Steven O'Brien v. R.C. Willey Home Furnishings ( 2018 )

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
DEC 19 2018
STEVEN O’BRIEN, No. 16-16677 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No.
2:15-cv-00329-RCJ-CWH
v.
R.C. WILLEY HOME FURNISHINGS, ORDER
Defendant-Appellee.
Before: WALLACE and CALLAHAN, Circuit Judges, and SELNA,*
District Judge.
The Court grants Defendant-Appellee R.C. Willey Home Furnishing’s
Petition for Panel Rehearing .
The Court amends the first sentence in the second full paragraph, page 2 of
its Memorandum as follows: “Here, neither party disputes that R.C. Willey
discharged O’Brien because he presented for work with a .067% blood alcohol
level as a result of the lawful use of alcohol outside R.C. Willey’s premises during
his nonworking hours.”
The Court is simultaneously issuing an amended Memorandum.
All other relief is denied.
*
The Honorable James V. Selna, United States District Judge for the Central District of
California, sitting by designation.
NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 19 2018
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
STEVEN O’BRIEN, No. 16-16677
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No.
2:15-cv-00329-RCJ-CWH
v.
R.C. WILLEY HOME FURNISHINGS, AMENDED MEMORANDUM*
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Nevada
Robert Clive Jones, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted March 12, 2018
San Francisco, California
Before: WALLACE and CALLAHAN, Circuit Judges, and SELNA,** District
Judge.
Plaintiff-Appellant Steven O’Brien (“O’Brien”) appeals from the judgment
of the district court in which: (1) the district court denied O’Brien’s motion for
partial summary judgement on his Nev. Rev. Stat. § 613.333 claim; and (2) the
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The Honorable James V. Selna, United States District Judge for the
Central District of California, sitting by designation.
district court granted summary judgment in favor of Defendant-Appellee R.C.
Willey Home Furnishings (“R.C. Willey”) on all claims. We have jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
1. We reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of
R.C. Willey on the Nev. Rev. Stat. § 613.333 claim. Under Nevada law, it is
unlawful for an employer to:
Discharge or otherwise discriminate against any employee concerning
the employee’s compensation, terms, conditions or privileges of
employment,
because the employee engages in the lawful use in this state of any
product outside the premises of the employer during the employee’s
nonworking hours, if that use does not adversely affect the employee’s
ability to perform his or her job or the safety of other employees.
Nev. Rev. Stat. § 613.333(1)(b).
Here, neither party disputes that R.C. Willey discharged O’Brien because he
presented for work with a .067% blood alcohol level as a result of the lawful use of
alcohol outside R.C. Willey’s premises during his nonworking hours. However,
genuine disputes remain regarding whether O’Brien’s use of alcohol adversely
affected his ability to perform his job or the safety of other employees.
Specifically, there is a genuine dispute of material fact regarding whether O’Brien
was actually available to drive on September 25, 2013, given that he had been
placed on light duty, was required to work at a pay rate substantially below what
he was paid as a commercial driver, was prescribed narcotic and opioid pain
2 16-16677
medications, and was medically restricted from sitting for longer than he could
tolerate. Moreover, if O’Brien was performing only a light duty position and was
not available to drive, there is a genuine dispute as to whether his alcohol use
adversely affected the safety of other employees because a reasonable jury could
conclude that managing paperwork and handling delivery calls, even while
intoxicated, did not pose a safety risk to other employees.
We also affirm the district court’s denial of O’Brien’s motion for partial
summary judgment on the Nev. Rev. Stat. § 613.333 claim. 1
Accordingly, the action is remanded to the district court for further
proceedings consistent with this decision.
