Pn v. Seattle School District ( 2007 )


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  •                   FOR PUBLICATION
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
    P.N., parent of T.N., a minor,               No. 04-36141
    Plaintiff-Appellant,           D.C. No.
    v.                         CV-04-00258-JCC
    SEATTLE SCHOOL DISTRICT, NO. 1,                ORDER
    Defendant-Appellee.           AMENDING
    OPINION AND
    AMENDED
          OPINION
    Appeal from the United States District Court
    for the Western District of Washington
    John C. Coughenour, Chief Judge, Presiding
    Argued and Submitted
    June 9, 2006—Seattle, Washington
    Filed August 15, 2006
    Amended January 29, 2007
    Before: David R. Thompson, A. Wallace Tashima, and
    Consuelo M. Callahan, Circuit Judges.
    Opinion by Judge Callahan
    1043
    P.N. v. SEATTLE SCHOOL DIST., NO. 1           1045
    COUNSEL
    Charlotte Cassady, Seattle, Washington, for the plaintiff-
    appellant.
    Lawrence B. Ransom and Tracy M. Miller, Karr Tuttle Camp-
    bell, Seattle Washington, for the defendant-appellee.
    ORDER
    Our opinion filed August 15, 2006, is amended to include
    the following at the end of footnote 7.
    We further note that 20 U.S.C. § 1415 was amended
    subsequent to the underlying events in this case. We
    have no occasion to consider whether these amend-
    ments alter the statutory requirements for an award
    of attorneys’ fees under the IDEA.
    1046          P.N. v. SEATTLE SCHOOL DIST., NO. 1
    With the filing of the amended opinion, Judges Thompson,
    Tashima, and Callahan vote to deny the petition for rehearing,
    and the petition for rehearing is denied.
    The full court has been advised of the suggestion for
    rehearing en banc, and no judge has requested a vote on
    rehearing en banc, the petition for rehearing en banc is denied.
    FED. R. APP. P. 35.
    No further petition for rehearing will be entertained.
    OPINION
    CALLAHAN, Circuit Judge:
    P.N., plaintiff-appellant, filed an action under the Individu-
    als with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”), 20 U.S.C.
    § 1400 et seq., to recover attorneys’ fees incurred in resolving
    a conflict with the Seattle School District (“SSD”) over her
    child’s education. The conflict was resolved by a settlement
    agreement signed only by the parties. The district court held
    that P.N. was not a prevailing party, and thus, not entitled to
    attorneys’ fees under the IDEA because the settlement agree-
    ment lacked any judicial imprimatur. We affirm. We hold,
    consistent with our own precedent and decisions by our sister
    circuits, that (a) the definition of “prevailing party” set forth
    by the Supreme Court in Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc.
    v. W. Va. Dep’t of Health & Human Res., 
    532 U.S. 598
    , 600
    (2001), applies to the IDEA’s attorneys’ fees provision, (b)
    the determination that a parent is a prevailing party requires
    that there be some judicial sanction of the settlement agree-
    ment, and (c) there is no judicial imprimatur of the settlement
    agreement in this case.
    I
    The IDEA seeks “to ensure that all children with disabili-
    ties have available to them a free appropriate public education
    P.N. v. SEATTLE SCHOOL DIST., NO. 1           1047
    that emphasizes special education and related services
    designed to meet their unique needs and prepare them for
    employment and independent living.” 20 U.S.C.
    § 1400(d)(1)(A). To implement the IDEA, schools must pre-
    pare a written Individualized Education Program (“IEP”) for
    each disabled child. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d); Ojai Unified Sch.
    Dist. v. Jackson, 
    4 F.3d 1467
    , 1469 (9th Cir. 1993). “[T]he
    IEP sets out the child’s present educational performance,
    establishes annual and short-term objectives for improve-
    ments in that performance, and describes the specially
    designed instruction and services that will enable each child
    to meet these objectives.” Honig v. Doe, 
    484 U.S. 305
    , 311
    (1988). The statute guarantees parents of disabled children an
    opportunity to participate in the identification, evaluation, and
    placement process. 20 U.S.C. §§ 1414(d)(1)(B)(i), 1415(b)(1).
    Parents who object to their child’s “identification, evaluation,
    or educational placement,” or have a complaint regarding the
    provision of a free appropriate public education for their
    child, can file an administrative complaint and are entitled to
    an impartial due process hearing. 
    Id. §§ 1415(b)(6),
    (f)(1);
    
