American Modern Home Insur. Co v. Aaron Thomas ( 2021 )

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 19-3054
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American Modern Home Insurance Company
Plaintiff - Appellant
v.
Aaron Thomas; Aimee Thomas
Defendants - Appellees
LLC Thiemann Real Estate
Defendant
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis
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Submitted: January 15, 2021
Filed: April 16, 2021
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Before GRUENDER, BENTON, and STRAS, Circuit Judges.
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BENTON, Circuit Judge.
American Modern Home Insurance Company, alleging insurance fraud, sued
Aaron S. and Aimee Thomas after a fire destroyed their home. The jury found for
the Thomases. American Mod. Home Ins. Co. v. Thomas, 413 F. Supp. 3d 921,
925 (E.D. Mo. 2019). American Modern appeals. Having jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1291, this court reverses and remands.
American Modern issued a renters’ policy to the Thomases for their
apartment. In January 2014, it caught fire. They filed a claim for damage to personal
property. American Modern concluded that the fire was intentionally set. Over two
years after the fire, it sued the Thomases for declaratory relief. They countersued
for vexatious refusal to pay. The jury found for the Thomases.
According to American Modern, four trial errors require reversal: exclusion
of Mr. Thomas’s prior convictions; the jury instruction on “material”; the
supplemental instruction on vexatious refusal to pay; and exclusion of expert
testimony.
I.
In 2017, Mr. Thomas was convicted of three felonies—statutory rape and two
counts of statutory sodomy—and sentenced to ten years in prison. State v. Thomas,
567 S.W.3d 282, 283 (Mo. App. 2019) (per curiam). American Modern offered this
evidence to impeach his credibility.
This court “review[s] de novo the district court’s interpretation and
application of the rules of evidence, and review[s] for an abuse of discretion the
factual findings supporting its evidentiary ruling.” Weems v. Tyson Foods, Inc.,
665 F.3d 958, 964 (8th Cir. 2011).
In a civil case, a court must admit evidence of a past felony conviction not
involving a dishonest act or false statement, subject to Rule 403’s balancing factors.
Fed. R. Evid. 609(a)(1)(A). The district court excluded Mr. Thomas’s past
convictions, ruling that the danger of unfair prejudice, undue delay, and confusing
the issues substantially outweighed the probative value. See Fed. R. Evid. 403.
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The district court erred. Rule 609 “is based on the common sense proposition
that one who has transgressed society’s norms by committing a felony is less likely
than most to be deterred from lying under oath.” Cummings v. Malone, 995 F.2d
817, 826 (8th Cir. 1993).
The issue is whether Mr. Thomas’s credibility was paramount. The Thomases
claim that his credibility was not paramount, because other evidence—expert
testimony, photographs, interviews, a 911 call, a taped interrogation, and “scores of
exhibits”—could support their version of the events. See Walker v. Kane, 885 F.3d
535, 540-41 (8th Cir. 2018) (affirming district court’s exclusion of impeachment
evidence where credibility was not paramount).
The district court acknowledged that credibility was important in this case.
See American Mod. Home Ins. Co. v. Thomas, 4:16-cv-00215-CDP, Docket No.
339, at 9 (E.D. Mo. 2019) (“I think credibility is an issue in this case given the
allegation that the Defendants were responsible for the fire . . . .”). Cf. Walker, 885
F.3d at 540 (noting “the importance of witness credibility alone does not require
admission”).
Here, the parties presented “diametrically opposed” stories. See Cummings,
995 F.2d at 825. “The entire case thus depended on whose story the jury believed,”
so witness credibility was “paramount” here. See id.; United States v. Collier, 527
F.3d 695, 700 (8th Cir. 2008) (“Because the jury had to consider such contradictory
versions on the only contested element of the charge against [the defendant],
permitting evidence relevant to his credibility regarding a felony that is not highly
prejudicial, was reasonable and not an abuse of discretion.”). See generally Jones
v. Bd. of Police Comm’rs, 844 F.2d 500, 505-06 (8th Cir. 1988) (“While it is part of
the conventional wisdom to regard crimes such as robbery, rape, and forcible
sodomy as being less probative of a witness’s veracity than are offenses involving
crimen falsi, a number of courts have approved the admission of evidence of such
crimes for the purposes of assessing credibility.”), confirmed by Fed. R. Evid.