2. We affirm the district court’s summary judgment in favor of R.C.
Willey on O’Brien’s Americans With Disabilities Act (“ADA”) claim. The ADA
makes it unlawful to discharge a person with a qualifying disability on account of
that disability. 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a). The McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting
1
The district court’s determination that a Nevada Department of Administration
Appeals Officer’s findings were entitled to preclusive effect was erroneous
because issue preclusion is inapplicable when the burden of persuasion shifts
between the parties in two proceedings. See Dias v. Elique, 436 F.3d 1125, 1129
(9th Cir. 2006); Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 28, Westlaw (database
updated June 2018); 18 Charles Alan Wright, et al., Federal Practice & Procedure
§ 4422 (3d ed.), Westlaw (database updated Apr. 2017). Nevertheless, this error is
not grounds for reversal because the court narrowly construed the findings such
that they did not entitle O’Brien to partial summary judgment on the § 613.333
claim.
3 16-16677
analysis applies to disability discrimination claims under the ADA. See Snead v.
Metro. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 237 F.3d 1080, 1093 (9th Cir. 2001).
Under McDonnell Douglas, a plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case
of discrimination. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802
(1973). Once a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the
employer to provide a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the discharge. See
id. If the employer does so, the burden shifts back to the employee to show that
the employer’s proffered reason was a pretext for discrimination. See id. at 804;
Snead, 247 F.3d at 1093.
To establish a prima facie case of discrimination under the ADA, O’Brien
must show that he “(1) is disabled; (2) is qualified; and (3) suffered an adverse
employment action because of [his] disability.” Snead, 237 F.3d at 1087. The
parties do not dispute that O’Brien is a disabled person within the meaning of the
ADA or that he is qualified to perform his job. Furthermore, causation may be
inferred from timing alone where an employee is terminated shortly after his
employer discovers that he is disabled. See Davis v. Team Elec. Co., 520 F.3d
1080, 1094 (9th Cir. 2008). Because O’Brien was terminated shortly after the date
that he was injured, the temporal proximity between his injury and his termination
supports an inference of causation. Therefore, we conclude that O’Brien
established a prima facie case of discrimination.
4 16-16677
However, R.C. Willey articulated a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for
O’Brien’s termination by presenting evidence that O’Brien was terminated because
of the results of the breathalyzer tests he took on September 25, 2013, and his
violation of R.C. Willey’s alcohol policy. Because O’Brien failed to present
sufficient evidence of pretext to rebut this legitimate justification, his ADA claim
fails at the third stage of the McDonnell Douglas analysis. Even though the district
court found that O’Brien’s claim failed at the prima facie case stage of the
McDonnell Douglas analysis, we nevertheless affirm on this alternative ground.
3. We affirm the district court’s summary judgment in favor of R.C.
Willey on O’Brien’s retaliatory discharge claim. Nevada recognizes a “narrow”
exception to the at-will employment doctrine, which provides that “retaliatory
discharge by an employer stemming from the filing of a workmen’s compensation
claim by an injured employee is actionable in tort.” Hansen v. Harrah’s, 675 P.2d
394, 397 (Nev. 1984). Under this exception, “a plaintiff must demonstrate that his
protected conduct was the proximate cause of his discharge.” Allum v. Valley
Bank of Nev., 970 P.2d 1062, 1066 (Nev. 1998) (emphasis omitted). A retaliatory
discharge claim cannot be based upon a mixed motives theory. Id.Here, O’Brien has not demonstrated that his filing of a workers’
compensation claim was the proximate cause of his discharge. Instead, the
evidence indicates that there is no genuine dispute that R.C. Willey terminated
5 16-16677
O’Brien, at least in part, for violating the company’s alcohol policy. Because
O’Brien cannot maintain a retaliatory discharge claim where the filing of a
workers’ compensation claim was at most a motivating factor, see id., R.C. Willey
was entitled to summary judgment. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s
summary judgment in favor of R.C. Willey on the retaliatory discharge claim.
4. Finally, the dissent agrees that there is a genuine dispute regarding
O’Brien’s availability to drive and on that basis concludes that the result for the
ADA and retaliatory discharge claims should be different. Dissent 1–4. However,
even if R.C. Willey was mistaken about O’Brien’s availability to drive and
O’Brien was tested as a result of this mistake, this error does not vitiate the
legitimacy of the grounds for his termination. Demonstrating that an employer’s
legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for termination was based on a mistake does
not show pretext. See Dep’t of Fair Emp’t & Hous. v. Lucent Techs., Inc., 642
F.3d 728, 746 (9th Cir. 2011); U.S. E.E.O.C. v. Republic Servs., Inc., 640 F. Supp.
