United States v. Jamayal Mannings , 850 F.3d 404 ( 2017 )

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 16-1492
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United States of America
lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
Jamayal M. Mannings, also known as Mal, also known as Slim
lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Western District of Missouri - St. Joseph
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Submitted: November 14, 2016
Filed: March 6, 2017
[Published]
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Before RILEY, Chief Judge, SMITH and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
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PER CURIAM.
Jamayal Mannings appeals his sentence, challenging the district court’s1
findings regarding drug quantity and two Sentencing Guidelines enhancements, as
1
The Honorable Fernando J. Gaitan, Jr., United States District Judge for the
Western District of Missouri.
well as the reasonableness of the sentence. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1291, we affirm.
I.
On February 25, 2013, a federal grand jury for the Western District of Missouri
returned a superseding indictment against Mannings and seven other defendants.
Mannings was charged with seven counts related to the distribution of cocaine base
(crack cocaine) and powder cocaine in the St. Joseph, Missouri, area from January 1,
2009 to February 20, 2013. Mannings initially pleaded guilty to one count of
conspiracy to distribute crack cocaine and powder cocaine pursuant to a binding
written plea agreement executed under Rule 11(c)(1)(C) of the Federal Rules of
Criminal Procedure.2 In the agreement, the parties stipulated that Mannings’ base
offense level was not less than 38. The agreement prescribed a sentence of 300
months’ imprisonment, with 5 years of supervised release to follow. A presentence
investigation report (PSR) was prepared that calculated Mannings’ sentencing
guideline range as 360 months to life.
After receiving the PSR, Mannings moved to withdraw his guilty plea. He was
allowed to withdraw his plea on July 9, 2014, and trial was reset for January 12, 2015.
On January 8, 2015, however, Mannings pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy
to distribute a mixture or substance containing crack cocaine in an amount of 280
grams or more, and powder cocaine in an amount of 5 kilograms or more. Although
there was no written plea agreement, the government agreed to dismiss the remaining
six counts against Mannings and to move to withdraw an Information to Establish
Prior Conviction that had been filed on March 4, 2013. An amended PSR was
2
A Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea agreement binds not only the government and the
defendant, but also the court if the court accepts the agreement. United States v.
Scurlark, 560 F.3d 839, 841–42 (8th Cir. 2009).
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prepared, which recommended a drug quantity that resulted in a base offense level 36,
and assessed a two-level enhancement because a firearm “was possessed” and a three-
level enhancement for Mannings’ aggravating role in the offense. After a three-level
reduction for acceptance of responsibility, Mannings’ total offense level was 38. At
a criminal history category III, the recommended sentencing guideline range was
292–365 months. Mannings objected to the drug quantity calculation and both
enhancements.
At the sentencing hearing held on December 3, 2015, the government presented
two witnesses—a cooperating co-conspirator, Andre Turner, and Special Agent (SA)
Dimechi Herring from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives.
Taking the matter under advisement, the court continued the sentencing hearing to
February 9, 2016, so it could review the transcript of testimony. At the February 9
hearing, the court overruled Mannings’ objections and sentenced him to 292 months
imprisonment, followed by a five-year term of supervised release.
II.
The government bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the
evidence the facts that support drug quantity and sentencing enhancements. See
United States v. Gamboa, 701 F.3d 265, 267 (8th Cir. 2012) (role enhancement);
United States v. Muniz Ochoa, 643 F.3d 1153, 1156 (8th Cir. 2011) (enhancement for
possession of firearm); United States v. Payton, 636 F.3d 1027, 1046 (8th Cir. 2011)
(drug quantity). “We review the district court’s application of the Guidelines to the
facts de novo; its factual findings for clear error; and the ultimate sentence for
reasonableness.” United States v. Hatcher, 501 F.3d 931, 933 (8th Cir. 2007).
Mannings first challenges the district court’s calculation of drug quantity,
alleging the government’s evidence was unreliable and uncorroborated. The
government’s first witness, Andre Turner, testified to his own firsthand knowledge
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of Mannings’ drug trafficking activity in the St. Joseph area. He saw Mannings sell
crack cocaine to customers and knew how much Mannings charged. Turner testified
that he also purchased crack cocaine from Mannings, which Turner would “break []
down and distribute” to others. Turner saw Mannings “cook” powder cocaine into
“ounces” of crack cocaine on a regular basis, and described where and how Mannings
did the cooks. Turner’s testimony was corroborated by SA Herring, the case agent.