    Ojai, 4 F.3d at 1469
    . At the due process hearing, parents have
    a right to be accompanied and advised by counsel, present
    evidence, and confront, cross-examine, and compel the atten-
    dance of witnesses. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(h). Parents aggrieved by
    a hearing officer’s findings and decision can file a civil action
    in either federal or state court. 
    Id. § 1415(i)(2);
    Ojai, 4 F.3d
    at 1469
    .
    The IDEA also provides that the parents of a child with a
    disability who is the “prevailing party” may be awarded rea-
    sonable attorneys’ fees. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3)(B). Here, we
    are called upon to determine the legal definition of “prevail-
    ing party” as used in 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3)(B), and whether
    P.N. meets this legal definition.
    II
    For many years, P.N.’s child, T.N., experienced difficulty
    in school, and P.N. repeatedly asked the SSD to evaluate T.N.
    1048          P.N. v. SEATTLE SCHOOL DIST., NO. 1
    for learning disabilities and to provide appropriate special
    education. When SSD failed to do so, P.N. obtained a psycho-
    logical evaluation and enrolled T.N. in a private school. In
    March 2003, P.N. hired an attorney to represent her in
    attempting to obtain special education for T.N. from SSD and
    reimbursement for the costs of psychological evaluation and
    private schooling.
    Over the next seven months P.N. and her attorney corre-
    sponded and met with SSD personnel. By the end of Septem-
    ber 2003, SSD had agreed to fund T.N.’s placement in the
    private school for the summer of 2003 and for the 2003-2004
    school year on a part-time basis, but had not agreed to reim-
    burse P.N. for the expenses associated with T.N.’s private
    evaluation and his enrollment in the private school from
    March through June 2004.
    In November 2003, P.N., through counsel, requested a due
    process hearing under the IDEA. In early January 2004, the
    parties entered into a settlement agreement whereby SSD
    agreed to reimburse P.N. for the costs associated with T.N.’s
    psychological evaluation and attendance at the private school.
    The settlement agreement expressly reserved “any issue of
    attorneys’ fees and costs.” On January 23, 2004, the adminis-
    trative law judge, at P.N.’s request, dismissed the due process
    hearing proceeding.
    On February 4, 2004, P.N. filed in this action for the recov-
    ery of attorneys’ fees and costs under the IDEA. She sought
    $13,653.00 in attorneys’ fees incurred in the due process pro-
    ceedings and attorneys’ fees and costs incurred in the federal
    action to recover fees. In October 2004, the district court
    denied P.N.’s summary judgment motion for attorneys’ fees
    and subsequently dismissed P.N.’s claims with prejudice. P.N.
    filed a timely notice of appeal.
    III
    Although we review a district court’s denial of attorneys’
    fees and costs for an abuse of discretion, any elements of legal
    P.N. v. SEATTLE SCHOOL DIST., NO. 1                    1049
    analysis and statutory interpretation underlying the district
    court’s attorneys’ fees decision are reviewed de novo, and
    factual findings underlying the district court’s decision are
    reviewed for clear error. Carbonell v. I.N.S., 
    429 F.3d 894
    ,
    897 (9th Cir. 2005); Barrios v. Cal. Interscholastic Fed’n,
    
