Central Hardware Co. v. Sherwin-Williams Co. , 153 F.3d 902 ( 1998 )

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 97-4151
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In re Spirit Holding Company, Inc., *
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Debtor. *
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______________________ *
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Central Hardware Company, Inc., *
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Appellee, *
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v. * Appeals from the United States
* District Court for the Eastern
Sherwin-Williams Company, * District of Missouri.
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Appellant. *
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______________________ *
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Peter Lumaghi, *
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Trustee. *
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No. 97-4353
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In re Spirit Holding Company, Inc., *
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Debtor. *
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______________________ *
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Central Hardware Company, Inc., *
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Appellee, *
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v. *
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Walker-Williams Lumber Company, *
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Appellant. *
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______________________ *
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Peter Lumaghi, *
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Trustee. *
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Submitted: June 8, 1998
Filed: August 28, 1998
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Before RICHARD S. ARNOLD and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit
Judges, and PANNER,1 District Judge.
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MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.
Central Hardware Company filed a voluntary petition for bankruptcy relief, see
11 U.S.C. §§ 1101-1146, six days after its parent, the Spirit Holding Company, had
filed its own similar petition. These appeals concern two wire transfers, one to the
Sherwin-Williams Company and the other to the Walker-Williams Lumber Company,
that Central made in the interval between the bankruptcy filings of Central and Spirit.
The trustee in bankruptcy sought to avoid the payments as preferential transfers in
violation of 11 U.S.C. § 547, and the bankruptcy court granted summary judgment in
favor of Sherwin-Williams and Walker-Williams. On separate appeals, the district
court reversed the bankruptcy court. The district court opinion with respect to
Sherwin-Williams is unpublished; see In re Spirit Holding Company, Inc., 214 B.R.
891 (E.D. Mo. 1997), with respect to Walker-Williams. Sherwin-Williams and
Walker-Williams appeal the judgments of the district court,2 and we affirm.
I.
The bankruptcy code provides that a trustee in bankruptcy may avoid certain
transfers made 90 days before the petition for bankruptcy is filed, see 11 U.S.C.
§ 547(b), but allows the transferee certain defenses to the trustee's broad avoidance
power, see 11 U.S.C. § 547(c). The question here is whether the payments at issue
1
The Honorable Owen M. Panner, United States District Judge for the District
of Oregon, sitting by designation.
2
The Honorable George F. Gunn, Jr., United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri, with respect to Sherwin-Williams; the Honorable Stephen
Nathaniel Limbaugh, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Missouri,
with respect to Walker-Williams.
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were made in the ordinary course of business, for if they were, they are not subject to
the trustee's power of avoidance. See 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(2).
A transfer by a debtor must have three characteristics before it qualifies as one
made in the ordinary course of business: it must be for a debt incurred in the ordinary
course of business, it must be made in the ordinary course of business of financial
affairs of the debtor and the transferee, and it must be made according to ordinary
business terms. See 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(2). The parties here do not dispute the holding
that each of the transfers was for a debt incurred in the ordinary course of business, see
11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(2)(A). The dispute concerns whether the district court properly
held that the transfers at issue do not satisfy the second and third statutory
requirements. Because we hold that those transfers do not satisfy the requirement that
they be made in the ordinary course of business, see 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(2)(B), we need
not consider whether the payments were made according to ordinary business terms,
see 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(2)(C).
We have indicated that " 'there is no precise legal test which can be applied' in
determining whether payments by the debtor during the 90-day period were 'made in
the ordinary course of business; rather, th[e] court must engage in a "peculiarly factual"
analysis.' " Lovett v. St. Johnsbury Trucking, 931 F.2d 494, 497 (8th Cir. 1991),
quoting In re Fulghum Construction Corp., 872 F.2d 739, 743 (6th Cir. 1989), itself
quoting In re First Software Corp., 81 B.R. 211, 213 (Bankr. D. Mass. 1988). " '[T]he
cornerstone of this element of a preference defense is that the creditor needs [to]
demonstrate some consistency with other business transactions between the debtor and
the creditor.' " Lovett, 931 F.2d at 497, quoting In re Magic Circle Energy Corp., 64
B.R. 269, 272 (Bankr. W.D. Okla. 1986).
