Meuir v. Greene County Jail Employees , 487 F.3d 1115 ( 2007 )

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 05-3394
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Larry W. Meuir, *
*
Appellant, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* Western District of Missouri.
Greene County Jail Employees; Reed; *
Captain Glenn; Captain Anderson; *
Kenneth Clayton; Jack Merritt; Cole; *
Bisby; Hilder; Scott; Clavin; West; *
Michael Oravec; Greene County; *
Carey Bisbey, *
*
Appellees. *
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Submitted: March 14, 2007
Filed: June 6, 2007
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Before MELLOY, SMITH, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
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SMITH, Circuit Judge.
Larry Meuir brought this action pro se under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, claiming that
while he was incarcerated in the Greene County Jail ("the Jail"), the Jail's medical
staff was deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs. Meuir also contended
that the staff retaliated against him for refusing to visit a dentist who he alleges
followed a "pull-teeth-only" county policy. Meuir also challenged the alleged pull-
teeth-only policy. The district court1 granted summary judgment in favor of the
defendants. Meuir appeals the district court's grant of summary judgment to the
defendants and its denial of his discovery motions. We affirm.
I. Background
Meuir suffers from chronic dental problems, specifically bleeding gums and
toothaches. During a prior incarceration in the Fulton Correctional Center ("Fulton"),
Fulton treated Meuir's condition with a prescription mouthwash until his release in
1997. In 2002, following a drug conviction, Meuir was held for three months in the
Jail while awaiting permanent assignment by the Missouri Department of Corrections.
During his initial medical screening at the Jail, Meuir did not report his history of
dental problems. Meuir stated in his deposition that he did not exhibit any notable
signs of immediate dental problems at that time; his gums were not bleeding,
inflamed, or infected. After a month in the Jail, Meuir first sought medical attention
after noticing that his gums bled after brushing and eating crunchy foods. He told the
nurse on duty, Marilyn Cole, that he bled for roughly a minute after brushing and that
he experienced minor pain. Cole provided Meuir with Tylenol for his discomfort.
Over the course of the next month, Meuir saw four nurses at the jail: Cole, Mary
Hilder, Michael Oravec, and Katharina Bisby ("the nurses"). Each visit, Meuir made
the same complaints: bleeding gums and toothaches. In response, the nurses simply
encouraged him to brush and gargle with salt water and provided him with Tylenol for
his pain. Despite his requests, the nurses declined to prescribe the medicated
mouthwash that Meuir had used in Fulton. However, one of the nurses designated
Meuir for transport to see the county dentist along with other inmates needing dental
services.
1
The Honorable Scott O. Wright, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.
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When guards arrived to transport Meuir to see the county dentist, Meuir refused
to go. According to Meuir, a guard informed him that the county dentist was a "pull-
teeth-only" dentist and that inmates had no alternative provider. Meuir interpreted
these comments to mean that Meuir would have his teeth removed rather than be
provided with any less radical treatment. After Meuir refused to visit the county
dentist, the jail's doctor, Dr. Carey Bisby, stopped supplying Meuir with Tylenol.
Meuir could still purchase the same medication at the prison commissary. Meuir's
dental condition worsened until he was transferred to a different penal institution in
Farmington, Missouri, where he received the medicated mouthwash he had used
previously at Fulton.
In January 2003, Meuir filed this suit pro se against the nurses and Dr. Bisby.
He also filed suit against Greene County, owner and operator of the Jail. In the suits,
Meuir alleges that: (1) the nurses and Dr. Bisby were deliberately indifferent to his
medical needs; (2) Dr. Bisby retaliated against him for not seeing the county dentist;
and (3) Greene County has an unconstitutional, unwritten pull-teeth-only policy.
During the discovery phase, Meuir requested the dental records of all inmates housed
in the Jail. The court denied this request. Upon completion of discovery, the nurses,
Dr. Bisby and Greene County successfully moved for summary judgment.
II. Discussion
We review de novo a grant of summary judgment, considering the facts in the
light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Arnold v. Nursing & Rehab. Ctr. at
Good Shepard, LLC, 471 F.3d 843, 845 (8th Cir. 2006). Summary judgment is proper
when no genuine issues of material fact exist and the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. Id. Meuir, now with appointed counsel, appeals raising
four issues.
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A. Deliberate Indifference
Meuir first alleges that the nurses and Dr. Bisby provided constitutionally
inadequate medical care by failing to prescribe him mouthwash and by failing to
schedule a dentist appointment earlier. A prison's medical staff violates the Eighth
Amendment if they commit "acts or omissions sufficiently harmful to evidence
deliberate indifference to [an inmate's] serious medical needs." Estelle v. Gamble, 429
U.S. 97, 106 (1976). A prima facie case alleging such deliberate indifference requires
the inmate-plaintiff to demonstrate that he suffered from an objectively serious
medical need and that prison officials actually knew of, but deliberately disregarded,
that need. Dulany v. Carnahan, 132 F.3d 1234, 1239 (8th Cir.1997). In granting
summary judgment, the district court concluded that Meuir satisfied his burden of
showing that the Jail's medical staff was aware of his serious medical need, but that
he failed to show that they deliberately disregarded that need.