2d 1267, 1313–14 (D. Nev. 2009); McKinney v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 641 F. Supp.
2d 962, 973 (C.D. Cal. 2009).
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
Each party shall bear their own costs.
6 16-16677
FILED
O’Brien v. R.C. Willey Home Furnishings, No. 16-16677
DEC 19 2018
Callahan, J., dissenting in part: MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
I agree with the majority that issue preclusion does not apply to Plaintiff-
Appellant Steven O’Brien’s claim brought under Nev. Rev. Stat. § 613.333, and
that the district court properly denied O’Brien’s motion for partial summary
judgment on the § 613.333 claim. I respectfully dissent, however, from the
remainder of the majority’s decision affirming in part and reversing in part the
district court’s grant of summary judgment to Defendant-Appellee R.C. Willey
Home Furnishings.
First, whether R.C. Willey violated O’Brien’s civil rights for purposes of his
Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) and retaliatory discharge claims requires
determining, as an initial matter, whether O’Brien was available to drive on
September 25, 2013. The majority acknowledges this is a disputed issue of
material fact given O’Brien’s “light duty” status and prescribed narcotic and opioid
medications. It also finds that a tight temporal nexus between O’Brien’s injury
and the date of his termination “supports an inference of causation.” Yet the
majority incongruously concludes that R.C. Willey articulated a legitimate,
nondiscriminatory, non-pretextual reason for terminating O’Brien: his violation of
R.C. Willey’s policy against having a blood alcohol level above .04% while on
duty.
1
Second, the majority reverses on an issue where it should affirm. The
majority holds that O’Brien states an actionable claim under Nev. Rev. Stat.
§ 613.333 because it finds O’Brien was terminated for his off-duty drinking. Not
so. As the majority accurately states in the context of O’Brien’s ADA and
retaliatory discharge claims, O’Brien was terminated when he violated R.C.
Willey’s policy while at work.
I. The Americans With Disabilities Act and Retaliatory Discharge Claims
A prima facie case of discrimination under the ADA requires a plaintiff to
show that he “(1) is disabled; (2) is qualified; and (3) suffered an adverse
employment action because of [his] disability.” Snead v. Metro. Prop. & Cas. Ins.
Co., 237 F.3d 1080, 1087 (9th Cir. 2001). I agree with my colleagues that O’Brien
establishes a prima facie case of discrimination for the reasons stated by the
majority. Where I part ways is on whether R.C. Willey rebuts that showing. The
answer to that question hinges on the resolution of a disputed issue of material
fact—O’Brien’s availability to drive in his post-injury, “light duty” position.
O’Brien’s availability to drive bears directly on whether R.C. Willey’s
averred justification for his termination was pretextual. If O’Brien could not have
been dispatched to operate a commercial vehicle, then R.C. Willey’s administration
of the breathalyzer test was likely inconsistent with federal law. Federal
regulations provide that “[a] driver shall only be tested for alcohol while the driver
2
is performing safety-sensitive functions, just before the driver is to perform safety-
sensitive functions, or just after the driver has ceased performing such functions.”1
49 C.F.R. § 382.305(m) (emphasis added).
O’Brien argues he was unavailable to drive a commercial truck—and thus
ineligible to “perform[] safety-sensitive functions”—after R.C. Willey placed him
on “light duty” status because he was prescribed pain medications that, by law,
barred him from operating commercial vehicles. He also contends that R.C. Willey
knew he was medically restricted from operating such vehicles. Moreover, it is
undisputed O’Brien told his supervisors that he had been drinking at night to help
with his pain, and that they administered a breathalyzer test to him in the morning,
thereby increasing the likelihood the test results would be positive. If O’Brien is
correct that he was ineligible to “perform[] safety-sensitive functions” in his “light
duty” position, then it is at best unclear why R.C. Willey administered the
breathalyzer test when doing so appears to be inconsistent with federal law. A jury
could reasonably conclude that, under the circumstances, testing O’Brien and then
firing him for failing the breathalyzer test was a pretext for an ulterior motive.