The legislative history of § 547(c)(2) also provides us with some guidance in
deciding this case. The relevant congressional reports reveal that the purpose of this
section was "to leave undisturbed normal financial relations, because it does not detract
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from the general policy of the preference section to discourage unusual action by either
the debtor or his creditors during the debtor's slide into bankruptcy." S. Rep.
No. 95-989 at 88 (1978), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5787, 5874; H.R. Rep.
No. 95-595 at 373 (1977), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5963, 6329.
With these principles in mind, we turn to a consideration of the facts of the cases
before us.
II.
Central purchased paint products and related merchandise from Sherwin-
Williams for several years prior to filing bankruptcy, and Central typically paid
Sherwin-Williams by check. Central made two payments by wire transfer in 1992,
however, after it exceeded its credit limit and Sherwin-Williams threatened to disrupt
delivery of goods.
On March 22, 1993, Central sent a check to Sherwin-Williams in payment of
outstanding invoices. The parties do not dispute that the check conformed to the
ordinary financial dealings between the parties, as it was neither unusually large nor
unusually early or late. The next day, Central's parent company petitioned for relief in
bankruptcy court. A day later, Central called Sherwin-Williams to inquire whether it
had received Central's check, and Sherwin-Williams indicated that it had not. On
March 25, Central called Sherwin-Williams again, and Sherwin-Williams stated that
the company still had not received the check. (Although Sherwin-Williams apparently
did not know so at the time, the check had in fact arrived earlier that day.) Central then
informed Sherwin-Williams that it would make the outstanding payment by wire, and
later that day Central indeed wired the money to Sherwin-Williams and stopped
payment on the check. Four days later, Central filed for bankruptcy relief. Sherwin-
Williams argues that the transfer was made in the ordinary course of business because
there was little evidence that it engaged in an unusual collection effort in the relevant
instance, because the wire transfer was consistent with earlier business transactions
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between Central and Sherwin-Williams, and because even if the wire transfer was
inconsistent, a change in the method of payment is not a sufficient deviation from past
conduct to allow the conclusion that the transfer was not made in the ordinary course
of business.
There was, as Sherwin-Williams points out, little direct evidence of an unusual
collection effort on Sherwin-Williams's part. The testimony, in fact, tended to show
that Central called Sherwin-Williams, not that Sherwin-Williams called Central. A
representative of Sherwin-Williams testified, moreover, that Central proposed on its
own accord to make the wire transfer. But while we understand that proof of an
unusual collection effort has a tendency to show that a transfer occurred outside the
ordinary course of business, see In re Braniff, Inc., 154 B.R. 773, 781-82 (Bankr. M.D.
Fla. 1993), the absence of an unusual collection effort by Sherwin-Williams does not
necessarily make the transfer an ordinary one. It means only that we will not find that
the transfer was not ordinary on account of Sherwin-Williams's collection effort.
The relevant legislative history, as we have already noted, states that the
ordinary-course-of-business exception discourages unusual action "by either the debtor
or his creditors." S. Rep. No. 95-989 at 88, reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 5874;
H.R. Rep. No. 95-595, reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 6329. Our cases, too, focus
not narrowly on the collection effort by the creditor but broadly on the consistency
between the transfer at issue and other business transactions between the debtor and
the creditor. See Lovett, 931 F.2d at 497-99. Thus, even assuming that Central acted
on its own initiative, we must determine whether that initiative comported with the
ordinary course of financial transactions carried on between Central and Sherwin-
Williams.
