Sims v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. , 894 F.3d 941 ( 2018 )

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 17-1333
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Alexandra Sims
lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellant
v.
State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company
lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellee
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United Policyholders
lllllllllllllllllllllAmicus on Behalf of Appellant(s)
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Arkansas - Little Rock
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Submitted: January 9, 2018
Filed: July 3, 2018
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Before LOKEN, BEAM, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
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KELLY, Circuit Judge.
Alexandra Sims sued her insurance carrier, State Farm Mutual Automobile
Insurance Company (State Farm), for the tort of bad faith, violation of the Arkansas
Deceptive Trade Practices Act (ADTPA), and for damages on an underinsured
motorist coverage claim. She appeals the district court’s1 grant of summary judgment
to State Farm on the bad faith claim, and an evidentiary ruling on the underinsured
motorist coverage claim.
I.
In 2008, while a senior in high school, Sims was involved in a two-vehicle
crash. Her car was rear-ended by an underinsured 16-year-old who was texting while
driving. Sims suffered numerous soft-tissue injuries as a result of the crash. Sims
sued the underinsured driver and he settled for $50,000, which was the limit of his
insurance coverage. Sims filed a claim for her remaining damages under her own
underinsured motorist policy, provided by State Farm, seeking the policy limit of
$100,000. She submitted past medical expenses of about $21,000, and expert reports
that predicted future medical costs and economic losses that well exceeded the policy
maximum. She also attached medical records documenting her injuries.
State Farm assigned the claim to claims adjuster Dean Ripley. Ripley sought
the assistance of a State Farm medical professional to help assess the medical records
Sims had provided. This review indicated that Sims had received treatment for “soft
tissue” injuries for longer than the typical six-week period. Ripley, in consultation
with claims supervisor Oscar Rodriguez, sought clarification from Sims’s treating
chiropractor. The chiropractor explained that Sims suffered from torn ligaments, an
injury that could not be expected to heal in six weeks, could not be repaired by
surgery, and was likely permanent. After receiving this information, Ripley
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The Honorable J. Leon Holmes, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Arkansas.
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suggested that State Farm might want to ask for an independent evaluation of Sims’s
injuries, but Rodriguez asked Ripley to prepare an offer of settlement based on the
information he already had.
Ripley estimated that, after deducting the $50,000 Sims had already received
from the underinsured driver, Sims’s damages were between $66,297.12 and
$101,297.12. He provided his calculations to Rodriguez and asked for authority to
settle Sims’s claim for up to $99,786.72. Rodriguez replied that most of Sims’s
medical expenses were from 2008 and it was unclear from the records whether she
was still receiving treatment. In his view, “a sympathetic jury would value this claim
at [$]100,000 at most,” and he authorized Ripley to settle for a maximum of $50,000
(the estimated value of the claim minus the $50,000 from the underinsured driver).
Ripley first offered Sims $25,000, which she swiftly rejected. Ripley told Sims
that the offer was based on available information and suggested that she provide any
additional information she had to support her claim. Sims did so, and Ripley
increased the offer to $35,000. Sims rejected the revised offer, reiterating her claim
for the policy maximum of $100,000. When that sum was not forthcoming, Sims
filed this lawsuit. State Farm paid Sims $25,000 for undisputed medical expenses
after the suit was filed.
State Farm sought summary judgment on Sims’s bad faith and ADTPA claims,
which the district court granted. As to the bad faith claim, the court found that Sims
“has not shown that State Farm has committed any affirmative act of dishonesty,
oppression, or malice” as required by Arkansas law. Sims does not contest the
district court’s ADTPA ruling on appeal.
The case proceeded to trial on the underinsured motorist claim. Although pled
as a breach of contract, the district court submitted Sims’s claim to the jury as a claim
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for underinsured motorist coverage.2 At trial, Sims sought to introduce evidence that
State Farm’s corporate policies incentivized claims adjusters (like Ripley) and claims
supervisors (like Rodriguez) to deny claims regardless of their merit. The district
court excluded this evidence as irrelevant and likely to confuse the issues.
