Juan Ruiz-Colmenares v. Merrick Garland ( 2022 )


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  •                      FOR PUBLICATION
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
    JUAN RUIZ-COLMENARES,                              No. 20-72672
    Petitioner,
    Agency No.
    v.                            A075-177-403
    MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney
    General,                                             OPINION
    Respondent.
    On Petition for Review of an Order of the
    Board of Immigration Appeals
    Submitted October 21, 2021 *
    Pasadena, California
    Filed February 9, 2022
    Before: Ryan D. Nelson and Lawrence VanDyke, Circuit
    Judges, and Karen E. Schreier, ** District Judge.
    Opinion by Judge VanDyke
    *
    The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
    without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
    **
    The Honorable Karen E. Schreier, United States District Judge for
    the District of South Dakota, sitting by designation.
    2               RUIZ-COLMENARES V. GARLAND
    SUMMARY ***
    Immigration
    Denying Juan Ruiz-Colmenares’s petition for review of
    a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals, the panel
    held that (1) it lacked jurisdiction to consider Ruiz-
    Colmenares’s unexhausted challenge to his hearing notice;
    and (2) the agency’s adverse credibility determination was
    supported by substantial evidence and Ruiz-Colmenares
    failed to carry his burden to succeed on his claim for deferral
    of removal under the Convention Against Torture.
    Relying on Pereira v. Sessions, 
    138 S. Ct. 2105
     (2018),
    Ruiz-Colmenares argued that the agency lacked jurisdiction
    over his proceedings because his charging document, a
    Notice of Referral, failed to specify the time and date of his
    hearing. The panel concluded that it lacked jurisdiction to
    consider Ruiz-Colmenares’s argument because he failed to
    raise it before the agency.
    Ruiz-Colmenares had previously been deported three
    times, and in the processing of his present fourth deportation
    proceedings expressed for the first time a fear of returning to
    Mexico because he had been robbed and assaulted by police
    officers in Mexico after each of his prior three deportations.
    The panel held that substantial evidence supported the
    immigration judge’s adverse credibility determination based
    on inconsistencies and omissions within and between Ruiz-
    Colmenares’s written, verbal, and documentary evidence
    ***
    This summary constitutes no part of the opinion of the court. It
    has been prepared by court staff for the convenience of the reader.
    RUIZ-COLMENARES V. GARLAND                     3
    regarding what happened to him in Mexico and when. As to
    testimonial inconsistencies concerning dates, the panel
    wrote that even minor inconsistencies that have a bearing on
    a petitioner’s veracity may constitute the basis for an adverse
    credibility determination. The panel explained that this type
    of evolving story is precisely what one would expect if a
    petitioner is fabricating or embellishing past harms, and it is
    eminently reasonable that the IJ would conclude that these
    changes reflected poorly on Ruiz-Colmenares’s credibility.
    The panel further held that the agency properly considered
    and weighed Ruiz-Colmenares’s failure to mention any fear
    of returning to Mexico, or the robberies, during his previous
    three deportation proceedings. The panel also held that the
    IJ reasonably concluded that Ruiz-Colmenares’s failure to
    provide any corroboration could not rehabilitate his
    incredible testimony.
    The panel held that even if the record compelled reversal
    of the agency’s adverse credibility determination, substantial
    evidence would still support the agency’s finding that Ruiz-
    Colmenares did not suffer past torture and does not face a
    particularized risk of future torture if returned to Mexico.
    COUNSEL
    Alejandro Cordero Rothstein, The Matian Firm, Los
    Angeles, California, for Petitioner.
    Jennifer A. Bowen, Trial Attorney; Anthony C. Payne,
    Assistant Director; Brian Boynton, Acting Assistant
    Attorney General; Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil
    Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington,
    D.C.; for Respondent.
    4               RUIZ-COLMENARES V. GARLAND
    OPINION
    VANDYKE, Circuit Judge:
    Juan Ruiz-Colmenares (Petitioner) is a Mexican citizen
    who has illegally entered the United States multiple times,
    wherein he was convicted for a string of felonies. He has
    been deported back to Mexico three times. During the
    processing of his fourth deportation, Petitioner expressed
    (for the first time) a fear of returning to Mexico and alleged
    (also for the first time) that he had been robbed and assaulted
    by police officers in Mexico after each of his prior three
    deportations.