Whether a prison's medical staff deliberately disregarded the needs of an inmate
is a factually-intensive inquiry. Coleman v. Rahija, 114 F.3d 778, 784 (8th Cir. 1997);
Jensen v. Clarke, 94 F.3d 1191, 1197–98 (8th Cir. 1996). The plaintiff-inmate must
clear a substantial evidentiary threshold to show that the prison's medical staff
deliberately disregarded the inmate's needs by administering an inadequate treatment.
See Dulany, 132 F.3d at 1239 (holding "inmates have no constitutional right to receive
a particular or requested course of treatment, and prison doctors remain free to
exercise their independent medical judgment"). "[A] prisoner's mere difference of
opinion over matters of expert medical judgment or a course of medical treatment
fail[s] to rise to the level of a constitutional violation." Taylor v. Bowers, 966 F.2d
417, 421 (8th Cir. 1992).
Meuir produced neither expert testimony nor documentary evidence to support
his claim that the treatment provided by the Jail's medical staff was constitutionally
inadequate. The nurses and Dr. Bisby, on the other hand, adduced affidavits from a
dentist and Dr. Bisby attesting that the treatment provided by the Jail's medical staff
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was adequate. "In the face of medical records indicating that treatment was provided
and physician affidavits indicating that the care provided was adequate, an inmate
cannot create a question of fact by merely stating that she did not feel she received
adequate treatment." Dulany, 132 F.3d at 1240. After a careful review of the record,
we affirm the judgment of the district court.
B. Retaliatory Discipline
Next, Meuir alleges that Dr. Bisby retaliated against him for refusing to visit the
county dentist. A prisoner's Eighth Amendment rights are violated if prison officials
"impose a disciplinary sanction against a prisoner in retaliation for the prisoner's
exercise of his constitutional right." Goff v. Burton, 7 F.3d 734, 738 (8th Cir. 1993).
A prima facie case of retaliatory discipline requires a showing that: (1) the prisoner
exercised a constitutionally protected right; (2) prison officials disciplined the
prisoner; and (3) exercising the right was the motivation for the discipline. Id.;
Orebaugh v. Caspari, 910 F.2d 526, 528 (8th Cir. 1990). The plaintiff-inmate has a
heavy evidentiary burden to establish a prima facie case. Murphy v. Mo. Dept. of
Corr., 769 F.2d 502, 503 n.1 (8th Cir. 1985). Merely alleging that an act was
retaliatory is insufficient. Benson v. Cady, 761 F.2d 335, 342 (7th Cir. 1985).
Here, Meuir contends that Dr. Bisby denied him Tylenol because Meuir refused
to see the county dentist. Meuir, however, offers no proof. The record evidence on
point consists of Dr. Bisby's affidavit essentially stating that reason, not retaliation,
caused termination of the free Tylenol. Dr. Bisby concluded that Meuir's condition
was not serious given Meuir's declination to visit the dentist. Further, it is undisputed
that Meuir still had access to Tylenol through the prison commissary. Meuir provides
no evidence that Dr. Bisby knew why Meuir refused to go to the dentist or that the
decision to deny Tylenol was motivated by any impermissible motive. After a careful
review of the record, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
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C. The Pull-Teeth-Only Policy
Next, Meuir also petitioned for injunctive relief against Greene County, seeking
to end the Jail's unwritten pull-teeth-only policy. Article III of the United States
Constitution confines the jurisdiction of federal courts to justiciable cases and
controversies. U.S. Const. art. III, § 2; Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555,
559–60 (1992). "[S]tanding is an essential and unchanging part of the
case-or-controversy requirement of Article III." Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560. Courts are
"obliged to examine standing sua sponte where standing has erroneously been
assumed below."Adarand Const., Inc. v. Mineta, 534 U.S. 103, 109 (2001). Standing
to seek injunctive relief requires a plaintiff, inter alia, to show a likelihood of a future
injury. City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 111 (1983).
The district court assumed Meuir had standing for injunctive relief. We find,
however, that standing is lacking given Meuir's changed custodial placement. Meuir
filed suit against Greene County four months after his transfer to Farmington,
Missouri, some 200 miles away, where his dental ailments have been treated
apparently without complaint. Meuir's deposition suggests that he expects to serve the
remainder of his 15-year term of imprisonment in Farmington. No reason exists to
suspect that Meuir will ever return to the Jail. Therefore, we conclude that Meuir lacks
standing to challenge the alleged policy.
D. Discovery Requests
Lastly, during the discovery phase, Meuir sought copies of all dental treatment
requests filed by all inmates during a five-year period. The district court refused to
grant Meuir's two motions to compel, finding that the requests were too vague,
excessive, and irrelevant. "We review such discovery rulings in a manner both narrow
and deferential, and reversal is only warranted if an erroneous ruling amounted to a
gross abuse of discretion." Robinson v. Potter, 453 F.3d 990, 994–95 (8th Cir. 2006)
(internal citations and quotations omitted). Because the information sought by the
discovery requests pertained to Meuir's challenge to the County's alleged pull-teeth-
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only policy, we need not address the matter given our holding that Meuir lacks
standing to challenge the policy.
III. Conclusion
After a careful review of the record, we affirm the judgment of the district
court. Further, we dismiss Meuir's challenge to Greene County's alleged pull-teeth-
only policy because he lacks standing.
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