Sherwin-Williams maintains that the wire transfer at issue was indeed consistent
with the ordinary course of financial transactions between it and Central. For this
proposition, Sherwin-Williams relies upon the fact that Central had made two previous
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payments to Sherwin-Williams by wire transfer. If Central had done it before, the
argument runs, then doing it again cannot fail to be ordinary. This argument, while
superficially appealing, overlooks the facts surrounding those earlier wire transfers. A
representative of Central testified that each of the 1992 wire transfers was made
because Central had substantially exceeded its credit limit and Sherwin-Williams was
threatening to withhold goods. One may therefore conclude that a wire transfer is an
ordinary financial transaction in this case insofar as it is a response by Central to a
threat by Sherwin-Williams to withhold goods. But, as we noted above, and as
Sherwin-Williams itself asserted, there is little evidence that Sherwin-Williams
employed any unusual collection effort with respect to the 1993 payment. Given the
evidence of the parties' past financial dealings, we believe it is clear that a wire transfer
was not the ordinary means to respond to a normal invoice; a wire transfer would be
ordinary only in a factual context that Sherwin-Williams itself denies existed in regard
to the payment at issue.
Furthermore, as the district court recognized, the transfer at issue was not merely
a wire transfer. The transfer was originally attempted by check and was only
subsequently effected by wire. There was no evidence that Central had an ordinary
practice of issuing checks to Sherwin-Williams to pay invoices and then stopping
payment on those checks and sending a wire transfer in their place. Indeed, such a
replacement, taking place during the week between Central's parent company's
bankruptcy filing and its own, leads this court to the same conclusion that the district
court reached, namely, that the wire transfer was a preference of one creditor over
others.
Sherwin-Williams maintains that the change in a method of payment, standing
alone, is an insufficient deviation from past practices to take a payment out of the
ordinary course of business. Bankruptcy courts seem to be somewhat divided on this
question. Compare In re Valley Steel Corp., 182 B.R. 728, 737-38 (Bankr. W.D. Va.
1995) (holding that payment by wire transfers was not in the ordinary course of
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business because the debtor had always paid by check before), with In the Matter of
Brown Transport Truckload, Inc., 161 B.R. 735, 740 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. 1993) (holding
that the changes in the method of payment by a debtor are not enough to make the
business relationship not ordinary). While this may be an interesting question, we need
not decide it today. We are not presented with a change in the form of payment alone;
instead, Central replaced a check it had already issued with a wire transfer. Under the
circumstances of this case, we believe that the wire transfer from Central to Sherwin-
Williams represented a sufficient deviation from past dealings that the wire transfer
cannot qualify as a payment made in the ordinary course of business.
III.
Walker-Williams sold lumber products to Central for several years prior to
Central's bankruptcy filing, and prior to the transfer at issue here, Central normally paid
Walker-Williams by check. On March 22, 1993, Central sent a check to Walker-
Williams in payment of outstanding invoices. The parties do not dispute that the check
conformed to the ordinary financial dealings between the parties, as it was neither
unusually large nor unusually early or late. The next day, Central's parent company
petitioned for relief in bankruptcy court, and the day after that, Walker-Williams
contacted Central to inquire about the effect on Central of its parent's bankruptcy.
Although there is no evidence that Walker-Williams requested it to do so, Central
offered to replace the check with a wire transfer, and did so the next day.
Walker-Williams argues that the wire transfer was made in the ordinary course
of business because there was little evidence of an unusual collection effort on Walker-
Williams's part and that a change in the method of payment was not a sufficient
deviation from past conduct to allow the conclusion that the transfer was not made in
the ordinary course of business. Walker-Williams thus makes arguments similar to
those of Sherwin-Williams on similar facts, and we reject those arguments for the
reasons that we gave in rejecting Sherwin-Williams's. Under the circumstances of this
case, we believe that the wire transfer from Central to Walker-Williams was a sufficient
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deviation from past dealings that the payment cannot qualify for the ordinary-
course-of-business exception to the general rule of preference avoidance.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgments of the district court.
A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
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