Adams v. United States Forest Service ( 2012 )

FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
GAYE ADAMS, GREG LEWIS, DANIEL 
PATTERSON, and CHRISTINE M.
WALLACE,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
No. 10-16711
v.
D.C. No.
UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE,  4:08-CV-00283-
JEANINE DERBY, Forest Supervisor RCC
for Coronado National Forest, and
OPINION
ANN BIRMINGHAM SCHEEL, Acting
United States Attorney for the
District of Arizona,
Defendants-Appellees.

On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Arizona
Raner C. Collins, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted
November 15, 2011—San Francisco, California
Filed February 9, 2012
Before: Alex Kozinski, Chief Judge, Carlos T. Bea,
Circuit Judge, and Robert W. Gettleman, District Judge.*
Opinion by Judge Gettleman
*The Honorable Robert W. Gettleman, Senior United States District
Judge for the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
1431
1434 ADAMS v. USFS
COUNSEL
Matt Kenna (argued), Public Interest Environmental Law,
Durango, Colorado, and Mary Ellen Barilotti, Hood River,
Oregon, for the appellants.
Ignacia S. Moreno, Assistant Attorney General, and Andrew
C. Mergen, David C. Shilton, and Nicholas A. DiMascio
(argued), United States Department of Justice, Environmental
and Natural Resources Division, Washington, DC, for the
appellees.
OPINION
GETTLEMAN, District Judge:
The Federal Lands Recreation Enhancement Act (“REA”)
prohibits the United States Forest Service from charging fees
“[s]olely for parking, undesignated parking, or picnicking
along roads or trailsides,” for “hiking through . . . without
using the facilities and services,” and “[f]or camping at unde-
veloped sites . . . .” 16 U.S.C. § 6802(d)(1)(A), (D) & (E).
Despite these clear prohibitions, the Forest Service collects
fees from all drivers who park their vehicles in a mile-wide
piece of the Coronado National Forest running along the 28–
mile Catalina Highway, the only paved road to the summit of
Mount Lemmon, a heavily used recreational area an hour’s
drive from downtown Tucson, Arizona.
Four recreational visitors sued,1 seeking a declaration that
1
Also named as defendants were the Forest Supervisor for the Coronado
National Forest and the United States Attorney for the District of Arizona.
Defendants will be referred to herein collectively as the “Forest Service.”
Ann Birmingham Scheel, Acting United States Attorney for the District of
Arizona, is substituted for Diane J. Humetewa pursuant to Fed. R. App.
P. 43(c)(2).
ADAMS v. USFS 1435
the Forest Service was exceeding the scope of its authority
under the REA by charging fees to those who drive to Mount
Lemmon, park their cars, then picnic, hike, or camp in nearby
undeveloped areas. Plaintiffs also sought to enjoin the Forest
Service from collecting such fees. The district court granted
defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. Plaintiffs
appealed. Because plaintiffs are correct that the Forest Ser-
vice’s fee structure contravenes the plain language of the
REA, we reverse the district court’s dismissal of Count I2 and
remand to allow plaintiffs to pursue that claim.
BACKGROUND3
[1] Everyone is entitled to enter national forests without
paying a cent. 16 U.S.C. § 6802(e)(2) (“The Secretary shall
not charge an entrance fee for Federal recreational lands . . .
managed by . . . the Forest Service.”). The Forest Service
may, however, charge a “standard amenity recreation fee” in
an “area”:
(A) that provides significant opportunities for out-
door recreation;
(B) that has substantial Federal investments;
(C) where fees can be efficiently collected; and
(D) that contains all of the following amenities:
2
The district court also found that two of the four plaintiffs should be
dismissed on claim and issue preclusion grounds, and that Counts II and
III failed to state a claim. Plaintiffs have not appealed those rulings.
3
Because this is an appeal from an order granting a motion to dismiss,
the following facts come from the complaint and “documents on which the
complaint ‘necessarily relies’ and whose ‘authenticity . . . is not contest-
ed.’ ” Warren v. Fox Family Worldwide, Inc., 328 F.3d 1136, 1141 n.5
(9th Cir. 2003) (quoting Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688
(9th Cir. 2001)).
1436 ADAMS v. USFS
(i) Designated developed parking.
(ii) A permanent toilet facility.
(iii) A permanent trash receptacle.
(iv) Interpretive sign, exhibit, or kiosk.
(v) Picnic tables.
(vi) Security services.4
[2] But the REA prohibits the Forest Service from charg-
ing that fee, even in a place where subsection (f) would other-
wise authorize it, “for certain activities or services.” 16 U.S.C.
§ 6802(d)(1). This blanket “[p]rohibition on fees for certain
activities or services” forbids fees, among other things:
“[s]olely for parking, undesignated parking, or pic-
nicking along roads or trailsides”;
“[f]or persons who are driving through, walking
through, boating through, horseback riding through,
or hiking through Federal recreational lands and
waters without using the facilities and services”; and
“[f]or camping at undeveloped sites that do not pro-
vide a minimum number of facilities and services as
described in 16 U.S.C. § 6802(g)(2)(A).”
