United States v. United Security ( 2004 )


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  •                    United States Court of Appeals
    FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
    ___________
    No. 04-1452
    ___________
    United States of America,              *
    *
    Appellee,          *
    * Appeal from the United States
    v.                               * District Court for the
    * District of Minnesota.
    United Security Savings Bank,          *
    *    [PUBLISHED]
    Appellant.          *
    *
    Anthony Curtis Flowers,                *
    *
    Defendant.          *
    ___________
    Submitted: October 19, 2004
    Filed: December 15, 2004 (corrected 5/10/05)
    ___________
    Before MURPHY, HEANEY, and BEAM, Circuit Judges.
    ___________
    PER CURIAM.
    Anthony Curtis Flowers stole a total of $126,342 from nine banks in ten
    robberies between August 22, 2000, and May 22, 2001. The police recovered
    $37,849 from Flowers. United Security Savings Bank (United Security) appeals the
    district court’s1 decision to return the funds seized pro rata to the victim banks.
    United Security contends that the district court erred in its restitution order and that
    it was entitled to full compensation of its losses before any funds were returned to the
    other banks. We affirm.
    On August 22, 2000, Flowers robbed the First National Bank in Sioux City,
    Iowa of $15,210. Officers recovered a total of $2,304 from Flowers’s sister-in-law
    the following day. On September 8, 2000, Flowers stole $5,782 from the Commercial
    Federal Bank in Omaha, Nebraska. On September 18, 2000, he robbed United
    Security of $12,415. On September 23, 2000, Flowers was arrested with $4,290 in
    his possession.
    In May of 2001, following his escape from jail, Flowers robbed the
    Commercial Federal Bank of another $17,025; the Rock Island Arsenal Federal
    Credit Union of $20,874; United Security of an additional $10,050; Firstar Bank in
    Des Moines, Iowa, of $9,459; Firstar Bank in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, of $9,910; State
    Capital Credit Union in Madison, Wisconsin, of $11,984; and West Gate Bank, in
    Lincoln, Nebraska, of $13,633.
    Police officers arrested Flowers on June 1, 2001 and recovered $31,255.66 at
    that time. One of the bills recovered was a marked bill from the West Gate Bank.
    Flowers pleaded guilty to one charge of bank robbery of United Security, use of a
    firearm during a crime of violence, and being a felon in possession of a firearm. On
    the basis of his guilty plea, Flowers was ordered to pay restitution of $15,210 to First
    National Bank and $22,640 to United Security. United Security also sued Flowers
    in the Iowa District Court for Linn County and on September 10, 2003, obtained a
    default judgment for $26,807.66, plus costs.
    1
    The Honorable Linda S. Reade, United States District Judge for the Northern
    District of Iowa.
    -2-
    United Security motioned for possession of the $37,8492 seized by the FBI on
    three grounds: first, the bank had a lien against the funds from the Iowa district court;
    second, the bank was entitled to restitution from Flowers; and third, the bank was
    entitled to the money under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 41(g).3 The district
    court rejected all three arguments. It found that the $37,849 was stolen property to
    be returned to all the banks, and could not be subject to a lien or garnishment by a
    single bank. Further, it reasoned that because the banks could not show the specific
    source of the money seized, the money should be distributed pro rata to all of the
    banks that Flowers had robbed.
    United Security first appeals the district court’s restitution order under the
    Mandatory Victims Restitution Act (MVRA), 18 U.S.C. § 3663A, claiming that the
    court erred in not ordering Flowers to pay interest, and in ordering Flowers to pay
    restitution to First National Bank before paying United Security. We conclude that
    United Security does not have standing to challenge the district court’s restitution
    order.
    A party invoking the jurisdiction of the federal courts must meet the
    constitutional requirements of Article III and the prudential limitations crafted by the
    courts. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 
    504 U.S. 555
    , 559-60 (1992). To meet the
    requirement of constitutional standing, the plaintiff must show that it has suffered an
    “injury in fact” that is: concrete and particularized and actual or imminent; fairly
    traceable to the challenged action of the defendant; and likely to be redressed by a
    favorable decision. 
    Id. at 560-61
    .
    2
    The police seized $2,304 on September 8, 2000, $4,290 when Flowers was
    arrested on September 23, 2000, and $31,255.66 when Flowers was arrested on
    June 1, 2001. The total seized was $37,849.66.
    3
    Rule 41(g) permits a person to motion the court to return property seized by
    the police.