    277 F.3d 1128
    , 1133 (9th Cir. 2003).
    IV
    A.     P.N., as an alleged prevailing party, was entitled to file
    an action for attorneys’ fees under the IDEA
    [1] P.N.’s complaint specifically sought only attorneys’
    fees and costs under the IDEA.1 Although it was revised in
    2004, 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3)(B) continues to provide that the
    court may, in its discretion, award reasonable attorneys’ fees
    as part of costs to a prevailing party who is a parent of a child
    with a disability.2
    1
    20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(A) provides:
    Any party aggrieved by the findings and decision made under
    subsection (f) or (k) of this section who does not have the right
    to an appeal under subsection (g) of this section, and any party
    aggrieved by the findings and decision made under this subsec-
    tion, shall have the right to bring a civil action with respect to the
    complaint presented pursuant to this section, which action may be
    brought in any State court of competent jurisdiction or in a dis-
    trict court of the United States, without regard to the amount in
    controversy.
    2
    In February 2004, when P.N. filed her action, 20 U.S.C.
    § 1415(i)(3)(B) provided that:
    In any action or proceeding brought under this section, the court,
    in its discretion, may award reasonable attorneys’ fees as part of
    the costs to the parents of a child with a disability who is the pre-
    vailing party.
    The statute was revised in 2004. Pub. L. 91-230, Title VI, § 615, as added
    Pub. L. 108-446, Title I, § 101, Dec. 3, 2004, 118 Stat. 2715. Section
    1415(i)(3) now reads, in relevant part:
    1050            P.N. v. SEATTLE SCHOOL DIST., NO. 1
    [2] We have held that the phrase “action or proceeding
    brought under this section” in 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3)(B)
    authorizes the filing of a complaint by a prevailing party seek-
    ing only attorneys’ fees and costs. In Lucht v. Molalla River
    Sch. Dist., 
    225 F.3d 1023
    , 1025 (9th Cir. 2000), parents of an
    autistic son complained to the school district that their son
    was not receiving the special education benefits to which he
    was entitled under the IDEA. 
    Id. After the
    parents filed a
    complaint with the state Department of Education pursuant to
    the state’s Complaint Review Procedure, the parents prevailed
    upon the school district to complete a revised IEP for their
    son. The parents then filed an action in a district court seeking
    to recover attorneys’ fees. 
    Id. The district
    court granted the
    parents’ request for attorneys’ fees and the school district
    appealed. 
    Id. On appeal
    we addressed whether 20 U.S.C.
    § 1415(i)(3)(B) authorized an action solely for attorneys’ fees,
    and concluded:
    Although we have not expressly so held before
    today, our prior cases imply that the district court has
    jurisdiction over a case in which fees are sought
    although liability is established outside the district
    court proceeding itself. See Barlow-Gresham Union
    High Sch. Dist. No. 2 v. Mitchell, 
    940 F.2d 1280
    ,
    (A)    In general
    The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction of
    actions brought under this section without regard to the amount
    in controversy.
    (B)   Award of attorneys’ fees
    (i)   In general
    In any action or proceeding brought under this section, the court,
    in its discretion, may award reasonable attorneys’ fees as part of
    the costs —
    (I) to a prevailing party who is the parent of a child with a dis-
    ability; . . . .
    P.N. v. SEATTLE SCHOOL DIST., NO. 1           1051
    1285 (9th Cir. 1991) (allowing “the prevailing par-
    ents to recover attorneys’ fees when settlement is
    reached prior to the due process hearing”); McSome-
    bodies v. Burlingame Elementary Sch. Dist., 
    897 F.2d 974
    (9th Cir.1989) (awarding the parents of a
    disabled child attorney fees incurred in an adminis-
    trative due process hearing under the Handicapped
    Children’s Protection Act [the predecessor of the
    IDEA]).
    
    Id. at 1026.
    Accordingly, we hold that the IDEA authorizes an
    action solely to recover attorneys’ fees and costs, even if there
    has been no administrative or judicial proceeding to enforce
    a student’s rights under the IDEA. See 
    Barlow-Gresham, 940 F.2d at 1285
    (“We . . . conclude that [the predecessor of
    § 1415(i)(3)(B)] allows the prevailing parents to recover attor-
    neys’ fees when settlement is reached prior to the due process
    hearing.”). We turn next to defining “prevailing party.”
    B.   The Supreme Court has defined “prevailing party” to
    require a judicial imprimatur of the material alteration
    of the parties’ legal relationship
    [3] The critical question is whether P.N. is a “prevailing
    party” and thus eligible for an award of attorneys’ fees as part
    of costs under the IDEA. The term was addressed by the
    Supreme Court in 
    Buckhannon. 532 U.S. at 600
    . There, the
    plaintiffs challenged a West Virginia law requiring all resi-
    dents of residential board and care homes to be capable of
    moving themselves away from imminent danger, such as a
    fire. 
    Id. at 600-01.
    The plaintiffs sought declaratory and
    injunctive relief under the Fair Housing Amendments Act
    (“FHAA”) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”).
    
