Jose Marquez Carrillo v. Eric Holder, Jr. , 781 F.3d 1155 ( 2015 )


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  •                      FOR PUBLICATION
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
    JOSE LUIS MARQUEZ CARRILLO,                       No. 12-70779
    Petitioner,
    Agency No.
    v.                           A031-285-059
    ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney
    General,                                             OPINION
    Respondent.
    On Petition for Review of an Order of the
    Board of Immigration Appeals
    Submitted March 3, 2015*
    Pasadena, California
    Filed March 31, 2015
    Before: Harry Pregerson, Ferdinand F. Fernandez,
    and Jacqueline H. Nguyen, Circuit Judges.
    Opinion by Judge Fernandez
    *
    The panel unanimously finds this case suitable for decision without
    oral argument. Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
    2               MARQUEZ CARRILLO V. HOLDER
    SUMMARY**
    Immigration
    The panel denied Jose Luis Marquez Carrillo’s petition
    for review from the Board of Immigration Appeals’ order
    removing him due to his conviction for a crime of domestic
    violence.
    The panel held that the BIA correctly found that a
    conviction for violating California Penal Code § 273.5(a)
    constitutes a categorical crime of domestic violence within
    the meaning of 
    8 U.S.C. § 1227
    (a)(2)(E)(i).
    COUNSEL
    Jaime Jasso, Law Offices of Jaime Jasso, Westlake Village,
    California, for Petitioner.
    Stuart F. Delery, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney
    General, Civil Divison, Terri J. Scadron, Assistant Director,
    Office of Immigration Litigation, Kathryn L. DeAngelis,
    Attorney, Office of Immigration Litigation, United States
    Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for Respondent.
    **
    This summary constitutes no part of the opinion of the court. It has
    been prepared by court staff for the convenience of the reader.
    MARQUEZ CARRILLO V. HOLDER                       3
    OPINION
    FERNANDEZ, Circuit Judge:
    Jose Luis Marquez Carrillo, a citizen of Mexico, petitions
    for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (BIA) order
    removing him due to his conviction for a crime of domestic
    violence. See 
    8 U.S.C. § 1227
    (a)(2)(E)(i);1 
    Cal. Penal Code § 273.5
    (a) (2002).2 We deny the petition.
    BACKGROUND
    Marquez is a forty-nine-year-old native and citizen of
    Mexico, who entered the United States as a lawful permanent
    resident on or about July 20, 1971.
    Marquez was arrested in January 2005 for domestic
    violence and turned over to the Department of Homeland
    Security (DHS). DHS served him with a Notice to Appear,
    which charged him with removability as an alien who had
    been convicted of a crime of domestic violence. The notice
    alleged that his 2002 conviction under § 273.5 rendered him
    removable pursuant to § 1227(a)(2)(E)(i). On February 23,
    2005, Marquez appeared before an Immigration Judge (IJ)
    who found him removable as charged due to the § 273.5
    conviction. At that time, Marquez said his criminal record
    included a 1995 conviction of great bodily injury to a child,
    1
    Hereafter, we will refer to this law as § 1227(a)(2)(E)(i).
    2
    Hereafter, we will refer to this law as § 273.5.
    4               MARQUEZ CARRILLO V. HOLDER
    a 2002 conviction of corporal injury to his spouse, and a 2005
    domestic violence conviction.3
    At a continued hearing on April 5, 2005, the IJ sustained
    the charge of removability and found “that 273.5, by
    definition, falls within [§ 1227(a)(2)(E)(i)].” Marquez then
    filed an application for cancellation of removal. See 8 U.S.C.
    § 1229b. After years of continued hearings, Marquez
    appeared before the IJ on May 20, 2010, and presented
    evidence to support his application. Among other things, he
    claimed that he had completed an Alcoholics Anonymous
    program and several domestic violence programs. He also
    submitted letters that had first been submitted, and accepted,
    at a bail bond hearing some five years earlier.
