Miguel Gongora-Castaneda v. Merrick Garland ( 2022 )

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 9 2022
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MIGUEL ANGEL GONGORA- No. 20-70709
CASTANEDA, AKA Miguel Congora-
Castalleda, AKA Miguel Jimenez-Jimenez, Agency No. A201-237-532
Petitioner,
MEMORANDUM*
v.
MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney
General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Argued and Submitted October 21, 2021
San Francisco, California
Before: MURGUIA, Chief Judge, and WALLACE and BEA, Circuit Judges.
Mr. Gongora-Castaneda (“Petitioner”) petitions for review of the Board of
Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) decision to dismiss his appeal and affirm an
immigration judge’s (“IJ”) order denying his applications for asylum, withholding
of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”), and the
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
BIA’s decision to deny his motion to reopen. Petitioner contends that the IJ lacked
jurisdiction because the Notice to Appear (“NTA”) he received omitted the address
of the immigration court (“IC”) at which his hearing was to take place; that the
BIA erred in denying Petitioner’s claims to asylum, withholding of removal, and
protection under CAT; and that the BIA erred in denying his motion to remand for
ineffectiveness of counsel. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252.11. Petitioner’s claim that, because the NTA omitted the IC’s address, the IJ
lacked jurisdiction over his case, is foreclosed by Aguilar Fermin v. Barr, 958 F.3d
887, 894–95 (9th Cir. 2020). Petitioner had actual knowledge of the address
through follow-up notices and appeared at the hearing.
2. Petitioner, a homosexual man, “fears he would be harmed due to his
sexual orientation in Mexico.” The BIA found that Petitioner was ineligible for
asylum and withholding of removal because the Government rebutted Petitioner’s
presumption of future persecution (based on past persecution) with evidence that
Petitioner could relocate safely within Mexico. Petitioner contends this finding is
“not supported by the record,” and highlights evidence tending to show in general
that homosexual persons have experienced threats and violence in Mexico;
Mexican authorities have not adequately prosecuted some hate crimes against
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Because the parties are familiar with the facts, we do not repeat them here,
except where necessary to provide context for our ruling.
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homosexual persons; and Mexican police have mistreated homosexual persons.
But, much of the evidence Petitioner cites describes general conditions
across Mexico. Moreover, the record contains some evidence supportive of a
finding that Petitioner could be safe in some parts of Mexico. And, importantly,
Petitioner himself conceded that he “d[id]n’t know” “why [he] couldn’t go live
safely in an area like Mexico City or somewhere else.” 2
Based on this record, we cannot say that “any reasonable adjudicator would
be compelled to conclude” that Petitioner could not relocate safely within Mexico.
B.R. v. Garland, 4 F.4th 783, 790 (9th Cir. 2021). Thus, substantial evidence
supports the BIA’s findings that Petitioner is ineligible for asylum and withholding
from removal. See Silva v. Garland, 993 F.3d 705, 719 (9th Cir. 2021) (noting that
a petitioner who fails to establish a “‘reasonable possibility’ of future persecution”
necessarily fails “‘to satisfy the more stringent standard for withholding of
removal.’”).
3. Because substantial evidence supports the BIA’s finding that Petitioner
2
Citing Xochihua-Jaimes v. Barr, 962 F.3d 1175 (9th Cir. 2020), and
Barajas-Romero v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 351 (9th Cir. 2017), Petitioner argues the BIA
must identify a specific safe location before finding that internal relocation rebuts a
presumption of future persecution. But, unlike here, in Xochihua-Jaimes,
“[n]either the IJ nor the BIA cited any affirmative ‘[e]vidence that [Petitioner]
could relocate to a part of [Mexico].’” 962 F.3d at 1186 (emphasis added). And,
in Barajas-Romero, this Court remanded because the BIA “applied the incorrect
standard” that the noncitizen “had the burden of proving that he could not safely
relocate.” 846 F.3d at 364. The BIA did not make that error here.
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could safely relocate within Mexico, and Petitioner does not dispute the IJ’s
finding that “there is no evidence” that Petitioner’s father, neighbor, or classmates
“would target [Petitioner] for harm in the future,” substantial evidence also
supports the BIA’s holding that Petitioner is ineligible for protection under CAT.
4. A motion to reopen based on ineffectiveness of counsel generally must
meet the procedural requirements of Matter of Lozada, 19 I&N Dec. 637 (BIA
1988), Iturribarria v. INS, 321 F.3d 889, 900 (9th Cir. 2003), unless “the
ineffective assistance of counsel is ‘clear and obvious’ from the record,” United
States v. Lopez-Chavez, 757 F.3d 1033, 1044 (9th Cir. 2014). Petitioner “did not
attempt to comply with the procedural requirements,” but claims his counsel’s
ineffectiveness before the IJ was “clear and obvious.”
The BIA did not abuse its discretion when it denied Petitioner’s motion to
reopen based on ineffectiveness of counsel as to voluntary departure. Petitioner
has not made out an affirmative case of eligibility for relief under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229c(b)(1).
The BIA also did not abuse its discretion when it denied Petitioner’s motion
to reopen based on ineffectiveness of counsel concerning eligibility for
humanitarian asylum under 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1)(iii)(A) (“Subsection A”).
Although Petitioner experienced disturbing and cruel mistreatment as a child, the
record does not compel a finding contrary to the BIA’s holding that these incidents
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do not demonstrate prima facie entitlement to relief under Subsection A. See, e.g.,
Kumar v. INS, 204 F.3d 931, 934–35 (9th Cir. 2000) (finding that considerable
abuse did not rise to “atrocious persecution”); Hanna v. Keisler, 506 F.3d 933,
936-37, 939 (9th Cir. 2007) (same).
Problematically, the BIA appears not to have considered Petitioner’s claim
that his previous counsel was ineffective for failing to seek humanitarian asylum
under 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1)(iii)(B) (“Subsection B”). The BIA’s denial of the
motion was therefore an abuse of discretion as it related to Subsection B. See
Hanna, 506 F.3d at 939; Maravilla Maravilla v. Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 855, 858 (9th
Cir. 2004) (BIA abused discretion when it “neither reached” one “aspect of
petitioners’ claim, nor explained the omission.”). Although Petitioner’s claim to
eligibility for relief under Subsection B may stand in tension with the BIA’s
holding that Petitioner could safely relocate within Mexico, we cannot affirm the
BIA on grounds it failed to consider, and so must remand this sole claim. See
Sanchez Rosales v. Barr, 980 F.3d 716, 719 (9th Cir. 2020) (If “the BIA’s decision
cannot be sustained upon its reasoning, we must remand.”).
5. The petition is GRANTED with respect to Petitioner’s claim that the
BIA abused discretion in denying Petitioner’s motion to remand for ineffectiveness
of counsel premised on the failure to seek humanitarian asylum only under 8
C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1)(iii)(B). We VACATE and REMAND only that holding
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for the BIA to consider Petitioner’s claim. The petition is otherwise DENIED.
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