    After finding Petitioner not credible, an Immigration
    Judge (IJ) rejected his sole claim for relief: deferral of
    removal under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). The
    Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) affirmed the IJ’s
    decision. 1 Petitioner now argues that (1) the agency lacked
    jurisdiction because his charging document omitted the time
    and date of his hearing; and (2) the agency erred in denying
    him CAT relief. Both arguments are unavailing.
    Petitioner’s jurisdictional argument is unexhausted
    because he failed to present it before the IJ or BIA. And the
    record does not compel reversal of the agency’s decision to
    deny Petitioner’s CAT claim. Petitioner’s own testimony is
    the primary support for his claimed past harm, which he
    1
    The agency also denied Petitioner’s application for withholding of
    removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). Before the
    IJ, Petitioner conceded he was ineligible for withholding in light of his
    felony convictions that constituted “particularly serious crimes.”
    Because of the particularly serious crime bar, Petitioner ultimately
    sought the only form of relief he was eligible to request: deferral of
    removal under CAT.
    RUIZ-COLMENARES V. GARLAND                              5
    never raised during the processing of multiple prior
    deportations. And when he did finally raise such harms in
    conjunction with this deportation, he continuously altered
    his story about those harms in terms of the nature and timing
    of his injuries. Accordingly, the agency’s adverse credibility
    determination is adequately supported by substantial
    evidence and no other evidence shows that he faces a
    particularized risk of torture, much less a risk that surmounts
    the fifty percent threshold required for CAT relief.
    Pursuant to our jurisdiction under 
    8 U.S.C. § 1252
    , we
    deny the petition for review.
    I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
    Petitioner has illegally entered the United States four
    different times and, after brief stays that resulted in multiple
    criminal convictions, was deported back to Mexico three
    times (in 1998, 2000, and 2001). 2 Petitioner’s fourth
    deportation proceeding was initiated in November 2015,
    when he claimed for the first time that he feared returning to
    Mexico because he was allegedly robbed and assaulted after
    each of his prior three deportations.
    Petitioner provided inconsistent testimony regarding the
    extent and timing of his claimed injuries from the robberies
    in Mexico—from the time he gave his first recitation of the
    2
    Petitioner’s first three stays in the United States were riddled with
    aggravated felony convictions for drug and violent crimes. He obtained
    three felony convictions for domestic violence (in March 1996, July
    1996, and September 1998), a felony conviction for the sale and
    transportation of cocaine (in July 1996), and a felony for the battery of a
    peace officer (in September 1998). Petitioner also was arrested several
    times between 1993 and 2001 for crimes ranging from grand theft auto,
    to parole violations, to narcotics possession and trafficking.
    6             RUIZ-COLMENARES V. GARLAND
    events in November 2015, to his written declaration in
    December 2016, to his amended declaration in December
    2017, to his subsequent oral testimony before the IJ. The
    main theme of his story is that shortly after each of his prior
    three deportations he was robbed and assaulted near the
    border in Tijuana (where it appears Petitioner stayed
    temporarily as he prepared for his next entry into the United
    States). And in all three instances the perpetrators were
    primarily interested in whether Petitioner had money they
    could take.
    1. 1998 Incident
    Shortly after Petitioner’s first deportation in 1998, he
    claims that he was detained and assaulted by police officers
    who, when he failed to produce an ID, threw him in the back
    of a truck, beat him, detained him for three and a half days
    without charges, and stole his money and clothes. During
    his 2017 hearing before the IJ, the primary injury Petitioner
    recalled from this first incident resulted in his eyebrow being
    “busted [ ] open,” along with “low blows to the ribs” and
    kidneys and blows to the back of his head. But those details
    were not included in any of his prior descriptions of the 1998
    incident, which noted only that the officers “hit” or
    “punched” him in the face. In fact, the initial description of
    this first incident was significantly milder than his later
    recitations of the event, describing his injuries to the asylum
    officer as “[n]ot serious just bumps and bruises.” A few
    months after the claimed incident, Petitioner made his
    second entry into the United States, where he was soon after
    arrested and convicted for his third domestic violence
    felony.