After trial, the jury returned a $75,000 verdict for Sims. Because Sims had
already recovered that sum from the underinsured driver ($50,000) and State Farm
($25,000), judgment was entered for State Farm. This appeal followed.
II.
A.
We begin with Sims’s assertion that the district court erred in granting State
Farm summary judgment on her bad faith claim. We review the grant of summary
judgment de novo. Bell v. Allstate Life Ins. Co., 160 F.3d 452, 455 (8th Cir. 1998).
Summary judgment is only appropriate when, viewing the record in the light most
favorable to the nonmovant, there are no genuine issues of material fact left for the
jury. Id.; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
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Arkansas law requires motor vehicle insurers to provide underinsured motorist
coverage unless the insured rejects it in writing. See Ark. Code Ann. § 23-89-209(a).
To recover on a claim of underinsured motorist coverage, an accident victim must
prove, with some exceptions, (1) that she sustained damages, (2) that the
underinsured motorist was negligent, (3) that the underinsured motorists’ negligence
was the proximate cause of her damages, (4) that she carried underinsured motorist
coverage from the defendant on the date of the accident, and (5) that the underinsured
motorist’s insurance was insufficient to fully pay for her damages. See Ark. Model
Jury Instruction 2303; see also Pogue v. Transcon. Ins. Co., 2010 Ark. 222, at *7
(finding that Model Instruction 2303 properly stated Arkansas law).
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Sims’s bad faith claim is governed by Arkansas substantive law. See
Washington v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 655 F.3d 869, 873 (8th Cir. 2011).
The Arkansas Supreme Court has explained:
[I]n order to be successful a claim based on the tort of bad faith must
include affirmative misconduct by the insurance company, without a
good faith defense, and that the misconduct must be dishonest,
malicious, or oppressive in an attempt to avoid its liability under an
insurance policy. Such a claim cannot be based upon good faith denial,
offers to compromise a claim or for other honest errors of judgment by
the insurer. Neither can this type [of] claim be based upon negligence
or bad judgment so long as the insurer is acting in good faith.
Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Broadway Arms Corp., 664 S.W.2d 463, 465 (Ark. 1984).
This standard “is rigorous and difficult to satisfy.” Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am. v.
Edwards, 210 S.W.3d 84, 87 (Ark. 2005). The “dishonest, malicious, or oppressive”
acts must be “carried out with a state of mind characterized by hatred, ill will, or a
spirit of revenge.” Id. (quoting State Auto Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co. v. Swaim, 991
S.W.2d 555, 559 (Ark. 1999)). Therefore, even when the insurance company is guilty
of “negligence, gross ignorance, or a complete failure to investigate a claim,” the tort
of bad faith is unavailable. S. Farm Bureau Cas. Ins. Co. v. Allen, 934 S.W.2d 527,
529 (Ark. 1996).
Sims argues that the district court applied the wrong legal standard and failed
to recognize a genuine dispute of material fact.
As to the legal standard, Sims contends that the district court only analyzed
whether State Farm’s conduct was malicious, and failed to consider the two
alternatives joined to the word “malicious” by the disjunctive “or.” See Aetna, 664
S.W.2d at 465 (“[T]he misconduct must be dishonest, malicious, or oppressive . . . .”
(emphasis added)). We disagree. Sims’s argument takes one sentence from the
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district court’s order out of context: “Sims has not identified a malicious act
independent of the actual decision to deny her claim for the policy limits.” The rest
of the order makes clear that the court evaluated the record for dishonest, malicious,
or oppressive conduct.
