state
judgment became final on September 9, 2003. Applying the rule in Painter, these 127
days count against the one-year AEDPA limitation period. When the South Dakota
Supreme Court denied his motion for certificate of probable cause on January 7, 2005,
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Boston had 238 days or until September 2, 2005, to file his federal habeas petition.
However, Boston filed his federal habeas petition on December 20, 2005, more than
three months after the AEDPA statute of limitations had expired.
Nonetheless, Boston argues that his federal habeas petition is timely because
the Supreme Court’s decision in Carey v. Saffold, 536 U.S. 214 (2002), and our
circuit’s post-Saffold decisions in Curtiss, Williams v. Bruton, 299 F.3d 981 (8th Cir.
2002), and Wright v. Norris, 299 F.3d 926 (8th Cir. 2002), have implicitly overruled
Painter. Boston asserts that
as long as the right to file a state habeas petition exists the petition is
‘pending’ if the one year statute of limitations (the AEDPA rule) has not
expired. When the state petition is then actually filed in the state habeas
proceeding the entire block of time - from the date of the conclusion of
the direct appeal and the date of the filing of the South Dakota Supreme
Court denial of a certificate of an appealable issue - is included as
‘pending’ as long as one calender year has not then elapsed, therefore the
AEDPA is tolled during that time.
Reply Br. for Appellant at 4. Essentially, Boston argues for retroactive tolling, which
effectively means the AEDPA statute of limitations would not begin to run until after
the conclusion of the state habeas proceedings so long as the state habeas application
is filed within one year of the judgment becoming final. Because Boston’s state
habeas application was filed within one year of the judgment becoming final, Boston
contends that the AEDPA statute of limitations for his federal habeas petition expired
on January 7, 2006, a year after the South Dakota Supreme Court denied his motion
for certificate of probable cause. As a result, he claims his federal habeas petition
filed on December 20, 2005, is timely. We disagree.
First, Boston’s reliance on Saffold is misplaced. In Saffold, the Supreme Court
held that, upon filing a state habeas application, the application is “pending” until the
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completion of the state collateral review process. 536 U.S. at 219-21. Saffold does
not support Boston’s argument because it did not address the time period between the
date the judgment became final and the date of filing an application for state collateral
review. To extend Saffold to exclude this time period as Boston seeks would thwart
AEDPA’s purpose to “reduce delays in the execution of state and federal criminal
sentences,” Rhines v. Weber, 544 U.S. 269, 276 (2005) (quotation omitted), without
furthering the goals of “comity, finality, and federalism,” Saffold, 536 U.S. at 220
(quotation omitted).
The Supreme Court also did not apply such retroactive tolling in its subsequent
decision in Day v. McDonough, 547 U.S. 198 (2006). Day filed his application for
state post-conviction relief 353 days after the state judgment became final, and he
filed his federal habeas petition thirty-six days after the state appellate court denied
state post-conviction relief. Id. at 203. Although the issue before the Court was
whether the district court could raise the timeliness issue sua sponte, Day’s petition
clearly would have been timely if the 353 days were excluded from the AEDPA one-
year limitation period. Nonetheless, the Court affirmed the dismissal of Day’s habeas
petition as untimely, thereby implicitly adopting our rule in Painter. Id. at 211.
Second, Boston’s reliance on Wright, Williams and Curtiss is equally
misplaced. In Wright, we held that the federal habeas petition was untimely after
“assum[ing] without deciding that state post-conviction proceedings in Arkansas
remain pending, . . . for the eighteen month period when the Supreme Court of
Arkansas will entertain a motion for a belated appeal of the denial of state post-
conviction relief.” 299 F.3d at 928. In Williams, we determined that an application
for state post-conviction relief “is ‘pending’ (and thus the limitations period is tolled)
during the appeal period, even if the petitioner does not appeal [the denial of his
application to a higher state court].” 299 F.3d at 983. In Curtiss, we held that
Curtiss’s federal habeas petition was untimely when he filed his state habeas
application more than one year after the judgment became final. 338 F.3d at 855. As
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we stated in Curtiss, “[n]either Williams nor Wright provides support for [the
petitioner’s] contention that Painter has been abrogated.” Id. These cases simply do
not support the retroactive tolling rule that Boston asserts. Rather, our circuit has
continued to recognized the validity of the Painter rule. See Runyan v. Burt, --- F.3d
---, 2008 WL 927601, at *1 (8th Cir. Apr. 8, 2008) (finding a federal habeas petition
untimely by including in the AEDPA one-year limitation period the time between the
judgment becoming final and the filing of the state habeas application even though the
state habeas application was filed within one-year of the judgment becoming final).