    RUIZ-COLMENARES V. GARLAND                               7
    2. 2000 Incident
    Before the IJ, Petitioner claimed that about a week after
    his second deportation on May 9, 2000, he again
    encountered police officers who robbed him, but “just took
    [his] money that time” with no arrest or detention. But his
    earlier interview with the asylum officer included details
    from this second incident that were completely omitted from
    the IJ hearing, including that “his lip was busted open” and
    that he was taken to jail. About three weeks after this
    claimed incident, Petitioner made his third entry into the
    United States in June 2000 and was arrested a few months
    later for violating his parole.
    3. 2001 Incident
    A few days after his third deportation on April 17, 2001,
    Petitioner claims that he was singled out by the police
    because he “looked clean” and was told to hand over his
    money (even though he had none at the time). 3 Whether or
    not Petitioner was physically injured in this third encounter,
    and if so, to what extent, is unclear from the record and his
    own inconsistent testimony. About a month after this
    claimed incident, Petitioner illegally made his fourth entry
    into the United States in 2001.
    II. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
    Petitioner’s current deportation proceeding was initiated
    in November 2015, when for the first time he expressed a
    fear of returning to Mexico. Petitioner was interviewed by
    an asylum officer who found that he had a reasonable fear of
    3
    Petitioner initially testified that the third incident happened around
    February or March of 2001, but the IJ pointed out that was impossible
    since he was not deported from the United States until April 17, 2001.
    8             RUIZ-COLMENARES V. GARLAND
    torture, and was detained by the Department of Homeland
    Security (DHS) until he posted bond on June 17, 2016.
    On November 30, 2015, Petitioner received his charging
    document, a Notice of Referral to Immigration Judge, which
    specified the location of his upcoming hearing but noted the
    date and time were “[t]o be determined.” Three weeks later,
    on December 21, 2015, Petitioner received a “Notice of
    Withholding-Only Hearing” that provided the remaining
    hearing details, specifying the time, date, and location of his
    upcoming hearing. Several hearing notices followed as
    Petitioner’s hearing date was pushed further out; each notice
    provided updated hearing details. Petitioner does not dispute
    that he received all hearing notices (as reflected in the
    certificates of service), or that he attended all IJ hearings
    with his attorney, including the final merits hearing on
    December 18, 2017.
    A. IJ Hearings
    Throughout the hearings, the IJ made multiple requests
    for additional supporting documents, including updated
    country reports, and provided Petitioner multiple
    opportunities to provide them. Petitioner failed to provide
    any updated country reports and the IJ took judicial notice of
    the State Department’s 2016 Human Rights Report on
    Mexico (which, combined with the 2014 Human Rights
    Report, constitutes the entirety of the country conditions
    evidence in the record).
    Despite having multiple family members locally situated
    in Pasadena who Petitioner claimed were aware of the
    incidents he described, none of them came to testify or
    offered a declaration on his behalf. Petitioner provided no
    explanation for why the family members he claimed could
    corroborate his story, didn’t. The IJ also sought out other
    RUIZ-COLMENARES V. GARLAND                      9
    means of confirming Petitioner’s testimony, such as medical
    records or photographs. But Petitioner provided nothing—
    he had not sought medical attention for any of his claimed
    injuries, nor had he taken any photographs.
    As outlined above, Petitioner’s description of all three
    robberies morphed before the IJ. The first incident grew
    significantly more serious from the relatively mild “bumps
    and bruises” described in his asylum interview to the busted-
    open eyebrow and bruising of the ribs, kidney, and head later
    recounted to the IJ. The second incident was downplayed in
    his testimony before the IJ, completely omitting the physical
    harm or busted-open lip described in his asylum interview.
    And Petitioner testified that the third incident occurred in
    February or March of 2001, even though he had not been
    deported from the United States until April 17, 2001.