    -3-
    A criminal restitution order is penal, not compensatory. Kelly v. Robinson,
    
    479 U.S. 36
    , 52-53 (1986). “The direct, distinct, and palpable injury in a criminal
    sentencing proceeding plainly falls only on the defendant who is being sentenced.”
    United States v. Grundhoefer, 
    916 F.2d 788
    , 791 (2d Cir. 1990). Thus, a private
    citizen generally lacks standing “to contest the policies of the prosecuting authority
    when he himself is neither prosecuted nor threatened with prosecution.” Linda R.S.
    v. Richard D., 
    410 U.S. 614
    , 619 (1973). A crime victim does not have standing to
    appeal a district court’s restitution order. United States v. Mindel, 
    80 F.3d 394
    , 397-
    98 (9th Cir. 1996); United States v. Johnson, 
    983 F.2d 216
    , 217 (11th Cir. 1993); but
    see United States v. Perry, 
    360 F.3d 519
    , 530-33 (6th Cir. 2004) (holding that a crime
    victim had standing to challenge the district court’s release of a judgment lien
    obtained against the defendant).
    United Security has not shown that it suffered any injury as a result of the
    district court’s restitution order. In fact, the bank has already secured a civil
    judgment for its losses, which is unaltered by the restitution order. We conclude that
    United Security does not have standing to challenge the district court’s restitution
    order.
    Moreover, we would affirm the district court even if United Security could
    challenge the restitution order. We review challenges to restitution orders for clear
    error, United States v. Moyer, 
    313 F.3d 1082
    , 1087 (8th Cir. 2002), and none appears
    here. The court ordered Flowers to pay restitution to United Security in the amount
    of $22,465, the total sum taken by Flowers in his two robberies of the bank. The
    court also ordered Flowers to pay restitution of $15,210 to First National Bank,
    pursuant to his plea agreement. While restitution is mandatory under the MVRA, the
    court retains substantial discretion to craft the restitution order. United States v.
    McGlothlin, 
    249 F.3d 783
    , 784 (8th Cir. 2001). We find that the court did not err in
    determining United Security’s losses, and did not abuse its discretion by giving First
    National Bank first priority in the restitution order.
    -4-
    United Security also argues that it should have received substantially all of the
    funds seized from Flowers because it had obtained a valid judgment lien from an
    Iowa state court, and thus had a right to the funds under Rule 41(g) of the Federal
    Rules of Criminal Procedure. We review the district court’s denial of the Rule 41(g)
    motion for clear error with regard to its factual findings and de novo with regard to
    its legal findings. Accord United States v. Vanhorn, 
    296 F.3d 713
    , 719 (8th Cir.
    2002).
    This argument is rooted in the claim that Flowers owned the funds seized by
    the FBI. Flowers, however, has not claimed ownership of the money. On the
    contrary; several of the seized bills were “bait bills” traced to the banks Flowers
    robbed; the funds were recovered nine days after Flowers last robbery; and there is
    no evidence that Flowers obtained the money through any legal means. Any
    presumption that the seized property is owned by Flowers is overcome in this case by
    evidence that the property was stolen. Vanhorn, 
    296 F.3d at 719
    . The district court
    did not err in finding that Flowers did not have an interest in the funds seized by the
    FBI. Therefore, United Security may not claim the funds to satisfy the Iowa judgment
    or Flowers’s restitution obligations under § 3663A.
    Having determined that the funds did not belong to Flowers, the district court
    considered who the rightful owners of the property might be. The district court found
    that the bills seized could not be returned to the specific banks from which they were
    taken. While some of the recovered bills were marked by specific banks, the vast
    majority were not. United Security itself concedes that there is no way of tracing
    individual bills back to specific banks. Moreover, United Security did not claim that
    the bills seized were actually taken from its facility. Presented with this evidence, the
    district court ordered the funds distributed pro rata to the banks that had been robbed
    -5-
    at the time the funds were seized.4 United Security Savings Bank did not show that
    its claim to the funds was superior to that of the other banks. We thus affirm the
    district court.
    ______________________________
    4
    The court distributed the $2,304 seized on August 23, 2000, to First National
    Bank because no other bank had been robbed at that time. The $4,290 seized on
    September 23, 2000 was distributed to First National Bank, Commercial Federal
    Bank, and United Security, because they had each been robbed by September 23,
    2000. The $31,255.66 seized on June 1, 2001 was distributed to the seven banks
    robbed in May of 2001.
    -6-