United States v. Joseph Scott , 626 F. App'x 722 ( 2015 )

FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION SEP 30 2015
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 14-30162
Plaintiff - Appellee, D.C. No. 2:13-cr-00156-MJP-1
v.
MEMORANDUM*
JOSEPH DANIEL SCOTT,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Washington
Marsha J. Pechman, Chief District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted September 4, 2015
Seattle, Washington
Before: NOONAN, HAWKINS, and GOULD, Circuit Judges.
Joseph Scott appeals the ten-year period of supervised release that was
imposed for his failure to register as a sex offender under 18 U.S.C. § 2250.
Specifically, Scott challenges the length of supervised release on the grounds of
ineffective assistance of counsel as well as the district court’s adoption of a
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
miscalculated Sentencing Guidelines range. Scott pleaded guilty and waived many
of his appellate rights in his plea agreement. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a), and we vacate and remand for re-sentencing.
We review the validity of a waiver of the right to appeal de novo. See, e.g.,
United States v. Lightfoot, 626 F.3d 1092, 1094 (9th Cir. 2010). Although a
defendant may waive the statutory right to appeal, a clear statement from the
district court that a defendant has the right to appeal can invalidate a prior written
waiver. United States v. Buchanan, 59 F.3d 914, 917–18 (9th Cir. 1995). The
district court’s statement must be both “unambiguous” and “without qualification.”
United States v. Arias-Espinosa, 704 F.3d 616, 619 (9th Cir. 2012) (citations and
internal quotations omitted). We also consider “the defendant’s reasonable
expectations about his rights.” Id. at 618. Here, the district court told Scott that
“[i]f you want to appeal the sentence that I have just given you, it’s very important
that you tell your lawyer . . . . [H]e can also speak with you about what issues
might be appealable.” When asked if he understood what he had just been told,
Scott answered, “Yes.” The district court’s statement was unambiguous and
without qualification, and gave Scott the expectation that he could appeal his
sentence. Therefore the appellate waiver was invalidated and Scott retained the
right to bring this appeal.
2
We review the district court’s calculation of the Sentencing Guidelines for
plain error because Scott did not raise this issue before the district court.1 See Fed.
R. Crim. P. 52(b); United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 731–32 (1993). Plain
error requires (1) an error (2) that is plain (3) that affects substantial rights and (4)
seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.
Olano, 507 U.S. at 732. “An error is plain if it is ‘contrary to the law at the time of
appeal . . .’” United States v. Ameline, 409 F.3d 1073, 1078 (9th Cir. 2005) (en
banc) (quoting Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 468 (1997)). There does
not need to be an appellate case directly on point when “the clear text and structure
of the statute, along with the Sentencing Guidelines, are sufficient to show that the
error was ‘plain.’” United States v. Joseph, 716 F.3d 1273, 1280 (9th Cir. 2013)
(citing United States v. Waknine, 543 F.3d 546, 552–53 (9th Cir. 2008)).
Here, the Presentence Investigation Report (PSR) miscalculated the
supervised release range under the Guidelines at five years to life, mistakenly
viewing failure to register as a “sex offense” under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines
1
Scott argues that we are not limited to plain error and could decide this
issue de novo because this case presents a question of pure law and there is no
prejudice to the government that resulted from Scott’s failure to object. See, e.g.,
United States v. Joseph, 716 F.3d 1273, 1276 n.4 (9th Cir. 2013). However,
because we conclude that there was plain error, we need not address this issue
under a less deferential standard.
3
Manual (U.S.S.G.) § 5D1.2(b)(2) (2013).2 The district court erroneously adopted
this miscalculation. The Application Notes to the 2013 Guidelines define “sex
offense” as an offense “perpetrated against a minor.” U.S.S.G. § 5D1.2, cmt. n.1
(2013). As was correctly stated in the PSR, which the district court accepted in
full, there was no victim for Scott’s failure to register as a sex offender. The
supervised release range for failure to register was in fact five years, not five years
to life. See U.S.S.G. § 5D1.2(a)(2), (c); 18 U.S.C. § 3559(a)(3); 18 U.S.C.
§ 2250(a); 18 U.S.C. § 3583(k). The district court erred when it adopted the
incorrect Guidelines range, and because the error was “contrary to the law” in light
of the clear text of the statutes and the Guidelines Application Notes, the error was
plain.
To demonstrate that a plain error affected substantial rights, defendants must
show “a reasonable probability that [they] would have received a different sentence
if the district court had not erred.” Joseph, 716 F.3d at 1280 (citations and internal
quotation marks omitted). There is a reasonable probability that the district court
would have imposed a shorter period of supervised release had it not adopted the
2
Scott’s case is decided under the 2013 Sentencing Guidelines. The 2014
Guidelines, which came into effect on November 1, 2014, amended Application
Note 1 to make explicit that failure to register is not a “sex offense.” U.S.S.G. app.
C, supp., amendment 786 (Nov. 1, 2014).
4
miscalculated Guidelines range. The reasons the district court gave for imposing
the ten years of supervised release, including paralleling a state period of
supervision, are not sufficient to cast significant doubt on this reasonable
probability. We have long held that a legal error that may extend the length of a
defendant’s sentence affects the fairness, integrity, and public reputation of judicial
proceedings. See, e.g., United States v. Tapia, 665 F.3d 1059, 1063 (9th Cir. 2011)
(collecting cases). The district court plainly erred in adopting the miscalculation of
the Guidelines range.
We vacate the supervised release sentence and remand for re-sentencing on
this ground. We need not reach the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel.
VACATED AND REMANDED.
5