    Petitioner also repeatedly denied knowing why he was
    targeted for the robberies, or if he would be targeted again in
    the future.
    B. IJ Decision
    The IJ denied Petitioner’s applications for relief, relying
    on the omissions and inconsistencies described above to
    conclude that he was not credible. The IJ further explained
    that she would deny Petitioner’s applications for relief even
    if she had found his testimony credible because the evidence
    (including the country conditions reports) failed to show that
    he faced a particularized risk of torture that was markedly
    different than that faced by the general population in
    Mexico.
    10           RUIZ-COLMENARES V. GARLAND
    C. BIA Decision
    Citing Matter of Burbano, 
    20 I&N Dec. 872
     (BIA 1994),
    the BIA adopted and affirmed the IJ’s denial of Petitioner’s
    applications. Considering the totality of the evidence before
    the IJ, the BIA concluded that the adverse credibility
    determination was not “clearly erroneous” and was properly
    based on material inconsistencies and omissions between
    Petitioner’s testimonial and documentary evidence and a
    lack of corroborating evidence. The BIA also agreed that
    Petitioner failed to establish eligibility for CAT relief
    independent of his own non-credible testimony. This
    petition followed, where Petitioner now argues that the
    agency lacked jurisdiction and erred in denying him CAT
    relief.
    III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
    “Where, as here, the BIA cites Burbano and also
    provides its own review of the evidence and law, we review
    both the IJ’s and the BIA’s decisions.” Ali v. Holder,
    
    637 F.3d 1025
    , 1028 (9th Cir. 2011). We “review questions
    of law de novo” and the agency’s “factual findings for
    substantial evidence.” Chavez-Garcia v. Sessions, 
    871 F.3d 991
    , 995 (9th Cir. 2017).          An adverse credibility
    determination is a factual finding reviewed for substantial
    evidence. Mukulumbutu v. Barr, 
    977 F.3d 924
    , 925 (9th Cir.
    2020). We also review the denial of CAT relief for
    substantial evidence. Guo v. Sessions, 
    897 F.3d 1208
    , 1212
    (9th Cir. 2018). “Under the substantial evidence standard,
    administrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any
    reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to
    the contrary.” Zehatye v. Gonzales, 
    453 F.3d 1182
    , 1185
    (9th Cir. 2006) (emphasis added) (citation and quotation
    marks omitted).
    RUIZ-COLMENARES V. GARLAND                     11
    IV. DISCUSSION
    A. Petitioner’s       Jurisdictional        Argument         Is
    Unexhausted.
    Petitioner argues, for the first time on appeal, that the
    agency lacked jurisdiction because his charging document
    failed to specify the time and date of his hearing, noting
    instead that those details were “[t]o be determined.” In
    support of his argument, Petitioner relies primarily on
    Pereira, in which the Supreme Court answered a “narrow
    question” not presented in this case: the effect of deficiencies
    in a Notice to Appear (NTA) on the stop-time rule. See
    Pereira v. Sessions, 
    138 S. Ct. 2105
    , 2109–11 (2018). We
    lack jurisdiction to consider Petitioner’s argument because it
    was not raised before the agency. See Sola v. Holder,
    
    720 F.3d 1134
    , 1135 (9th Cir. 2013) (“petitioner’s failure to
    raise an issue before the BIA generally constitutes a failure
    to exhaust, thus depriving this court of jurisdiction to
    consider the issue”) (per curiam).
    B. Substantial Evidence Supports the Denial of CAT
    Relief.
    To qualify for deferral of removal under CAT, Petitioner
    had to show (1) that he would “more likely than not” be
    tortured if removed to Mexico, and (2) that the torture would
    be inflicted with government acquiescence. 
    8 C.F.R. §§ 208.16
    (c)(2); 208.18(a)(1).          Substantial evidence
    supports the agency’s adverse credibility determination and,
    without his testimony, the remaining evidence in this case
    falls short of demonstrating that Petitioner would more likely
    than not be tortured with government acquiescence upon
    return to Mexico. And even if the record compelled reversal
    of the agency’s adverse credibility determination (which it
    does not), substantial evidence would still support the
    12            RUIZ-COLMENARES V. GARLAND
    agency’s finding that Petitioner did not suffer past torture
    and does not face a particularized risk of future torture if
    returned to Mexico.