Indeed, our rule in Painter is consistent with the plain language of 28 U.S.C.
§ 2244, which states that the “limitation period shall run from . . . the date on which
the judgment became final[,]” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A), and the limitation period
tolls only when “a properly filed application for State post-conviction or other
collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment or claim is pending[,]” 28
U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2) (emphasis added). The tolling provision does not apply to the
period before the application was properly filed. Therefore, because the period
between the date the judgment became final and the date of filing the state habeas
application is included in the AEDPA one-year limitation period, Boston’s petition
is untimely.2
2
Boston argued to the district court that he filed his application for state habeas
relief on November 12, 2003, the date he signed the application and over two months
before the district court received the application. This argument was not raised on
appeal and is therefore waived. See Cormack v. Settle-Beshears, 474 F.3d 528, 531
(8th Cir. 2007). Even if Boston had filed his state habeas application on the day he
signed it, the AEDPA statute of limitations would have expired on November 5, 2005.
Because he did not file the federal habeas petition until December 20, 2005, his
petition would still be untimely. Boston also argued unsuccessfully to the district
court that he was entitled to equitable tolling. Because he also failed to raise this
argument on appeal, it also is waived. See id.
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B. Waiver
Boston next argues that the State waived its AEDPA statute of limitations
defense because the State neither asserted that Boston’s habeas petition was untimely
in its responsive pleadings nor objected to the magistrate judge’s conclusion that the
petition was timely. The district court determined that the State did not waive its
statute of limitations defense. We review the district court’s decision for an abuse of
discretion. Sweet v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr., 467 F.3d 1311, 1320 (11th Cir. 2006), cert.
denied, 550 U.S. ---, 127 S. Ct. 2139 (2007).
The Supreme Court has stated that “should a State intelligently choose to waive
a statute of limitations defense, a district court would not be at liberty to disregard that
choice.” Day, 547 U.S. at 211 n.11. In Day, Florida failed to raise the one-year bar
in its responsive pleadings and, through a miscalculation, explicitly conceded that the
habeas petition was timely. Id. at 205. The Supreme Court did not find this to
constitute an intelligent waiver because “there was merely an inadvertent error, a
miscalculation that was plain under Circuit precedent . . . .” Id. at 211. Here, South
Dakota never explicitly conceded that the petition was timely, as Florida did in Day.
When the district court raised the issue sua sponte, South Dakota immediately filed
a motion to dismiss and a motion to amend its answer. Based on this evidence, we
cannot conclude the district court abused its discretion when it determined that the
State did not intelligently choose to waive the AEDPA statute of limitations defense.
Boston further argues that before determining whether the State waived this
defense, the district court was required to “assure itself that the petitioner is not
significantly prejudiced by the delayed focus on the limitation issue, and determine
whether the interests of justice would be better served by addressing the merits or by
dismissing the petition as time barred.” Id. at 210 (internal quotation omitted). The
district court gave Boston due notice and a fair opportunity to show why his petition
should not be dismissed as untimely. See id. Other than claiming that the petition was
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meritorious, Boston did not present any argument, to the district court or to this court,
that the delayed focus on the timeliness issue actually prejudiced him or that the
interest of justice would be better served by addressing the merits of his petition.3 We
also find no such argument for him sua sponte. Therefore, we conclude that the
district court did not abuse its discretion in determining that the State did not waive
the AEDPA statute of limitations defense.
III. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Boston’s petition for
writ of habeas corpus.4
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3
Because all petitioners claim that their petition is meritorious, we do not think
that such an argument by itself establishes prejudice or that the interest of justice
would be better served by addressing the merits of the petition.
4
Because Boston’s habeas petition is untimely, we need not address whether the
district court erred in alternatively dismissing the petition as a mixed petition.
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