United States v. Tiano Trice ( 2023 )


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  •                  United States Court of Appeals
    For the Eighth Circuit
    ___________________________
    No. 23-1406
    ___________________________
    United States of America
    Plaintiff - Appellee
    v.
    Tiano Nishan Trice, also known as Tiano Nishan Trice, Jr.
    Defendant - Appellant
    ____________
    Appeal from United States District Court
    for the Southern District of Iowa - Eastern
    ____________
    Submitted: October 18, 2023
    Filed: December 12, 2023
    ____________
    Before BENTON, SHEPHERD, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
    ____________
    BENTON, Circuit Judge.
    While on supervised release, Tiano N. Trice was arrested. The district court 1
    revoked his supervised release for domestic assault (Grade C violation) and child
    endangerment (Grade B violation). Considering the 21-24 month guideline range
    1
    The Honorable Rebecca Goodgame Ebinger, United States District Judge for
    the Southern District of Iowa.
    for child endangerment, the court imposed a 24-month sentence, followed by 12
    months of supervised release. Trice does not challenge the domestic assault
    violation (with an 8-14 month guideline range). He appeals the district court’s child
    endangerment finding and its factfinding and credibility determinations. This court
    reviews “the revocation of supervised release for abuse of discretion, and we review
    any ‘subsidiary factfinding as to whether or not a violation occurred’ for clear error.”
    United States v. Staten, 
    990 F.3d 631
    , 635 (8th Cir. 2021), quoting United States v.
    Long, 
    843 F.3d 338
    , 340 (8th Cir. 2016). Having jurisdiction under 
    28 U.S.C. §1291
    , this court affirms.
    Trice and Clareshanda Chamberlain have two children together—“Brother”
    (9 years old) and “Sister” (12 years old). Chamberlain has another child “A.H.” (6
    years old). While at her apartment, with the three children present, Trice and
    Chamberlain got into a “heated argument.” Trice lifted her bed and dropped it to the
    ground while she was in it. Sister and A.H. fled the home, while Brother grabbed
    the family cat, ran to his room, and hid. A.H. asked a passerby to call the police,
    telling her that “my sister’s dad is hitting my mom.” When police questioned
    Chamberlain at the apartment, she had blood on her face (though she denied that
    Trice hit her, offering several possible reasons for the nosebleed). Trice, who left
    before police arrived, was arrested.
    Under 
    Iowa Code § 726.6
    (1)(a), a parent, or person with custody or control of
    a child, commits child endangerment when he “[k]nowingly acts in a manner that
    creates a substantial risk to a child or minor's physical, mental or emotional health
    or safety.” Child endangerment is a general intent crime in Iowa. State v. Benson,
    
    919 N.W.2d 237
    , 245 (Iowa 2018). “[G]eneral intent is present ‘when from the
    circumstances the prohibited result may reasonably be expected to follow from the
    offender’s voluntary act, irrespective of any subjective desire to have accomplished
    such result.’” 
    Id. at 244
    , quoting State v. Fountain, 
    786 N.W.2d 260
    , 264 (Iowa
    2010). See generally State v. Leckington, 
    713 N.W.2d 208
    , 214 (Iowa 2006) (“We
    interpret the word ‘knowingly’ in this statute to mean ‘the defendant acted with
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    knowledge that [he or] she was creating substantial risk to the child's safety.’”),
    quoting State v. James, 
    693 N.W.2d 353
    , 357 (Iowa 2005).
    According to Iowa courts, “it is ... reasonable ... to conclude there is a real or
    articulable risk or a very real possibility of danger to a child's mental, physical or
    emotional health or safety from witnessing the child's mother assaulted.” State v.
    Tewes, 
    967 N.W.2d 219
    , 
    2021 WL 4304240
    , at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 22, 2021)
    (unpublished table opinion) (some internal quotation marks omitted), quoting State
    v. Lee, 
    913 N.W.2d 275
    , 
    2018 WL 1099273
    , at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 21, 2018)
    (unpublished table opinion). In Tewes the court found that a child’s mental and
    emotional health were endangered “by seeing his father shove his mother after
    having his parents physically struggle over him.” 
    Id.
     (adding “While the level of
    assault in this case does not rise to that in Lee, in both cases, the aggressor was aware
    a child was present and witness to the assault.”).
    Here, Trice was similarly aware that Brother, Sister, and A.H. were present to
    witness his assault of their mother (lifting and dropping the bed with her in it). The
    district court found that the children were present and “knew what was happening”
    during the assault: “They could see it, they could hear it, they could experience it,
    and even if they did not see each and every moment, they knew what was happening
    because of the scale of the room, the layout of the room, the sounds that were being
    generated.” The record shows:
    • Trice lifted and dropped Chamberlain’s bed while she was in it, constituting
    domestic assault.
    • Trice knew, based on the size of the “little” apartment, that the children were
    present.
    • Brother told police that, because of the “screaming” and “crashes” (which he
    attributed to Trice), he was “so shocked and scared” that he “ran to get [the
    family] cat” and “hid in [his] room.”
    • Sister left the house because of the altercation (as the district court specifically
    found).
    -3-
    • A.H. ran out of the house and found a passerby to call the police, saying that
    “my sister’s dad is hitting my mom.”
    • The passerby testified that A.H. was “crying, definitely scared, nervous, kind
    of panicked” and “definitely distraught.”
    • A.H. told police that Trice was “crashing on to my mom” and that it looked
    like Trice was hitting her.
    • Chamberlain told officers that Trice “has anger issues and snaps the fuck out,
    and that’s what he did.”
    The district court’s factual findings and credibility determinations are not clearly
    erroneous, and the record is sufficient to show child endangerment.
    Trice repeatedly challenges the district court’s focus on A.H., asserting that
    he did not have custody or control of A.H. This is immaterial, as the district court
    correctly found that Trice endangered Sister and Brother, his biological children.
    The district court emphasized the risk he created to the children’s mental and
    emotional health: “Witnessing domestic violence takes a toll, and that certainly is
    of utmost concern to the Court.” By Iowa caselaw, witnessing the domestic assault
    of a parent is an adequate basis for child endangerment. See 
    id.
     Trice argues that
    hearing the assault, as opposed to actually seeing it, is insufficient to trigger child
    endangerment. Iowa law, however, does not make this distinction, nor do the factual
    findings here support the argument.
    Trice’s two children were so scared by the fight and assault that one fled the
    home and the other ran to get the family cat and hide in his room. Trice was aware
    that his children were present to witness his assault of their mother, which is child
    endangerment under Iowa law. See, e.g., Lee, 
    2018 WL 1099273
    , at *3; Tewes,
    
    2021 WL 4304240
    , at *3. The district court did not err in finding that Trice
    committed child endangerment. The district court thus did not make a procedural
    error or abuse its discretion in revoking Trice’s supervised release.
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    *******
    The judgment is affirmed.
    ______________________________
    -5-
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 23-1406

Filed Date: 12/12/2023

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 12/12/2023