    1. The Adverse Credibility          Determination     Is
    Adequately Supported.
    Substantial evidence supports the agency’s adverse
    credibility determination. Layered on top of the deferential
    standard of review we apply to the review of immigration
    decisions, the REAL ID Act particularly restricts this court’s
    review of an adverse credibility determination. See Kaur v.
    Gonzales, 
    418 F.3d 1061
    , 1064 n.1 (9th Cir. 2005). And it
    gives wide latitude to the trier of fact in making credibility
    determinations, considering the totality of circumstances and
    all relevant factors, including:
    [T]he consistency between the applicant’s
    . . . written and oral statements (whenever
    made and whether or not under oath, and
    considering the circumstances under which
    the statements were made), the internal
    consistency of each such statement, [and] the
    consistency of such statements with other
    evidence of record . . . , without regard to
    whether an inconsistency . . . goes to the
    heart of the applicant’s claim, or any other
    relevant factor.
    
    8 U.S.C. § 1158
    (b)(1)(B)(iii).
    Accordingly,     “only     the    most     extraordinary
    circumstances will justify overturning an adverse credibility
    determination.” Shrestha v. Holder, 
    590 F.3d 1034
    , 1041
    (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Jibril v. Gonzales, 
    423 F.3d 1129
    ,
    1138 n.1 (9th Cir. 2005)). The inconsistencies and
    RUIZ-COLMENARES V. GARLAND                   13
    omissions identified by the IJ within and between
    Petitioner’s written, verbal, and documentary evidence
    regarding what happened to him in Mexico and when more
    than adequately support the agency’s factual determination
    as to Petitioner’s lack of credibility.
    Petitioner first contends that the IJ improperly based its
    adverse credibility determination on speculation and
    conjecture when he was unable to explain why he failed to
    mention the robberies or any fear of returning during his
    previous three deportation proceedings. He essentially
    argues that the IJ should have filled any omissions or viewed
    any inconsistencies in his testimony with only the best
    assumptions (suggesting in his brief that perhaps in his prior
    deportations he did not know that he could disclose his fear
    or perhaps he did not yet have a fear of returning to Mexico).
    But that is not how the agency, especially after the REAL-
    ID Act, is required to assess credibility.
    Congress has afforded the agency wide discretion in
    weighing the sufficiency, credibility, and persuasiveness of
    a petitioner’s testimony. Garland v. Dai, 
    141 S. Ct. 1669
    ,
    1680–81 (2021). And in making those determinations the IJ
    is not obligated to extend the petitioner a presumption of
    total credibility or the benefit of every doubt. See Silva-
    Pereira v. Lynch, 
    827 F.3d 1176
    , 1185 (9th Cir. 2016)
    (“Under the REAL ID Act, there is no presumption that [a
    petitioner] is credible . . . .” (quotation mark omitted)).
    When directly asked why he previously expressed no
    fear of returning to Mexico, Petitioner simply responded that
    he didn’t know. Petitioner’s failure to plausibly explain why
    he never mentioned any fear of returning to Mexico or any
    of the claimed robberies and assaults following prior
    deportations is significant and was properly considered and
    14            RUIZ-COLMENARES V. GARLAND
    weighed by the agency in making its adverse credibility
    determination.
    Petitioner also claims that his testimonial inconsistencies
    with respect to dates were “minor,” and should have been
    overlooked by the agency. But the timeframes and
    circumstances surrounding when Petitioner claimed he was
    robbed—the only particularized basis offered to support a
    risk of future torture in Mexico—changed constantly and
    significantly. The agency did not improperly consider those
    inconsistencies in making its adverse credibility
    determination because “even minor inconsistencies that
    have a bearing on a petitioner’s veracity may constitute the
    basis for an adverse credibility determination.” Ren v.