    Id. While the
    case was pending, the West Virginia state legis-
    lature eliminated the self-preservation requirement, thus ren-
    dering plaintiffs’ action moot. 
    Id. at 601.
    Plaintiffs,
    1052              P.N. v. SEATTLE SCHOOL DIST., NO. 1
    nonetheless, sought attorneys’ fees as the “prevailing party”
    under the FHAA and the ADA. They argued that they “were
    entitled to attorney’s fees under the ‘catalyst theory,’ which
    posited that a plaintiff was a ‘prevailing party’ if he or she
    achieves the desired result because the lawsuit brought about
    a voluntary change in the defendant’s conduct.” 
    Id. Although most
    of the circuits had recognized the “catalyst theory,” the
    Fourth Circuit rejected it. The Supreme Court granted certio-
    rari and affirmed the Fourth Circuit. 
    Id. at 602.
    The Court’s opinion commenced by noting that under the
    American Rule, parties are ordinarily required to bear their
    own attorneys’ fees, but that Congress has authorized the
    award of attorneys’ fees to prevailing parties under numerous
    statutes. 
    Id. Referring to
    Black’s Law Dictionary, the Court
    commented that a “prevailing party” is “one who has been
    awarded some relief by the court” and that this view “can be
    distilled from our prior cases.” 
    Id. at 603.
    The Court recognized that in addition to judgments on the
    merits, “settlement agreements enforced through a consent
    decree may serve as the basis for an award of attorney’s fees.”
    
    Id. at 604.
    This is because although a consent decree does not
    always include an admission of liability, it nonetheless is a
    court-ordered change in the legal relationship between the
    parties. 
    Id. The Court
    observed that several of its prior deci-
    sions “establish that enforceable judgments on the merits and
    court-ordered consent decrees create the ‘material alteration
    of the legal relationship of the parties’ necessary to permit an
    award of attorney’s fees.”3 
    Id. (quoting Tex.
    State Teachers
    3
    The Court further commented:
    We have subsequently characterized the Maher [v. Gegne, 
    448 U.S. 122
    (1980)] opinion as also allowing for an award of attor-
    ney’s fees for private settlements. See Farrar v. Hobby, [
    506 U.S. 103
    ,] at 111, . . . [1992]; Hewitt v. Helms, [
    482 U.S. 755
    ,]
    at 760, . . . [1987]. But this dictum ignores that Maher only “held
    that fees may be assessed . . . after a case has been settled by the
    P.N. v. SEATTLE SCHOOL DIST., NO. 1                  1053
    Ass’n v. Garland Indep. Sch. Dist., 
    489 U.S. 782
    , 792-93
    (1989)).
    [4] The Court held that the “catalyst theory” was too broad
    because it “allows an award where there is no judicially sanc-
    tioned change in the legal relationship of the parties.” 
    Id. at 605.
    It reasoned that a “defendant’s voluntary change in con-
    duct, although perhaps accomplishing what the plaintiff
    sought to achieve by the lawsuit, lacks the necessary judicial
    imprimatur on the change.” 
    Id. The Court
    reinforced the need
    for a judicial imprimatur by noting:
    We have only awarded attorney’s fees where the
    plaintiff has received a judgment on the merits, see,
    e.g., 
    Farrar, supra, at 112
    , . . . or obtained a court-
    ordered consent decree, 
    Maher, supra, at 129-130
    ,
    . . . — we have not awarded attorney’s fees where
    the plaintiff has secured the reversal of a directed
    verdict, see Hanrahan, 446 U.S. [754,] at 759, . . .
    [1980], or acquired a judicial pronouncement that the
    defendant has violated the Constitution unaccompa-
    nied by “judicial relief,” 
    Hewitt, supra, at 760
    , . . .
    (emphasis added). Never have we awarded attor-
    ney’s fees for a nonjudicial “alteration of actual cir-
    cumstances.” Post, at 1856 (dissenting opinion). . . .
    We cannot agree that the term “prevailing party”
    authorizes federal courts to award attorney’s fees to
    a plaintiff who, by simply filing a nonfrivolous but
    entry of a consent decree.” Evans v. Jeff D., 
    475 U.S. 717
    , 720,
    
    106 S. Ct. 1531
    , 
    89 L. Ed. 2d 747
    (1986). Private settlements do
    not entail the judicial approval and oversight involved in consent
    decrees. And federal jurisdiction to enforce a private contractual
    settlement will often be lacking unless the terms of the agreement
    are incorporated into the order of dismissal. See Kokkonen v.
    Guardian Life Ins. Co. of America, 
    511 U.S. 375
    , 
    114 S. Ct. 1673
    ,
    
    128 L. Ed. 2d 391
    (1994).
    532 U.S. at 604
    .
    1054          P.N. v. SEATTLE SCHOOL DIST., NO. 1
    nonetheless potentially meritless lawsuit (it will
    never be determined), has reached the “sought-after
    destination” without obtaining any judicial relief.
    Post, at 1856 (internal quotation marks and citation
    omitted).
    