As to the facts, Sims argues that there is a genuine dispute on the question of
whether State Farm’s conduct met the bad faith standard. At its core, her contention
is that State Farm should have conducted a more thorough investigation of her
damages and should have given greater credence to the expert evidence she
submitted. Even if Ripley and Rodriguez should have done a more thorough
investigation and should have given greater weight to the opinions of Sims’s experts,
Sims’s allegations show only negligence and fall short of dishonest, malicious, or
oppressive conduct as a matter of law. See Allen, 934 S.W.2d at 529; cf. Cincinnati
Life Ins. Co. v. Mickles, 148 S.W.3d 768, 778 (Ark. Ct. App. 2004) (affirming a
jury’s finding of bad faith when the insurer “made a decision to ignore evidence
obtained in an investigation that pointed to the applicant’s truthfulness and cast doubt
on the idea that she had made any misrepresentations” (emphasis added)).
Sims also asserts that Rodriguez’s erroneous determination that most of Sims’s
medical expenses were incurred in 2008 was dishonest. But Sims produced no
evidence to show that Rodriguez’s assessment was anything more than mistake or bad
judgment. Under Arkansas law, bad judgment is insufficient, without more, to
support a claim of bad faith. See Aetna, 664 S.W.2d at 465. And there is no evidence
from which a jury could infer that Rodriguez acted with a state of mind characterized
by “hatred, ill will, or a spirit of revenge.”
Finally, Sims claims that Ripley and Rodriguez ran afoul of State Farm’s own
claims manual by failing “to give [her] the benefit of the doubt” when evaluating her
claim. Even if we assume Ripley and Rodriguez violated State Farm’s procedures,
Arkansas law still requires evidence that amounted to bad faith. Again, we find that
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Sims produced insufficient evidence from which a jury could infer the requisite state
of mind.
Viewing the record as a whole, we conclude that “[t]he nature of the evidence
[Sims] presented . . . reveals the essence of her claim to be that the denial itself was
wrongful,” which, under Arkansas law, is not enough to make out a claim for the tort
of bad faith. Unum, 210 S.W.3d at 89. The district court did not err in granting
judgment to State Farm on this claim.
B.
We turn next to Sims’s argument that her trial was tainted by an evidentiary
error. We review for a clear abuse of discretion. Olson v. Ford Motor Co., 481 F.3d
619, 623 (8th Cir. 2007). “The reason for this extremely deferential standard of
review is obvious: [an evidentiary] ruling . . . depends on factors that are uniquely
accessible to the trial judge who is present in the courtroom . . . .” Id.Sims wanted to introduce evidence that she said would show State Farm had
a practice of denying all claims, even those they were contractually bound to pay. It
is not entirely clear under what theory Sims sought to introduce this evidence. Her
briefs suggest this “institutional practice” evidence was relevant to a claim that State
Farm had breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. But Sims’s
last remaining claim for damages was not tried as a breach of contract. Instead, the
district court submitted it as an underinsured motorist coverage claim, and Sims
makes no affirmative argument that the court erred in doing so.
Evidence is relevant “if it has any tendency to make a fact more or less
probable than it would be without the evidence,” and “the fact is of consequence in
determining the action.” Fed. R. Evid. 401. Even if evidence is relevant, it may still
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be excluded “if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of . . .
confusing the issues, [or] misleading the jury.” Fed. R. Evid. 403.
The first—and, in this case, final—step in our inquiry is whether the evidence
Sims wanted admitted was “of consequence in determining the action.” To recover,
Sims only had to demonstrate the amount of damages that were proximately caused
when the underinsured driver rear-ended her car; the other elements of Sims’s
underinsured motorist coverage claim were undisputed. See Ark. Model Jury
Instruction 2303. If Sims’s damages exceeded the $75,000 she had already
recovered, she would receive the balance from State Farm. State Farm’s allegedly
obstructive institutional practices had no bearing on the amount of damages
proximately caused by the car crash. And even if the “institutional practice” evidence
had any probative value on that point, we agree with the district court that it was
substantially outweighed by a danger of confusing the issues and distracting the jury
from the task at hand. The district court did not abuse its discretion.
III.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
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