    Holder, 
    648 F.3d 1079
    , 1089 (9th Cir. 2011). This type of
    evolving story is precisely what one would expect if a
    petitioner is fabricating or embellishing past harms, so it is
    eminently reasonable that the IJ would conclude these
    changes reflected poorly on Petitioner’s credibility. See
    Singh v. Holder, 
    638 F.3d 1264
    , 1270 (9th Cir. 2011) (“If the
    person cannot tell substantially the same story twice in
    substantially the same way, that suggests a likelihood that
    the story is false.”).
    The most recent of the three alleged robberies (of which
    Petitioner should have had the clearest and most consistent
    recollection) occurred in Mexico in 2001. Petitioner initially
    claimed it occurred in April of 2001 (in his declaration), but
    then reversed course in his hearing before the IJ, claiming it
    occurred in February or March of 2001. The IJ noted that
    the timeline was physically impossible because Petitioner
    was not deported from the United States until April 17, 2001.
    Petitioner also argues the IJ failed to acknowledge the
    specificity provided in his testimony. But to the contrary,
    the IJ considered the details provided in Petitioner’s
    RUIZ-COLMENARES V. GARLAND                   15
    testimony and relied on the inconsistencies in those details
    in finding him not credible. These are valid and specific
    reasons for issuing an adverse credibility determination. See
    Shrestha, 
    590 F.3d at 1044
     (requiring the IJ to “provide
    specific and cogent reasons in support of an adverse
    credibility determination”) (citation omitted); see also
    
    8 U.S.C. § 1158
    (b)(1)(B)(iii).
    And contrary to Petitioner’s assertion, omissions can
    certainly form the basis of an adverse credibility
    determination—as they did here. Iman v. Barr, 
    972 F.3d 1058
    , 1068 (9th Cir. 2020) (“[O]missions are probative of
    credibility to the extent that later disclosures, if credited,
    would bolster an earlier, and typically weaker, asylum
    application.”). Petitioner’s biggest omission (which he
    never explained) is why he never disclosed his fear or the
    robberies during previous deportations. But he also initially
    omitted important details related to his injuries—including
    that his eyebrow was allegedly busted-open wide enough
    that he should have received stitches. This type of later
    embellishment reflects poorly on a petitioner’s credibility.
    Finally, Petitioner claims that he was not afforded an
    opportunity to provide corroborating evidence. That is not
    true. Review of the hearing transcripts reveals multiple
    instances where the IJ provided Petitioner with opportunities
    to submit additional evidence and encouraged him to do so.
    The agency reasonably concluded that Petitioner’s failure to
    provide any corroboration could not rehabilitate his
    incredible testimony. See Mukulumbutu, 977 F.3d at 927
    (“Because the IJ found [the petitioner’s] testimony not
    credible, the IJ was not required to give [the petitioner]
    notice and an opportunity to provide additional
    corroborating evidence.”); Wang v. Sessions, 
    861 F.3d 1003
    ,
    1005 (9th Cir. 2017) (“Because the IJ’s adverse credibility
    16            RUIZ-COLMENARES V. GARLAND
    determination was supported by substantial evidence, and
    because the IJ had no obligation to give [petitioner] an
    opportunity to provide additional evidence, we deny the
    petition.”).
    Under the appropriate standard of review, the agency’s
    adverse credibility determination in this case is supported by
    substantial evidence. And without his testimony, the only
    evidence Petitioner musters in support of his CAT claim is
    generalized country conditions evidence, which falls short of
    making the particularized and individual showing of an
    “extraordinary circumstance[]” necessary to overturn the
    agency’s decision. Silva-Pereira, 827 F.3d at 1185 (citation
    omitted).
    2. Even If Petitioner Had Testified Credibly, the
    Agency’s Denial of CAT Relief Is Supported by
    Substantial Evidence.
    Finally, even if the agency had weighed the credibility
    determinations differently and credited Petitioner’s
    testimony, the combination of his testimony and the non-
    testimonial evidence still falls short of demonstrating the
    particularized and more-likely-than-not threat of future
    torture needed to obtain CAT relief.