609(a)(1) (1990 amend.).
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American Modern suggested that the district court include the names, dates,
and dispositions of the felonies but exclude the details. See Cummings, 995 F.2d at
826 (“The ability to introduce the specific crime is not a license to flaunt its details,
however; cross-examiners are limited to eliciting the name, date and disposition of
the felony committed.”). The Thomases objected that even if the district court
omitted the details of the convictions, the jury would speculate about them.
A district judge may even exclude the names of past convictions under Rule
403. Id. See Foulk v. Charrier, 262 F.3d 687, 699-700 (8th Cir. 2001) (affirming
district court where it admitted witness’s felonies but excluded the specific names
of the felonies); United States v. Ford, 17 F.3d 1100, 1103 (8th Cir. 1994) (“The
introduction of [the witness’s] specific felony could easily have distracted the jury
from its task without adding any real probative information to their deliberations.”).
The district court here focused on the danger of unfair prejudice, undue delay,
and confusing the issues, especially prejudice to Mrs. Thomas and delay by requiring
more voir dire. See Fed. R. Evid. 403. But the three felony convictions are highly
probative. See United States v. Brown, 956 F.2d 782, 787 (8th Cir. 1992) (past
conviction was “highly probative as impeachment evidence” where two versions of
events were presented). Their probative value is not substantially outweighed by the
danger of unfair prejudice, undue delay, and confusing the issues. See United States
v. Mosby, 101 F.3d 1278, 1283-84 (8th Cir. 1996) (evidence of past sexual crimes is
not “unfairly prejudicial”); Cummings, 995 F.2d at 826; Jones, 844 F.2d at 505-06.
II.
American Modern argues that in the jury instruction, the district court
misstated the law about the meaning of “material” in the insurance policy. This
court reviews a jury instruction for abuse of discretion. Grain Land Coop. v. Kar
Kim Farms, Inc., 199 F.3d 983, 995 (8th Cir. 1999).
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The Thomases’ policy stated it “shall be void if any insured, whether before
or after a loss, has intentionally concealed or misrepresented any material fact or
circumstance or made false statements or engaged in fraudulent conduct relating to
this policy.” (Emphasis added.) See Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. v. Scott, 486 F.3d 418,
423 (8th Cir. 2007) (“Under Missouri law, ‘a misrepresentation as to a portion of the
loss may void coverage to the entire claim.’ ”), quoting Childers v. State Farm Fire
& Cas. Co., 799 S.W.2d 138, 141 (Mo. App. 1990).
The jury instruction defined “material” as:
[A] misrepresentation is material if the fact
misrepresented, if stated truthfully, would likely affect the
conduct of those engaged in the insurance business acting
reasonably and naturally, in accordance with the practice
usual among such companies under such circumstances.
In this diversity action, “Missouri law applies to the substance of the instructions.”
See Bennett v. Hidden Valley Golf and Ski, Inc., 318 F.3d 868, 873 (8th Cir. 2003).
“Federal law governs [the] review of the discretion exercised in refusing or admitting
such instructions.” See id.The Thomases insist that American Modern failed to preserve an objection to
the definition of “material.” To the contrary, the district court understood American
Modern’s objection, and overruled it. American Mod. Home Ins. Co., Docket No.
344, at 155 (“I have gone with the Thomases’ version of the ‘materiality’ definition,
not American Modern’s. So I’ve overruled American Modern’s objection to this. It
is noted for the record at this time, as is their – the other objections they’ve raised
are all deemed reraised at this time. They were on the record before.”). See
generally Fed. R. Evid. 103(a)(1) (objections must be timely and state the specific
ground).
American Modern proposed a jury instruction defining “material” as having
“some bearing on the subject matter.” Some Missouri appellate cases acknowledge
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this definition for fraudulent proof-of-loss cases. See Hodge v. Cont’l W. Ins. Co.,
722 S.W.2d 133, 136 (Mo. App. 1986) (per curiam), citing Wittels Loan &
Mercantile Co. v. American Cent. Ins. Co., 273 S.W. 1084, 1086 (Mo. App. 1925)
(material “means facts necessarily having some bearing on the subject-matter”), and
Assoc. Photographers, Inc. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 677 F.2d 1251, 1257 n.14
(8th Cir. 1982).