1
See also 49 C.F.R. § 382.107 (defining a “safety-sensitive function” as a
period in which a driver “is actually performing, ready to perform, or immediately
available to perform any safety-sensitive functions”); 49 C.F.R. § 382.107(“[s]afety-sensitive functions” include time spent “waiting to be dispatched, unless
the driver has been relieved from duty by the employer”).
3
O’Brien’s retaliatory discharge claim turns on the same disputed fact. As the
majority recognizes, Nevada law prohibits terminating an employee for filing a
workers’ compensation claim—something O’Brien did fourteen days after he was
injured. Hansen v. Harrah’s, 675 P.2d 394, 397 (Nev. 1984). “[A] plaintiff must
demonstrate that his protected conduct was the proximate cause of his discharge.”
Allum v. Valley Bank of Nev., 970 P.2d 1062, 1066 (Nev. 1998) (emphasis in
original).
The majority concludes that “O’Brien’s termination was based solely on the
results of the breathalyzer tests and his violation of R.C. Willey’s alcohol policy,”
and not on his workers’ compensation claim stemming from his injury. But, as
with O’Brien’s ADA claim, determining whether O’Brien’s injury and subsequent
claim was the proximate cause of his termination runs through an inquiry into
O’Brien’s availability to drive. Accordingly, I would reverse the district court and
deny summary judgment to R.C. Willey on his ADA and retaliatory discharge
claims.
II. The Nev. Rev. Stat. § 613.333 Claim
Nevada law bars an employer from terminating an employee for the
employee’s lawful off-duty, off-premises activities. Nev. Rev. Stat.
§ 613.333(1)(b). Section 613.333(1)(b) provides that an employer may not
4
[d]ischarge or otherwise discriminate against any employee
concerning the employee’s compensation, terms, conditions or
privileges of employment,
because the employee engages in the lawful use in this state of any
product outside the premises of the employer during the employee’s
nonworking hours, if that use does not adversely affect the employee’s
ability to perform his or her job or the safety of other employees.
The majority holds that O’Brien defeats summary judgment on his
§ 613.333 claim because, it finds, “neither party disputes that R.C. Willey
discharged O’Brien because he presented for work with a .067% blood alcohol
level as a result of the lawful use of alcohol outside R.C. Willey’s premises during
his nonworking hours,” and because a genuine dispute remains whether his use of
alcohol “adversely affected his ability to perform his job or the safety of other
employees.” I agree that because it is disputed whether O’Brien was available to
drive, it is unclear whether his alcohol consumption impaired anyone’s safety.
I do not, however, agree that O’Brien was terminated for his off-duty
drinking. Rather, both O’Brien and R.C. Willey are in accord that O’Brien was
terminated for violating the company’s policy against arriving at work with a blood
alcohol level above .04%, not for his off-duty drinking. R.C. Willey is emphatic on
this point, and O’Brien has acknowledged it, alleging that he was terminated “due
to the results of the September 25, 2013 Breathalyzer tests.” Pls. Mot. for Partial
Summ. J. at 4 (Dist. Ct. Dkt. No. 25). Indeed, the record is bereft of evidence
supporting a necessary element of a § 613.333(b)(1) claim: that O’Brien was
5
terminated for “engag[ing] in the lawful use” of alcohol “during [his] nonworking
hours.” Put another way, O’Brien proffers no evidence showing that R.C. Willey
terminated him for lawfully drinking off-duty rather than for being at work with
alcohol in his system. Accordingly, I would affirm the district court’s grant of
summary judgment to R.C. Willey on the § 613.333 claim.
I respectfully dissent.
6