United States v. Ivan Espinoza ( 2021 )

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 20-3049
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United States of America,
lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee,
v.
Ivan Raphael Espinoza,
lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant.
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Southern District of Iowa - Central
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Submitted: April 16, 2021
Filed: August 13, 2021
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Before SMITH, Chief Judge, COLLOTON and ERICKSON, Circuit Judges.
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COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.
Ivan Espinoza appeals his conviction and sentence for distribution of child
pornography. He argues that the district court1 erred by denying his motion to
1
The Honorable Stephanie M. Rose, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of Iowa.
suppress evidence. If the conviction is sustained, then he contends that the court
imposed an unreasonable sentence of 120 months’ imprisonment. We conclude that
there was no reversible error, and affirm the judgment.
I.
The case arose from an investigation into an account on Tumblr, a social
networking website. The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children
received a tip from Tumblr that a user of the website uploaded an image of child
pornography on November 29, 2017. The report from Tumblr specified that the
prefix on the account holder’s e-mail address was “superturtle112896,” and that the
user’s screen name was “raphiel1010.”
The Center forwarded this information to the Iowa Internet Crimes Against
Children Task Force on November 30, 2017. Investigators traced the internet
protocol address used to upload the image to an internet service provider. The service
provider produced documents linking the address to an apartment in Windsor
Heights, Iowa, and investigators found Espinoza’s name on the provider’s billing
information for the account. Espinoza’s date of birth matched numbers listed in the
e-mail address associated with the upload, and the Tumblr username “raphiel” was
similar to Espinoza’s middle name, Raphael.
An officer confirmed with an apartment manager that Espinoza resided in the
apartment. The same day, June 27, 2018, a state prosecutor submitted an application
for a search warrant with an attached affidavit from the investigating officer. An
Iowa judge issued the search warrant. During a search of Espinoza’s devices in the
apartment, officers found child pornography contained in more than two hundred
images and over a thousand videos. The officers also found messages evidencing
Espinoza’s distribution of child pornography. Espinoza admitted under questioning
that he had possessed and viewed child pornography.
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A grand jury charged Espinoza with committing three offenses based on his
receipt, possession, and distribution of child pornography. See 18 U.S.C.
§ 2252A(a)(2)(A), (a)(5)(B). Espinoza moved to suppress his statements and the
evidence obtained from his devices, arguing that the information supporting the
search warrant was stale after a seven-month interval. The district court concluded
that the affidavit established probable cause for the search. The court reasoned in part
that “in child pornography cases images are kept and hoarded,” and “even if
somebody tries to get rid of those images . . . proof of them may still exist within that
person’s computer systems.”
Espinoza entered a conditional guilty plea to the distribution charge, reserving
the right to appeal the denial of his motion to suppress. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(a)(2).
The government agreed to dismiss the other two counts. At sentencing, the district
court calculated an advisory guideline range of 210 to 262 months’ imprisonment,
which was capped by a statutory maximum of 240 months. See 18 U.S.C.
§ 2252A(b)(1); USSG § 5G1.1(c)(1). The court varied downward substantially from
the bottom of the range based on 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), and imposed a sentence of 120
months’ imprisonment.
II.
Espinoza first argues that the district court erred by denying his motion to
suppress evidence. He contends that the information in the affidavit supporting the
search warrant for his apartment was stale and insufficient to establish probable
cause.
Probable cause to support a warrant requires a “fair probability that contraband
or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.” Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S.
213, 238 (1983). In considering fair probability, the vintage of the information in the
affidavit may be relevant because “untimely information may be deemed stale.”
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United States v. Lemon, 590 F.3d 612, 614 (8th Cir. 2010). Factors relevant to
whether information is sufficiently current to establish probable cause include the
nature of the criminal activity, the lapse of time, and the property that would be
subject to the search. United States v. Johnson, 848 F.3d 872, 877 (8th Cir. 2017).
Espinoza acknowledges that our precedent recognizes “the compulsive nature
of the crime of possession of child pornography and the well-established hoarding
habits of child pornography collectors.” United States v. Notman, 831 F.3d 1084,
1088 (8th Cir. 2016). Citing United States v. Raymonda, 780 F.3d 105 (2d Cir.
2015), however, he contends that the evidence in this case of a single upload of child
pornography to a social networking website “failed to demonstrate behavior
indicative of a preferential collector.” Therefore, he maintains, there was insufficient
basis for an inference that he retained child pornography on his computer device for
the seven-month period between the upload and the search warrant. Without this
inference, he argues, the warrant was not supported by probable cause.
We agree with the district court that the information in the affidavit was
sufficient to support the probable cause determination. Raymonda concerned a
suspect who had merely “opened between one and three pages of a website housing
thumbnail links to images of child pornography, but did not click on any thumbnails.”