    The IJ then issued a decision that affirmed Marquez’s
    removability because of the domestic violence conviction
    from 2002, and denied his application for cancellation of
    removal. The IJ found that Marquez met the statutory
    elements for eligibility for cancellation of removal, but
    denied discretionary relief because the negative factors in his
    background outweighed the positive. The IJ accorded
    minimal weight to the letters submitted in Marquez’s bond
    hearing five years earlier. Regarding his wife’s letter, in
    particular, the IJ noted that Marquez’s latest domestic
    violence charge occurred years after his wife wrote her letter
    of support. The IJ accepted Marquez’s word that he had
    recently completed a domestic violence course. On balance,
    the IJ found that Marquez had not sustained his burden of
    establishing that he was deserving of cancellation of removal.
    3
    Marquez’s criminal record is extensive and includes multiple theft and
    burglary convictions, a battery conviction, a conviction for driving under
    the influence, and multiple domestic violence charges.
    MARQUEZ CARRILLO V. HOLDER                     5
    On appeal to the BIA, Marquez contested his
    removability in light of this court’s then recent decision that
    § 273.5 is not categorically a crime involving moral turpitude
    (CIMT). He argued that by analogy the court should find that
    § 273.5 is not a crime of domestic violence. He also objected
    to the IJ’s discretionary decision.
    The BIA adopted and affirmed the IJ’s decision. It agreed
    that § 273.5 is categorically a crime of domestic violence.
    Furthermore, it agreed that the negative factors outweighed
    the positive equities in Marquez’s application. The BIA
    refused to consider new evidence, including a certificate of
    completion of a domestic violence program, because it could
    not consider new evidence on appeal; it also noted that
    Marquez did not file a motion to remand and that the
    evidence was not material in any event. Marquez’s timely
    petition for review followed.
    JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
    We have jurisdiction pursuant to 
    8 U.S.C. § 1252
    . When,
    as here, the BIA adopts the IJ’s decision and also adds its
    own reasons, we review both decisions. Vasquez-Hernandez
    v. Holder, 
    590 F.3d 1053
    , 1054 (9th Cir. 2010). “The Ninth
    Circuit reviews de novo whether a conviction constitutes a
    removable offense under the Immigration and Nationality
    Act.” Szalai v. Holder, 
    572 F.3d 975
    , 978 (9th Cir. 2009)
    (per curiam). Purely legal questions, including the BIA’s
    interpretation of the INA, are likewise reviewed de novo. 
    Id. at 979
    .
    6             MARQUEZ CARRILLO V. HOLDER
    DISCUSSION
    Marquez’s primary argument is that § 273.5 is not a
    categorical crime of domestic violence within the meaning of
    § 1227(a)(2)(E)(i) because § 273.5 casts its protective mantel
    over too many categories of victims. He recognizes that we
    have previously held that § 273.5 “is categorically a crime of
    domestic violence.” Banuelos-Ayon v. Holder, 
    611 F.3d 1080
    , 1081 (9th Cir. 2010); see also Vasquez-Hernandez,
    
    590 F.3d at
    1054–56. However, Marquez argues, in that case
    we focused on the question of whether § 273.5 spelled out a
    crime of violence and did not expressly consider the limiting
    adjective — domestic. Thus, he says, Banuelos-Ayon does
    not bind us. See Estate of Magnin v. Comm’r, 
    184 F.3d 1074
    ,
    1077 (9th Cir. 1999).
    We believe that in context there was little reason for
    Banuelos-Ayon to be more explicit because it is apparent that
    § 273.5 is categorically4 a crime that is both domestic and
    violent in nature, but we will now put any uncertainty to rest.
    We start, as we must, with the language of the statutes.
    At the time of Marquez’s conviction, his crime was defined
    as follows in § 273.5(a):
    Any person who willfully inflicts upon a
    person who is his or her spouse, former
    spouse, cohabitant, former cohabitant, or the
    mother or father of his or her child, corporal
    injury resulting in a traumatic condition, is
    guilty of a felony, and upon conviction thereof
    4
    See Descamps v. United States, __U.S.__, __, 
    133 S. Ct. 2276
    ,
    2283–85, 
    186 L. Ed. 2d 438
     (2013).