    Id. at 605-06.
    The Court was not impressed with the argument that legis-
    lative history supported a broad reading of “prevailing party.”
    
    Id. at 607.
    It doubted “that legislative history could overcome
    what we think is the rather clear meaning of ‘prevailing party’
    — the term actually used in the statute.” 
    Id. Indeed, the
    Court
    observed that the legislative history cited by petitioners was
    “at best ambiguous,” and that in view of the American Rule,
    attorney’s fees would not be awarded absent “explicit statu-
    tory authority.” 
    Id. The opinion
    concluded with the Court reit-
    erating that a “request for attorneys’ fees should not result in
    a second major litigation,” and noting that it had “avoided an
    interpretation of the fee-shifting statutes that would have
    spawn[ed] a second litigation of significant dimension.” 
    Id. at 609
    (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
    C.   We have adopted Buckhannon’s               definition   of
    “prevailing party” for IDEA cases
    Any questions as to whether we would apply Buckhannon’s
    definition of “prevailing party” to actions brought under the
    IDEA have been dispelled by our decisions in Shapiro v. Par-
    adise Valley Unified Sch. Dist., 
    374 F.3d 857
    , 865 (9th Cir.
    2004), and Carbonell v. INS, 
    429 F.3d 894
    , 899 (9th Cir.
    2005).
    [5] In Shapiro, plaintiffs filed an action in a district court
    under the IDEA. The district court eventually granted plain-
    tiffs some of the attorneys’ fees they requested, and plaintiffs
    
    appealed. 374 F.3d at 861
    . In affirming the district court’s
    award of attorneys’ fees, we followed a “consistent line of
    P.N. v. SEATTLE SCHOOL DIST., NO. 1                  1055
    precedent from our own and other circuits” and concluded
    that “Buckhannon’s definition of ‘prevailing party’ applies to
    the IDEA’s attorneys’ fees provision. 20 U.S.C.
    § 1415(i)(3)(B).” 
    Id. at 865.
    We held that “[e]ssentially, in
    order to be considered a prevailing party after Buckhannon, a
    plaintiff must not only achieve some material alteration of the
    legal relationship of the parties, but that change must also be
    judicially sanctioned.” 
    Shapiro, 374 F.3d at 865
    (quoting
    Roberson v. Giuliani, 
    346 F.3d 75
    , 79 (2d Cir.2003))(internal
    quotation marks omitted, emphasis added). Our determination
    that Buckhannon’s definition of “prevailing party” applies to
    the attorneys’ fees provision of the IDEA is in accord with
    decisions of other circuit courts.4
    P.N. attempts to distinguish Shapiro by noting that in Bar-
    