780 F.3d at 117. The court held that this information was insufficient to establish
probable cause for a search nine months later, because there was no showing that the
suspect repeated the conduct in the interim period, and the suspect’s actions were
consistent with “an innocent user inadvertently stumbling upon a child pornography
website.” Id.
According to the affidavit in this case, Espinoza did not “simply and
accidentally navigate” to a website with child pornography “for a few meaningless
minutes.” United States v. Huyck, 849 F.3d 432, 439 (8th Cir. 2017). The affidavit
explained that on November 29, 2017, Espinoza uploaded an image of a naked boy
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between the ages of nine and twelve to Tumblr’s website. When there is evidence
that an image is uploaded, it is reasonable for the issuing judge to infer that the person
uploading the image previously had received the file through some means, stored it
on his device, later navigated to the social networking website, and then purposefully
placed the file on the website. The Tumblr upload thus provided probable cause to
believe that Espinoza willfully and deliberately accessed child pornography, and that
evidence of crimes could be found on a device within his apartment.
Espinoza asserts that declaring the warrant valid would “nullify staleness
claims” in cases involving “countless other federal crimes.” That concern is
unfounded because “[t]he specific context and nature of the warrant must be
examined for each case.” Johnson, 848 F.3d at 877. In light of the collecting habits
of those who use child pornography, see Notman, 831 F.3d at 1088-89, there was a
fair probability that Espinoza had not deleted the image that he uploaded, and that
more images would be found. See Lemon, 590 F.3d at 614-15.
That Espinoza used a computer to upload the image further increased the
likelihood that evidence of child pornography would be found. After seven months,
there was a fair probability that Espinoza still possessed the device he used to upload
the image, see United States v. Estey, 595 F.3d 836, 839-40 (8th Cir. 2010), and the
nature of computer technology means that “evidence of a crime was almost certainly
still on his computer,” even if Espinoza attempted to delete the image. United States
v. Gourde, 440 F.3d 1065, 1071 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc); see United States v.
Morgan, 842 F.3d 1070, 1074 (8th Cir. 2016); United States v. McArthur, 573 F.3d
608, 612 n.4 (8th Cir. 2009). The affidavit explained that data may be retrieved from
“hidden files, deleted files, [and] erased files,” and that investigators could discover
evidence about “the operation of the system at the time relevant data was
received . . . or transmitted.” The affiant further explained that investigators could
access information about when particular internet websites were accessed, and could
review the owner’s e-mail account to determine “when and how” an image was
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received. We give less weight to the lapse of time in these circumstances than in a
case involving “ephemeral evidence, such as small quantities of drugs.” United
States v. Vosburgh, 602 F.3d 512, 529 (3d Cir. 2010). We therefore agree with the
district court that probable cause supported the warrant. See United States v.
Contreras, 905 F.3d 853, 858-59 (5th Cir. 2018) (year-old tip that defendant
uploaded child pornography was not stale); United States v. Seiver, 692 F.3d 774,
775-78 (7th Cir. 2012) (seven-month-old tip of a child pornography upload was not
stale).
III.
Espinoza next argues that his sentence of 120 months’ imprisonment is
unreasonable. He cites his youth, lack of criminal history, familial support, good
behavior after the search, and amenability to cognitive behavioral therapy and sex
offender treatment programs. He also contends that the sentencing guideline on child
pornography, USSG § 2G2.2, is “not based upon empirical data that reasonably
predict recidivism risk.” We review the substantive reasonableness of a sentence
under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38,
51 (2007). Where, as here, the court varied downward from the guideline range, “it
is nearly inconceivable that the court abused its discretion in not varying downward
still further.” United States v. Lazarski, 560 F.3d 731, 733 (8th Cir. 2009).
Although the district court observed that the guideline range in child
pornography cases can become “astronomically high,” the court also emphasized the
“pervasive and coercive repetitive trauma” to victims that results when offenders
distribute child pornography. The court accepted Espinoza’s arguments in mitigation
to a substantial degree when it varied downward from the 210-month sentence
recommended by the guidelines and imposed a term of 120 months’ imprisonment.
In declining to impose an even shorter sentence, the court stressed the “aggravated
circumstances” present in Espinoza’s use of instant messaging and a social
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networking website to distribute child pornography. The record shows that the court
considered Espinoza’s arguments for greater leniency and permissibly “determined
that they were outweighed by the gravity” of his conduct. United States v. Robison,
759 F.3d 947, 951 (8th Cir. 2014). The court is entitled to substantial latitude in
weighing the factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), and it was not unreasonable for the
court to impose a sentence that represented a substantial downward variance from the
guidelines but still a substantial measure of punishment for a serious offense.
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The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
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