    MARQUEZ CARRILLO V. HOLDER                    7
    shall be punished by imprisonment in the state
    prison for two, three, or four years, or in a
    county jail for not more than one year, or by a
    fine of up to six thousand dollars ($6,000) or
    by both that fine and imprisonment.
    The domestic violence language in § 1227(a)(2)(E)(i)
    reads as follows:
    Any alien who at any time after admission
    is convicted of a crime of domestic violence,
    a crime of stalking, or a crime of child abuse,
    child neglect, or child abandonment is
    deportable. For purposes of this clause, the
    term “crime of domestic violence” means any
    crime of violence (as defined in section 16 of
    title 18) against a person committed by a
    current or former spouse of the person, by an
    individual with whom the person shares a
    child in common, by an individual who is
    cohabiting with or has cohabited with the
    person as a spouse, by an individual similarly
    situated to a spouse of the person under the
    domestic or family violence laws of the
    jurisdiction where the offense occurs, or by
    any other individual against a person who is
    protected from that individual’s acts under the
    domestic or family violence laws of the
    United States or any State, Indian tribal
    government, or unit of local government.
    It is apparent that both statutes encompass crimes
    committed by a spouse or former spouse, by a person with
    whom the victim shares a child, and by a cohabitant or former
    8             MARQUEZ CARRILLO V. HOLDER
    cohabitant. The only slight variation is that as to cohabitants
    § 1227(a)(2)(E)(i) adds the qualifier “as a spouse” whereas
    § 273.5 does not have that qualifier.
    But California case law has made it plain that a spouse-
    like relationship is implicit. As the California Court of
    Appeal has put it: “The term ‘cohabitant’ has been interpreted
    broadly to refer to those living together in a substantial
    relationship — one manifested, minimally, by permanence
    and sexual or amorous intimacy.” People v. Taylor, 
    118 Cal. App. 4th 11
    , 18, 
    12 Cal. Rptr. 3d 693
    , 696 (2004) (some
    internal quotation marks omitted); see also People v. Moore,
    
    44 Cal. App. 4th 1323
    , 1333–34, 
    52 Cal. Rptr. 2d 256
    ,
    262–63 (1996). That alleviates any concern that the
    California law would cover merely being together in some
    sort of a “platonic, rooming-house arrangement.” People v.
    Holifield, 
    205 Cal. App. 3d 993
    , 999, 
    252 Cal. Rptr. 729
    , 733
    (1988).
    As we see it, that rational view of cohabiting is what the
    specific coverage language of § 1227(a)(2)(E)(i) is intended
    to reach. That is emphasized by the somewhat less specific
    language that Congress then used when it indicated that it
    intended to cover individuals “similarly situated to a spouse.”
    Id. On that basis alone, the match is categorical.
    But, to the extent that any doubt remains, it was removed
    when Congress adopted the ultimate inclusionary provision
    of § 1227(a)(2)(E)(i): a crime committed by “any other
    individual against a person who is protected from that
    individual’s acts under the domestic or family violence laws
    of . . . any State.” That language must be given effect — it
    should not be seen as merely redundant or superfluous. See
    Negrete-Ramirez v. Holder, 
    741 F.3d 1047
    , 1053 (9th Cir.
    MARQUEZ CARRILLO V. HOLDER                          9
    2014); Spencer Enters., Inc. v. United States, 
    345 F.3d 683
    ,
    691 (9th Cir. 2003). As it is, the breadth of that language
    does decidedly encompass the victims listed in § 273.5, both
    in principle and in the reification of the principle.
    As the California courts have explained, the Legislature’s
    stated purpose has been to address the problem of domestic
    violence, the elimination of which “is a compelling state
    interest.” People v. Jungers, 
    127 Cal. App. 4th 698
    , 704,
    
    25 Cal. Rptr. 3d 873
    , 878 (2005). It recognized “‘the high
    incidence of violence in intimate relationships,’” and sought
    to reduce that. 