    rios, 277 F.3d at 1134
    , we commented that a plaintiff who had
    entered into a private settlement was a prevailing party in his
    action under the ADA. P.N. points out that in Barrios we
    characterized as dictum the judicial sanction component of
    Buckhannon’s definition of prevailing party.5 This character-
    4
    See Doe v. Boston Pub. Sch., 
    358 F.3d 20
    , 30 (1st Cir. 2004) (holding
    that Buckhannon applies to the IDEA and that IDEA plaintiffs who
    achieve their desired result via private settlement may not, in the absence
    of a judicial imprimatur, be considered “prevailing parties”); J.C. v. Reg’l
    Sch. Dist. 10 v. Rivero, 
    278 F.3d 119
    , 125 (2d Cir. 2002) (holding that
    Buckhannon governs plaintiff’s claims pursuant to the IDEA); John T. v.
    Del. County Intermediate Unit, 
    318 F.3d 545
    , 555 (3d Cir. 2003) (holding
    that Buckhannon applies to the IDEA’s fee-shifting provision); T.D. v.
    LaGrange Sch. Dist. No. 102, 
    349 F.3d 469
    , 478 (7th Cir. 2003) (holding
    that Buckhannon is applicable to the IDEA); and Alegria v. Dist. of
    Columbia, 
    391 F.3d 262
    , 263 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (holding Buckhannon
    applies to the IDEA’s fee-shifting provisions).
    5
    In a footnote, after observing that following Buckhannon we had
    rejected the catalyst theory, we wrote:
    While dictum in Buckhannon suggests that a plaintiff “prevails”
    only when he or she receives a favorable judgment on the merits
    or enters into a court supervised consent 
    decree, 121 S. Ct. at 1840
    n. 7, we are not bound by that dictum, particularly when it
    1056            P.N. v. SEATTLE SCHOOL DIST., NO. 1
    ization, however, was itself dictum as the settlement in
    Barrios was clearly judicially enforceable.6 
    Id. (“Given that
    Barrios can enforce the terms of the settlement agreement
    against the [defendants], the district court correctly concluded
    that Barrios was the ‘prevailing party’ in his civil rights litiga-
    tion.”).
    The suggestion that we have declined to accept the defini-
    tion of “prevailing party” as requiring some judicial imprima-
    tur is foreclosed by our decision in Carbonell, 
    429 F.3d 894
    .
    In Carbonell, the plaintiff appealed from the district court’s
    denial of attorneys’ fees under the Equal Access to Justice
    Act, contending that he qualified as a prevailing party because
    he had obtained a court order incorporating a voluntary stipu-
    lation which awarded him a substantial portion of the relief he
    sought. 
    Id. at 895.
    The district court denied attorneys’ fees,
    citing Buckhannon. 
    Id. at 898.
    We vacated and remanded. We held that under Buckhan-
    non, for a litigant to be a “prevailing party” for the purpose
    of awarding attorneys’ fees, he must meet two criteria: “he
    must achieve a ‘material alteration of the legal relationship of
    the parties,’ ” and “that alteration must be ‘judicially sanc-
    tioned.’ ” 
    Id. at 898
    (quoting 
    Buckhannon, 532 U.S. at 604
    -
    05). We rejected any overly narrow interpretation of “judicial
    action sufficient to convey prevailing party status,” 
    id., but concluded:
    runs contrary to this court’s holding in Fischer[ v. SJB-P.D., Inc.,
    
    214 F.3d 1115
    (9th Cir. 2000)], by which we are bound. More-
    over, the parties, in their settlement, agreed that the district court
    would retain jurisdiction over the issue of attorneys’ fees, thus
    providing sufficient judicial oversight to justify an award of attor-
    neys’ fees and costs.
    Bar
    rios, 277 F.3d at 1134
    n.5.
    6
    The thrust of our opinion in Barrios was that the district court had
    erred in concluding that the benefits Barrios obtained in the settlement
    agreement were de minimis. 
    Id. at 1137.
                  P.N. v. SEATTLE SCHOOL DIST., NO. 1            1057
    [I]n recognizing that a litigant can “prevail” for the
    purpose of awarding attorney’s fees as a result of
    judicial action other than a judgment on the merits or
    a consent decree (provided that such action has suffi-
    cient “judicial imprimatur”), this court is in agree-
    ment with the vast majority of other circuits that
    have considered this issue since Buckhannon.
    