    Evidence of past torture is relevant (though not alone
    sufficient) in assessing a particular petitioner’s likelihood of
    future torture. See Kamalthas v. INS, 
    251 F.3d 1279
    , 1284
    (9th Cir. 2001). Petitioner offered no evidence of past
    torture. Even the most egregious version of his varying
    testimony amounts to three instances of robbery that resulted
    in a three-day detainment in police custody and temporary
    bruises, none of which necessitated medical treatment.
    While certainly not something anyone would want to
    experience, the incidents do not rise to the level of torture,
    RUIZ-COLMENARES V. GARLAND                   17
    which is reserved for only the most “extreme and prolonged
    cruel and inhuman treatment.” 
    8 C.F.R. § 1208.18
    (a)(2).
    Petitioner hasn’t received a single threat while in the
    United States and, combined with the twenty-year distance
    between his last incident and the present day, there is no
    evidence that he currently faces any particularized risk of
    harm. His fear of returning to Mexico seems to have grown
    with every year he remained in the United States, not
    because of any individualized or particularized threat he may
    face upon returning, but because of the general reports of
    corruption and cartels in his home country. This is
    understandable but fails to meet the high bar for CAT relief.
    Petitioner gave varying explanations throughout his
    deportation proceeding of why he was targeted in the three
    robberies (because he looked “clean” or dressed “nice,”
    lacked a Mexican ID, or spoke a different dialect of
    Spanish). But even assuming everything Petitioner said was
    true, the common thread to the incidents is that Petitioner
    was a target of random robberies because he appeared to
    have money and was lingering in a border town as he
    prepared for his next entry into the United States. There is
    no evidence that these instances of general crime (which
    deescalated in severity) are likely to escalate to a more
    serious level of persecution, much less torture.
    Petitioner may have a legitimate fear of being robbed or
    assaulted a fourth time. But he has offered no evidence
    showing he faces any particularized risk of torture (or petty
    theft or police threats) higher than that faced by all Mexican
    citizens. And the country conditions evidence the IJ
    considered—while acknowledging corruption in the police
    force and some occasions where individuals were harmed in
    police custody—do not come close to establishing that the
    average Mexican citizen (or even the average Mexican
    18            RUIZ-COLMENARES V. GARLAND
    citizen hanging out in a border town) faces a greater-than-
    fifty-percent chance of being tortured. Petitioner claims the
    agency didn’t properly consider the country conditions
    evidence, but it did; that evidence just does not push him past
    the more-likely-than-not threshold needed for CAT relief.
    Petitioner had multiple opportunities to bolster the country
    reports with other evidence, particularized or general,
    showing that he has a greater risk than the general
    population. But he never did.
    Even if Petitioner was a credible witness, the agency did
    not err in concluding that Petitioner is not eligible for CAT
    relief. See 
    8 C.F.R. § 1208.16
    (c)(2); Dhital v. Mukasey,
    
    532 F.3d 1044
    , 1051–52 (9th Cir. 2008) (per curiam)
    (determining that the State Department reports “do not
    indicate that [petitioner] would face any particular threat of
    torture beyond that of which all citizens of Nepal are at
    risk”); Delgado-Ortiz v. Holder, 
    600 F.3d 1148
    , 1152 (9th
    Cir. 2010) (per curiam) (determining that generalized
    evidence of violence and crime in Mexico was not particular
    to petitioners and was insufficient to establish CAT
    eligibility); Ramirez-Munoz v. Lynch, 
    816 F.3d 1226
    , 1230
    (9th Cir. 2016) (“Where Petitioners have not shown they are
    any more likely to be victims of violence and crimes than the
    populace as a whole in Mexico, they have failed to carry
    their burden [under CAT].”).
    V. CONCLUSION
    We lack jurisdiction to consider Petitioner’s
    unexhausted challenge to the hearing notice. The agency’s
    adverse credibility determination is supported by substantial
    evidence and the agency properly concluded that Petitioner
    failed to carry his burden to succeed on his CAT claim.
    RUIZ-COLMENARES V. GARLAND                        19
    The petition for review is therefore DENIED. 4
    4
    Petitioner’s motions for stay of removal are also DENIED.