SA Herring testified about surveillance operations targeting Mannings and
undercover buys of crack cocaine from Mannings. SA Herring also testified about
interviews with other cooperating witnesses whose statements were consistent with
Turner’s testimony about Mannings’ drug trafficking activity.
Mannings notes this testimony was not corroborated by evidence such as audio
or video recordings, fingerprint or DNA analysis, or polygraphs of informants. But
a court may “consider uncorroborated hearsay evidence so long as the evidence has
sufficient indicia of reliability to support its accuracy and the defendant is given a
chance to rebut or explain it.” United States v. Garcia, 774 F.3d 472, 475–76 (8th
Cir. 2014) (per curiam). Here, the district court considered the testimony of both a
co-conspirator and an investigating officer. See United States v. Walker, 688 F.3d
416, 421 (8th Cir. 2012) (“A sentencing court may determine drug quantity based on
the testimony of a co-conspirator alone.” (quoting United States v. Sarabia-Martinez,
276 F.3d 447, 450 (8th Cir. 2002))). Nevertheless, Mannings argues that neither
witness was credible: Turner because he testified in the hope of reducing his own
sentence; and SA Herring because his testimony was based on statements from
individuals who had a motive to fabricate information. However, Mannings cross-
examined both witnesses on these purported weaknesses at sentencing and argued the
point to the district court. We afford district courts wide latitude in choosing what
information to consider in determining drug quantity, and “the sentencing court’s
assessment of the credibility of witnesses is nearly unreviewable.” United States v.
Mickelson, 378 F.3d 810, 822 (8th Cir. 2004) (quoting United States v. Dierling, 131
F.3d 722, 736 (8th Cir. 1997)). The district court did not err in relying on the
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testimony presented to determine the total drug quantity for purposes of establishing
Mannings’ base offense level.3
Next, Mannings asserts the district court erred in imposing a two-level
enhancement for possession of a firearm. See USSG § 2D1.1(b)(1) (“If a dangerous
weapon (including a firearm) was possessed, increase by 2 levels.”). Mannings points
out he was not found in possession of a firearm when he was arrested. But it is not
necessary that a defendant be seen with or using a firearm for this enhancement to
apply. United States v. Anderson, 618 F.3d 873, 880 (8th Cir. 2010). Nor is the
government required to prove ownership of a firearm or the premises on which it is
found for a § 2D1.1(b)(1) enhancement to apply. Id. SA Herring testified that two
firearms, along with a bulletproof vest, loose ammunition, and approximately 37
grams of crack cocaine, were found in a car Mannings had been seen driving during
the course of surveillance—a car registered to the mother of Mannings’ children.
Turner testified that Mannings carried a gun when he was “out in traffic or doing
[drug trafficking] business,” and that Mannings had been involved in shootouts with
other drug traffickers during the relevant time period. Here, the evidence supported
the district court’s finding that a firearm “was possessed” at one or more times during
the drug conspiracy, and the district court did not err in imposing the enhancement.
Mannings next challenges the enhancement for his role in the offense. Section
3B1.1(b) of the Sentencing Guidelines provides a three-level enhancement “[i]f the
defendant was a manager or supervisor . . . and the criminal activity involved five or
more participants.” Mannings argues there was not sufficient evidence to support this
enhancement, focusing on the phrase “manager or supervisor.” We have “defined the
terms ‘manager’ and ‘supervisor’ quite liberally,” holding that “[a] defendant can be
3
Mannings does not contest any particular quantity of drugs included in the
calculation, relying instead on an assertion that the evidence as a whole was generally
unreliable.
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subject to this enhancement for having managed or supervised only one other
participant in the criminal conspiracy.” United States v. Valencia, 829 F.3d 1007,
1012 (8th Cir. 2016) (quoting United States v. Lopez, 431 F.3d 313, 318 (8th Cir.
2005)). “The key factors in determining management or supervisory authority are
control over participants and organization of the criminal activity.” Id. (quoting
United States v. Pena, 67 F.3d 153, 156–57 (8th Cir. 1995)).