The Supreme Court of Missouri, however, has not stated a definition for
“material” in cases with misrepresentations about the fire’s cause or a proof of loss.
See generally 30 Mo. Practice, Insurance Law & Practice § 4:19 (2d ed.) (there is
no Missouri Supreme Court approved instruction for the meaning of “material”).
This court’s passing reference to a “some bearing on the subject matter” instruction
is not persuasive. See Young v. Allstate Ins. Co., 759 F.3d 836, 839 (8th Cir. 2014);
Assoc. Photographers, Inc., 677 F.2d at 1257 n.14. Equally unpersuasive are this
court’s observations that “under Missouri law the insurance company does not have
to show its own detrimental reliance on the proof of loss.” Patterson v. State Auto.
Mut. Ins. Co., 105 F.3d 1251, 1253 (8th Cir. 1997), citing General Cas. Ins. Cos. v.
Holst Radiator Co., 88 F.3d 670, 672 (8th Cir. 1996) (no requirement that insurer
was prejudiced by misrepresentation in the proof of loss) (applying Missouri law);
Vitale v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 814 F.2d 1242, 1251 (8th Cir. 1987) (same).
American Modern’s own reliance is not implicated by the district court’s instruction
about the usual practice of insurance companies.
In the absence of guidance from the Missouri Supreme Court for fraudulent
proof-of-loss cases, the district court used the definition of “material” from
fraudulent application cases. See Mears v. Columbia Mut. Ins. Co., 855 S.W.2d
389, 392 (Mo. App. 1993) (in a fraudulent application case, a fact is material “if
stated truthfully, [it] would likely affect the conduct of those engaged in the
insurance business acting reasonably and naturally, in accordance with the practice
usual among such companies under such circumstances”). See also Central Bank
of Lake of the Ozarks v. First Marine Ins. Co., 975 S.W.2d 222, 225 (Mo. App.
1998) (in a fraudulent application case, a fact is material “if the fact, stated truthfully,
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might reasonably have influence the insurance company to accept or reject the risk
or to have charged a different premium”); Cova v. American Family Mut. Ins. Co.,
880 S.W.2d 928, 929 (Mo. App. 1994) (in a fraudulent application case, material
“means if stated truthfully the answer might reasonably influence an insurer to reject
a risk or charge a higher premium”).
In view of the uncertainty in Missouri law, the district court did not abuse its
discretion in its instruction about the meaning of material.
III.
The original instruction on vexatious refusal to pay reads:
In this phase of the trial, you must determine whether
Aaron and Aimee Thomas have proved by the greater
weight of the evidence, that American Modern Home
Insurance Co. vexatiously refused to pay their claim under
the insurance policy.
If you find that American Modern refused to pay the
insurance claim without reasonable cause or excuse, then,
in addition to the amount you have already awarded to
Aaron and Aimee Thomas on the policy in your previous
verdict, you may award the Thomases a penalty in an
amount not to exceed $2059.37.
After an hour of deliberation, the jury asked (underline, misspelling in
original):
Can we get interpretation of refusal to pay the insurance
claim of Aaron & Aimee Thomas without reasonable
cause or excuse? Can we get a copy of the statue of
vexatious?
The district court expressed concern to the parties that the jury had not been
instructed that delay can be vexatious refusal to pay. American Modern asked the
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district court just to instruct the jury to reread the original instruction. Instead, the
district court answered, “Vexatious refusal may be found on refusal to pay, denial of
a claim, or delay, but only if that action was without reasonable cause or excuse.”
American Modern argues that the district court abused its discretion when it
gave this supplemental instruction because it was (1) unnecessary, (2) beyond the
scope of the jury’s question, and (3) prejudicial. The Thomases contend that
American Modern failed to preserve these grounds when objecting to “any further
instructions other than they should be guided by the evidence and follow the jury
instruction. . . . [T]he instruction that was submitted is M[issouri] A[pproved]
I[nstruction]. . . . agreed to by opposing counsel. . . . So I think would be error to
provide some additional instruction.” The district court recognized the objection.
