Jonathan Troncoso Rios v. Merrick Garland ( 2023 )

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 13 2023
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
No. 19-72176
JONATHAN TRONCOSO RIOS,
Agency No. A202-063-775
Petitioner,
v.
MEMORANDUM*
MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney
General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted February 9, 2023**
Phoenix, Arizona
Before: HAWKINS, GRABER, and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges.
Jonathan Troncoso Rios, a native and citizen of Mexico, seeks review of the
Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) decision affirming an Immigration Judge’s
(“IJ”) order denying his applications for withholding of removal and protection
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without
oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). We have jurisdiction under 8
U.S.C. § 1252, and we deny the petition.
Troncoso Rios seeks withholding of removal on account of his membership
in two particular social groups (“PSG”): (1) nuclear family members; and (2)
witnesses in police investigations into organized crime homicides in Mexico.1 We
conclude that substantial evidence supports the agency’s determination that
Troncoso Rios is not eligible for withholding of removal under either category.
Troncoso Rios first contends he has a well-founded fear of persecution in
Mexico on account of his familial membership. The BIA rejected this claim,
reasoning that, although family is “the quintessential particular social group,” Rios
v. Lynch, 807 F.3d 1123, 1128 (9th Cir. 2015), Troncoso Rios did not establish a
sufficient nexus between the harm alleged and membership in that social group, see
Parada v. Sessions, 902 F.3d 901, 910 (9th Cir. 2018) (stating standard). Substantial
evidence supports the BIA’s nexus determination. Troncoso Rios’s father, a
business owner in Mexico, was extorted and threats were made to his family
1
Troncoso Rios initially sought withholding of removal on account of his
membership in two additional PSGs. Because he abandons those two categories on
appeal, we do not address them. See Martinez-Serrano v. INS, 94 F.3d 1256, 1259–
60 (9th Cir. 1996) (arguments not raised in the opening brief are waived).
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members if he refused to pay. However, Troncoso Rios provided no evidence that
the extortion or threats occurred on account of familial membership.2
Second, substantial evidence likewise supports the BIA’s determination that
Troncoso Rios’s proposed PSG “witnesses in police investigations” is not
cognizable. The PSG is neither socially distinct nor sufficiently particular. See
Reyes v. Lynch, 842 F.3d 1125, 1135–36 (9th Cir. 2016) (stating standard).
Troncoso Rios testified that he found several of his friends murdered at a house party
on March 14, 2011. He provided a statement to the police regarding the event, but
this statement was not on file at the police station, and he never testified in court
against the criminals responsible. There is no evidence that the criminals targeted
Troncoso Rios on account of his statement to the police. Cf. Henriquez-Rivas v.
Holder, 707 F.3d 1081, 1091–92 (9th Cir. 2013) (en banc) (witnesses who testify
publicly in a criminal trial against gang members may constitute a PSG because their
social visibility as a group opposed to gangs is apparent); Matter of H-L-S-A-, 28
I. & N. Dec. 228, 237 (BIA 2021) (witnesses who cooperate with law enforcement
may establish a PSG “particularly where testimony was given in public court
proceedings”).
2
Even assuming that nexus to a cognizable protected ground existed, the BIA
reasonably determined Troncoso Rios could safely relocate within Mexico to avoid
future harm. Troncoso Rios failed to challenge the BIA’s relocation finding in his
opening brief, and we deem the issue waived. See Martinez-Serrano, 94 F.3d at1259–60.
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Finally, in his pursuit of CAT protection Troncoso Rios failed to demonstrate
that he would more likely than not be tortured with the consent or acquiescence of
the Mexican government. 8 C.F.R. §§ 1208.16(c)(2), 1208.18; see Garcia-Milian v.
Holder, 755 F.3d 1026, 1033 (9th Cir. 2014). The BIA’s finding that Troncoso Rios
failed to demonstrate an individualized risk of torture if returned to Mexico is
supported by substantial evidence. See Delgado-Ortiz v. Holder, 600 F.3d 1148,
1152 (9th Cir. 2010) (per curiam) (stating standard).
The stay of removal remains in place until the mandate issues.
PETITION DENIED.
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