According to the amended PSR, Mannings and at least four other co-
conspirators possessed, transported, and distributed powder and crack cocaine in the
St. Joseph area. It alleged that between January 1, 2009, and February 20, 2013,
Mannings obtained powder and crack cocaine from co-conspirator Larry Brooks in
Kansas City, and that Mannings also instructed several of his other co-conspirators
to pick up cocaine from Brooks for him. Mannings did not object to these
allegations.4 “[U]nless a defendant objects to a specific factual allegation contained
in the PSR, the court may accept that fact as true for sentencing purposes.” United
States v. Humphrey, 753 F.3d 813, 818 (8th Cir. 2014) (alteration in original)
(quoting United States v. Arrieta-Buendia, 372 F.3d 953, 955 (8th Cir. 2004)). As
a result, the district court was permitted to rely on these facts. See id. (An objection
“not to the facts themselves but to the PSR’s recommendation based on those facts”
does not prevent the district court from relying on those facts. (quoting United States
v. Moser, 168 F.3d 1130, 1132 (8th Cir. 1999))). SA Herring corroborated this
information, testifying that Mannings sent someone who was working as a
confidential informant to Kansas City to get powder cocaine from Brooks on at least
eight occasions. In addition, according to Turner, Mannings was “the leader” of the
conspirators listed in the indictment, and “if you wanted drugs in the St. Joseph area,”
you went to Mannings. Finally, both Turner and SA Herring testified that Mannings
“cooked” powder cocaine into crack cocaine and sold or fronted it to others, who in
4
Mannings objected to the allegation that these activities involved “large
quantities” of cocaine, but not to the underlying activities themselves.
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turn sold it to their customers. See United States v. Gaines, 639 F.3d 423, 428 (8th
Cir. 2011) (relevant factors when considering a role enhancement include whether
defendant manufactured the drug or distributed it for redistribution, the nature and
scope of the criminal activity, and the nature of the defendant’s participation in the
offense). The district court did not err in imposing an enhancement for Mannings’
role in the offense of conviction.
Finally, Mannings argues the district court erred, both procedurally and
substantively, when imposing the sentence. He asserts the district court erred
procedurally by failing to adequately explain its chosen sentence. See Gall v. United
States, 552 U.S. 38, 50 (2007). Because Mannings did not object to the court’s
explanation at sentencing, we review this claim for plain error. United States v.
Chavarria-Ortiz, 828 F.3d 668, 671 (8th Cir. 2016) (explaining that “[o]ur cases
routinely have conducted plain-error review of claims that a district court failed
adequately to explain a chosen sentence”). To prevail under plain-error review,
Mannings must demonstrate “that a more detailed explanation would have resulted
in a lighter sentence.” Id.
“A district court need not quote verbatim all of the factors listed in § 3553(a).”
United States v. Shores, 700 F.3d 366, 376 (8th Cir. 2012). “The record must make
clear that the court considered the [statutory factors] in sentencing,” United States v.
Jones, 756 F.3d 1121, 1122 (8th Cir. 2014) (per curiam), but a district court can
generally demonstrate it did so by referring to some of those factors at sentencing,
Shores, 700 F.3d at 376. In this case, the district court continued the sentencing
hearing in order to more carefully consider the evidence and arguments presented by
the parties. At the formal sentencing, the court discussed Mannings’ criminal
conduct, the dangerous nature of drug trafficking, the need to protect the public from
further crimes, and the need for deterrence. The district court provided sufficient
reasoning to explain the sentence imposed, and we find no error, plain or otherwise.
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See Jones, 756 F.3d at 1122 (when the district court imposes a guidelines sentence,
a lengthy explanation is often unnecessary).
Mannings asserts that his sentence is substantively unreasonable because the
statutory mandatory minimum sentence of ten years was sufficient to meet the goals
of § 3553(a). In determining whether a sentence is reasonable, we review the district
court’s decision for an abuse of discretion. Hatcher, 501 F.3d at 933. “A sentencing
court abuses its discretion if it fails to consider a relevant factor that should have
received significant weight, gives significant weight to an improper or irrelevant
factor, or considers only the appropriate factors but commits a clear error of judgment
in weighing those factors.” Id. (quoting United States v. Watson, 480 F.3d 1175,
1177 (8th Cir. 2007)). Mannings offers no argument that the district court failed to
consider a relevant factor, or improperly considered or weighed any relevant or
irrelevant factor. Instead, Mannings simply asserts it was “clear err[or]” to impose
a sentence longer than ten years; but we note that the sentence imposed was at the
bottom of the guideline range. A sentence imposed within the advisory guideline
range is generally presumed reasonable. See United States v. Feemster, 572 F.3d 455,
461 (8th Cir. 2009) (en banc). Under these circumstances, we cannot conclude the
district court imposed a substantively unreasonable sentence.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Mannings’ sentence.
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