    Id.
     (quoting Cal. Judges Benchbook:
    Domestic Violence Cases in Criminal Court (CJER 2000)
    § 1.7, p. 9). Thus, § 273.5 came into being. The whole
    purpose of domestic violence laws like § 273.5 “is to protect
    persons . . . in a special relationship for which society
    demands, and the victim may reasonably expect, stability and
    safety, and in which the victim, for these reasons among
    others, may be especially vulnerable.” People v. Vega,
    
    33 Cal. App. 4th 706
    , 710, 
    39 Cal. Rptr. 2d 479
    , 483 (1995).
    No one doubts that § 273.5 was and is a domestic violence
    law. See, e.g., United States v. Denton, 
    611 F.3d 646
    , 651
    (9th Cir. 2010); Galen v. Cnty. of L.A., 
    477 F.3d 652
    , 656 (9th
    Cir. 2007); People v. Hamlin, 
    170 Cal. App. 4th 1412
    ,
    1428–29, 
    89 Cal. Rptr. 3d 402
    , 416–17 (2009). While the
    scope of the law has evolved, that “reflects a developing
    awareness of the human factors that lead to domestic
    violence”5 and the need to protect those who have found
    themselves in those kinds of relationships.6
    5
    People v. Mora, 
    51 Cal. App. 4th 1349
    , 1355, 
    59 Cal. Rptr. 2d 801
    ,
    805 (1996).
    6
    See 
    id.
    10                MARQUEZ CARRILLO V. HOLDER
    The language of § 1227(a)(2)(E)(i) shows beyond
    peradventure that Congress was aware of the need for fluidity
    as states sought to protect victims from violent injuries that
    grow out of personal, intimate relationships which are
    domestic in nature. That, perforce, explains Congress’
    casting a net wide enough to encompass “any other
    individual”7 who has committed a crime of violence against
    a person protected from that individual “under the domestic
    or family violence laws of . . . any State.”8
    Thus, § 273.5 is categorically a crime of domestic
    violence within the meaning of § 1227(a)(2)(E)(i). In so
    holding, we do not overlook Morales-Garcia v. Holder,
    
    567 F.3d 1058
    , 1064–66 (9th Cir. 2009), which decided that
    § 273.5 is not categorically a CIMT. That case is simply
    inapposite to the issue before us. It did not, and could not,
    decide whether § 273.5 was a crime of domestic violence; it
    simply decided whether it was a CIMT. Perhaps a conviction
    under § 273.5 will sometimes be a CIMT;9 perhaps it will
    sometimes be an aggravated felony;10 but it categorically is a
    crime of domestic violence.11
    7
    § 1227(a)(2)(E)(i).
    8
    Id.
    9
    See Morales-Garcia, 
    567 F.3d at
    1066–67.
    10
    See 
    8 U.S.C. §§ 1101
    (a)(43)(F), 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii).
    11
    Marquez raises two other minor issues regarding the BIA’s
    cancellation of removal decision, but we do not have jurisdiction over
    either of them. He argues that the IJ erred when she gave minimal weight
    to certain witness letters, but his failure to make that claim to the BIA
    deprives us of jurisdiction over it. See 
    8 U.S.C. § 1252
    (d)(1); Sola v.
    Holder, 
    720 F.3d 1134
    , 1135 (9th Cir. 2013) (per curiam). We also lack
    MARQUEZ CARRILLO V. HOLDER                           11
    CONCLUSION
    We hold that when Marquez was convicted in 2002 for
    violation of § 273.5, he was convicted of a crime that is
    categorically a crime of domestic violence under
    § 1227(a)(2)(E)(i). The BIA did not err.
    Petition DENIED.
    jurisdiction over his claim that the BIA should have sua sponte reopened
    and remanded to the IJ. See Meija-Hernandez v. Holder, 
    633 F.3d 818
    ,
    823–24 (9th Cir. 2011); Ekimian v. INS, 
    303 F.3d 1153
    , 1159 (9th Cir.
    2002).