    Id. at 899
    (emphasis added).
    In support of our conclusion we cited Pres. Coal. v. Fed.
    Transit Admin., 
    356 F.3d 444
    , 452 (2d Cir. 2004)
    (“Buckhannon does not limit fee awards to enforceable judg-
    ments on the merits or to consent decrees.”), 
    LaGrange, 349 F.3d at 478
    (“Buckhannon held that to be a ‘prevailing party’
    a litigant must have obtained a judgment on the merits, a con-
    sent decree, or some similar form of judicially sanctioned
    relief.”), Truesdell v. Phila. Hous. Auth., 
    290 F.3d 159
    , 165
    (3d Cir. 2002) (“We do not agree with the District Court’s
    conclusion that the parties’ settlement was an inappropriate
    basis for an award of attorney’s fees.” (emphasis in original)),
    Am. Disability Ass’n, Inc. v. Chmielarz, 
    289 F.3d 1315
    , 1319
    (11th Cir. 2002) (“[T]he district court[’s interpretation of]
    Buckhannon to stand for the proposition that a plaintiff could
    be a ‘prevailing party’ only if it achieved one of those two
    results . . . is overly narrow.”), and Smyth v. Rivero, 
    282 F.3d 268
    , 281 (4th Cir. 2002) (“We doubt that the Supreme Court’s
    guidance in Buckhannon was intended to be interpreted so
    restrictively as to require that the words ‘consent decree’ be
    used explicitly.”).
    [6] Thus, although there may remain some uncertainty as
    to what might constitute a “judicial imprimatur,” the exis-
    tence of some judicial sanction is a prerequisite in this circuit
    for a determination that a plaintiff is a “prevailing party” and
    entitled to an award of attorneys’ fees as part of costs under
    the IDEA.
    1058            P.N. v. SEATTLE SCHOOL DIST., NO. 1
    Again, our position is in accord with the position taken by
    our sister circuits. The First Circuit noted that at the core of
    the Supreme Court’s reasoning was the concept of judicial
    imprimatur without which “a federal court may be unable to
    retain jurisdiction so it can oversee execution of the settle-
    ment.” 
    Doe, 358 F.3d at 24
    . The Third Circuit observed that
    the Buckhannon court “concluded that in order to be a ‘pre-
    vailing party,’ a party must be ‘successful’ in the sense that
    it has been awarded some relief by a court.” John 
    T., 318 F.3d at 556
    (emphasis in original). The Seventh Circuit has held
    that central to Buckhannon’s conclusion “was its finding that
    the term ‘prevailing party’ was ‘a legal term of art’ which sig-
    nified that the party had been granted relief by a court.”
    
    LaGrange, 349 F.3d at 474
    .
    D.    There is no judicial imprimatur of the settlement
    agreement
    [7] Although P.N. can show the material alteration neces-
    sary to meet the first prong of the prevailing party test, the
    settlement agreement did not receive any judicial imprimatur.
    The document is entitled “Settlement Agreement and Waiver
    and Release of Claims,” and does not appear to contemplate
    any judicial enforcement. The agreement does reserve “any
    issue of attorneys’ fees and costs.” This matter, however, was
    not referred to any court, but was “left for resolution by meth-
    ods other than by this Agreement and Release.” Thus, when
    P.N. filed this action two weeks after the administrative law
    judge dismissed the due process proceeding, there was noth-
    ing that could be construed as a “judicial sanction” of the
    agreement and nothing to suggest that any judicial imprimatur
    was contemplated.7
    7
    There is language in P.N. v. Clementon Bd. of Educ., 
    442 F.3d 848
    (3d
    Cir. 2006), indicating that a consent decree entered by an administrative
    law judge may meet the judicial imprimatur prong of “prevailing party,”
    at least where the consent order is “enforceable through an action under
    28 U.S.C. § 1983 and under state law.” 
    Id. at 854-55.
    We need not con-
    P.N. v. SEATTLE SCHOOL DIST., NO. 1                  1059
    V
    [8] Through the IDEA, P.N. secured some special educa-
    tion benefits for her child from SSD. Accordingly, P.N. meets
    the first prong of the test for prevailing party; P.N. achieved
    a material alteration of the legal relationship of the parties.
    However, P.N. resolved her differences with SSD through a
    settlement agreement and there is nothing in the record that
    we can construe as a judicial sanction of that agreement.
    Accordingly, we are constrained by the Supreme Court’s
    opinion in Buckhannon, and our decisions in Carbonell and
    Shapiro, to hold that P.N. is not a “prevailing party” as that
    term is used in 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3)(B), and thus not enti-
    tled under that statute to attorneys’ fees as part of costs. The
    district court’s dismissal of P.N.’s action is
    AFFIRMED.
    sider the Third Circuit’s approach as here the settlement agreement was
    only signed by the parties and no consent decree was entered by any
    administrative law judge or hearing officer. We further note that 20 U.S.C.
    § 1415 was amended subsequent to the underlying events in this case. We
    have no occasion to consider whether these amendments alter the statutory
    requirements for an award of attorneys’ fees under the IDEA.
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 04-36141

Filed Date: 1/29/2007

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 10/13/2015

Authorities (22)

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