United States v. Maksim Stefanyuk ( 2019 )


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  •                   United States Court of Appeals
    For the Eighth Circuit
    ___________________________
    No. 18-3364
    ___________________________
    United States of America
    lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee
    v.
    Maksim Stefanyuk
    lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
    ____________
    Appeal from United States District Court
    for the District of South Dakota - Sioux Falls
    ____________
    Submitted: October 18, 2019
    Filed: December 11, 2019
    ____________
    Before SMITH, Chief Judge, GRUENDER and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
    ____________
    BENTON, Circuit Judge.
    A jury convicted Maksim M. Stefanyuk of three counts of receipt and
    distribution of child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2)(A), and
    one count of failing to register as a sex offender, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2250(a).
    The district court1 sentenced him to 262 months’ imprisonment. Stefanyuk appeals
    the denial of his motion to suppress and the admission of evidence about his prior
    child pornography conviction. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this court
    affirms.
    In 2011, Stefanyuk pled guilty to possessing child pornography. In 2017, law
    enforcement discovered that someone residing in his house was viewing child
    pornography. Homeland Security Investigations Special Agent Charla Aramayo
    began physically surveilling the house. Eventually, she requested electronic video
    surveillance equipment (“EVSE”) across the street. The South Dakota Division of
    Criminal Investigation installed a hidden pole camera 15 feet off the ground in a
    public right of way facing the house. The camera operated for two weeks; it could
    pan, tilt, and zoom, but not see inside the house. Initially, the recordings were saved,
    but they were lost before trial. Stefanyuk moved to suppress evidence obtained
    through the EVSE. The district court denied the motion.
    I.
    Stefanyuk believes the “warrantless long-term around-the-clock video
    recordings and surveillance of [his] home violated his Fourth Amendment rights.”2
    This court affirms the denial of a motion to suppress “unless it is unsupported by
    substantial evidence, based on an erroneous interpretation of the law, or, based on the
    entire record, it is clear that a mistake was made.” United States v. Wells, 
    347 F.3d 1
           The Honorable Karen E. Schreier, United States District Judge for the District
    of South Dakota.
    2
    Stefanyuk moved to suppress evidence from the EVSE at trial. However, he
    did not challenge the validity of the search warrant obtained for his residence even
    though it was obtained, in part, based on observations from the EVSE.
    -2-
    280, 286 (8th Cir. 2003). This court reviews findings of fact for clear error and legal
    conclusions de novo. United States v. Davis, 
    569 F.3d 813
    , 816 (8th Cir. 2009).
    The parties dispute whether the EVSE required a warrant and whether
    Stefanyuk’s supervised-release status diminished his privacy expectations. This
    court need not decide these issues, however, because evidence from the EVSE did not
    sufficiently influence the jury, and any error was harmless. See United States v.
    Davis, 
    449 F.3d 842
    , 847 (8th Cir. 2006) (“An error is harmless if it does not affect
    substantial rights of the defendant, and did not influence or had only a slight
    influence on the verdict.”) (cleaned up). See also United States v. Martinez, 
    462 F.3d 903
    , 910 (8th Cir. 2006) (statements should have been suppressed, but “[g]iven the
    other admissible evidence against Martinez, we find that failure to suppress these
    statements did not sufficiently influence the jury to merit our reversal, and thus was
    harmless error”).
    The only trial evidence from the EVSE was testimony from Agent Aramayo
    that she saw Stefanyuk “arriving at the residence in a vehicle at an early hour on two
    specific occasions.” However, there was significant non-EVSE evidence showing he
    lived at that house: (1) Agent Aramayo testified that she drove by the house and saw
    him outside; (2) employment and internet subscriber records listed his address; (3)
    law enforcement testified that he lived at the same address in 2011 when he was
    convicted of possessing child pornography; and (4) he was present at the house when
    officers executed the search warrant. Given all the evidence, the failure to suppress
    the EVSE “did not sufficiently influence the jury to merit . . . reversal, and thus was
    harmless error.” 
    Id. II. Stefanyuk
    contends the district court erred in admitting evidence, specifically
    testimony of an investigating officer, about his prior child pornography conviction.
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    This court reviews evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. United States v. Holy
    Bull, 
    613 F.3d 871
    , 873 (8th Cir. 2010). “In a criminal case in which a defendant is
    accused of child molestation, the court may admit evidence that the defendant
    committed any other child molestation. The evidence may be considered on any
    matter to which it is relevant.” Fed. R. Evid. 414(a). Offenses of “child
    molestation” include possession of child pornography. See Fed. R. Evid.
    414(d)(2)(B) (holding that “child molestation” includes “any conduct prohibited by
    18 U.S.C. chapter 110”). This court has upheld the admission of Rule 414(a)
    evidence when it is “strikingly similar” to the crime charged. United States v.
    Summage, 
    575 F.3d 864
    , 878 (8th Cir. 2009). Here, the district court thoroughly
    considered the admissibility of the evidence about Stefanyuk’s prior child
    pornography conviction, finding it was “basically the same crime, the same criminal
    type of conduct.”
    The district court also found the evidence admissible under Rule 404(b) which
    permits the admission of evidence of other crimes or similar acts if relevant to
    establish motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence
    of mistake, or lack of accident. Fed. R. Evid. 404(b). Rule 404(b) is a rule of
    inclusion; the district court has broad discretion to admit Rule 404(b) evidence. See
    United States v. Butler, 
    56 F.3d 941
    , 944-45 (8th Cir. 1995) (holding that evidence
    of defendant’s prior, uncharged sexual contact with victim was admissible). Here, the
    government offered evidence of Stefanyuk’s previous child pornography conviction,
    including testimony of the investigating officer, to show motive, opportunity,
    knowledge, and absence of mistake. The district court did not abuse its discretion in
    admitting the evidence.
    *******
    The judgment is affirmed.
    ______________________________
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