See American Mod. Home Ins. Co., Docket No. 346, at 118-19 (“[T]he instruction
I gave before erred in not including [delay], and this is a corrective instruction. . . .
I recognize American Modern’s objection and overrule that objection.”).
This court need not resolve which grounds were preserved. Because the
supplemental instruction addresses the verdict director—an issue fully briefed and
likely to recur on remand in light of district court’s statement about the original
instruction—this court will resolve the issue. See Farmland Indus., Inc. v.
Morrison-Quirk Grain Corp., 987 F.2d 1335, 1343 n.8 (8th Cir. 1993) (addressing
a jury-instruction objection likely to recur on remand).
The district court did not abuse its discretion. Answers to requests must be
“within the specific limits of the question presented” and “accurate, clear, neutral,
and non-prejudicial.” United States v. Martin, 274 F.3d 1208, 1210 (8th Cir. 2001).
First, the supplemental instruction was within the scope of the jury’s question.
The district court reasonably interpreted it to request the definition of vexatious
refusal to pay because the jury asked for the statute and underlined a key phrase.
“When a jury makes explicit its difficulties a trial judge should clear them away with
concrete accuracy.” Bollenbach v. United States, 326 U.S. 607, 612-13 (1946).
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Second, the supplemental instruction was accurate. See DeWitt v. American
Family Mut. Ins. Co., 667 S.W.2d 700, 710 (Mo. banc 1984) (several months
delay); Hensley v. Shelter Mut. Ins. Co., 210 S.W.3d 455, 465-66 n.9 (Mo. App.
2007) (several months delay); Mo. Approved Jury Instr. (Civil) 10.08 (8th ed).
Third, the supplemental instruction was necessary to avoid confusion whether
delay was a basis for vexatious refusal to pay. “The response to a jury request for
supplemental instructions is a matter within the sound discretion of the district
court.” United States v. Suppenbach, 1 F.3d 679, 683 (8th Cir. 1993).
Fourth, the supplemental instruction was neutral. The district court included
“denial of a claim” to generalize the instruction and state the legal standard. See
DeWitt, 667 S.W.2d at 710; Hensley, 210 S.W.3d at 468 (“[D]enial without
explanation is substantial evidence of a vexatious and recalcitrant attitude.”); Mo.
Approved Jury Instr. (Civil) 10.08 (8th ed).
Fifth, the supplemental instruction was not prejudicial. American Modern
addressed delay at length in closing argument. See United States v. Morrison, 332
F.3d 530, 532-33 (8th Cir. 2003) (“nothing prevented counsel from discussing” the
topic of supplemental instruction in closing argument).
IV.
A later-dismissed defendant hired Carl Welcher as an expert. The district
court excluded his testimony, concluding it was both untimely and cumulative with
local Fire Marshal Daniel Bruno’s similar testimony about the cause and origin of
the fire. The district court did not abuse its discretion. See Walker, 885 F.3d at 538.
“The rules . . . permit a court to exclude untimely evidence unless the failure
to disclose was either harmless or substantially justified.” Trost v. Trek Bicycle
Corp., 162 F.3d 1004, 1008 (8th Cir. 1998). See White v. Howmedica, Inc., 490
F.3d 1014, 1016 (8th Cir. 2007). As part of a settlement agreement with American
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Modern, the later-dismissed defendant who hired Welcher agreed to disclose him as
an expert, even though the deadline for American Modern’s disclosure had expired.
American Mod. Home Ins. Co. v. Thomas, 2019 WL 3976355, at *8 (E.D. Mo.
Aug. 22, 2019); American Mod. Home Ins. Co., 413 F. Supp. 3d at 930 n.9. The
district court found that this “extensive gamesmanship” caused “several motions and
briefs” and “border[ed] on misrepresentations to the Court and opposing counsel.”
American Mod. Home Ins. Co., 2019 WL 3976355, at *8. American Modern has
not shown its failure to timely disclose Welcher was harmless or substantially
justified.
The district court properly excluded the testimony of Carl Welcher.
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The judgment is reversed, and the case remanded for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
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