Before enacting the REA, Congress conducted a decade-
long experiment with collecting visitor fees at national for-
ests. The Recreational Fee Demonstration Program, enacted
in 1996, required the Forest Service to select between 10 and
100 sites where it “shall charge and collect fees for admission
to the area or for the use of outdoor recreation sites, facilities,
4
16 U.S.C. § 6802(f)(4).
ADAMS v. USFS 1437
visitor centers, equipment, and services.”5 The Forest Service
selected several parts of the Coronado National Forest,
including Mount Lemmon, where it promptly began charging
an entrance fee for all recreational visitors. In response to
concerns that fees were being collected from individuals who
(like plaintiffs) wanted to use undeveloped land, not services
and amenities, Congress drafted the REA, an “overly pre-
scriptive” regime designed “to alleviate concerns of those
who no longer trust certain federal land management agencies
with the recreation fee authority.” H.R. Rep. 108-790(I),
108th Cong., 2d Sess. 2004 (Nov. 19, 2004), 2004 WL
2920863, at *18. Specifically, the REA “made clear that the
[Forest Service] will not be permitted to charge solely for
parking, scenic pullouts, and other non-developed areas.” Id.[3] After the REA was enacted, the Forest Service drafted
Interim Implementation Guidelines. Those guidelines inter-
preted the REA as authorizing the Forest Service to impose a
standard amenity recreation fee in a “High Impact Recreation
Area” (“HIRA”), defined as:
a clearly delineated, contiguous area with specific,
tightly defined boundaries and clearly defined access
points (such that visitors can easily identify the fee
area boundaries on the ground or on a map/sign);
that supports or sustains concentrated recreation use;
and that provides opportunities for outdoor recre-
ation that are directly associated with a natural or
cultural feature, place, or activity (i.e., waterway,
canyon, travel corridor, geographic attraction—the
recreation attraction).
The Guidelines require a HIRA to meet the same criteria as
the REA requires for an “area” where the Forest Service may
collect a standard amenity recreation fee, and add four more
5
Omnibus Consolidated Rescissions and Appropriations Act of 1996,
Pub. L. No. 104-134, tit. III, § 315(b)(1) (1996).
1438 ADAMS v. USFS
criteria.6 The Guidelines also include the heightened require-
ment that the six amenities be “located in an integrated man-
ner so they reasonably accommodate the visitor.”
Finding that the land adjacent to the Catalina Highway met
all of the Guidelines’ requirements, the Forest Service desig-
nated that area as a HIRA. The fee structure there remained
essentially identical to the one under the Recreational Fee
Demonstration Program, with one concession to the REA: an
exemption for visitors who drive through without stopping
(except at pullouts and overlooks).7 The Forest Service also
chose to exempt all visitors who enter the Mount Lemmon
HIRA without a car. Not exempted, however, are visitors who
6
These additional criteria are:
a. They incur significant expenditures for items such as opera-
tions and maintenance of recreation facilities, public health
and safety, educational services, and protection of natural
and cultural resources.
b. They have been analyzed by regional fee boards and
approved by the appropriate line officer. They will be
reviewed for [sic] by Recreation RACs [Resource Advisory
Committees] when established.
c. They are not an entire administrative unit such as a National
Forest, but may include a collection of recreation sites; and
d. They typically display one or more of the following charac-
teristics:
a. They are within 2 hours driving time of populations of
1 million or more;
b. They contain rivers, streams, lakes or interpreted scenic
corridors[;]
c. Natural and cultural resources management activities are
conducted in the area to maintain or enhance recreation
opportunities; and
d.They have regionally or nationally recognized recreation
resources that are marketed for their tourism values.
7
16 U.S.C. § 6802(d)(1)(F) (“The Secretary shall not charge any stan-
dard amenity recreation fee . . . [f]or use of overlooks or scenic pullouts.”).
ADAMS v. USFS 1439
drive into the HIRA, park their cars, then picnic, camp, or
hike in undeveloped areas accessible from the highway. Any
such visitor who fails to pay the $5 fee and display a valid
pass is subject to a fine.
Based on their position that the Forest Service was imper-
missibly imposing fees on that group of visitors, plaintiffs
filed a complaint seeking declaratory and injunctive relief, as
well as reimbursement of fees they had already paid, on
behalf of a putative class.8 Defendants filed a motion to dis-
miss the complaint, which the district court granted. The sole
issue on appeal is the district court’s ruling that Count I
(alleging that the Forest Service violated § 6802(d)(1) of the
REA by collecting a standard amenity recreation fee for park-
ing and hiking, picnicking, or camping in undeveloped areas
in the Mount Lemmon HIRA) failed to state a claim.
Defendants argued that the Forest Service’s interpretation
was entitled to Chevron9 deference, and under Chevron its
interpretation was reasonable. The district court disagreed that
Chevron deference was warranted, finding that the Interim
Implementation Guidelines indicated that the Forest Service
might not have conducted notice and comment rulemaking.
The court, however, applied Skidmore10 deference, based on
its conclusion that the Forest Service had crafted the Guide-
lines through its “official duty, based upon more specialized
experience and broader investigations and information than is
likely to come to a judge in a particular case.” Skidmore, 323
U.S. at 139. Under this less deferential review, the district
court nonetheless agreed with defendants that the Forest Ser-
vice’s interpretation of the REA in the Guidelines was reason-
able.
8
Although the complaint was styled as a class action, plaintiffs had not
moved for class certification when the district court granted the motion to
dismiss.
9
Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837(1984).
10
Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134 (1944).
1440 ADAMS v. USFS
Plaintiffs filed a Rule 59(e) motion to reconsider, arguing
that: (1) the statute was unambiguous, so the district court
should not have deferred to the agency’s interpretation; (2)
the court erred in applying Skidmore deference to a statute
carrying criminal consequences; and (3) even if Skidmore
review were proper, the court did not correctly apply it. The
court largely disagreed, but did find that it had erred in failing
to state that the statute was ambiguous before proceeding to
apply Skidmore. Finding that the error was harmless, how-
ever, the court denied the motion.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
“A district court’s decision to grant a motion to dismiss
under Rule 12(b)(6) is reviewed de novo.” Ta Chong Bank
Ltd. v. Hitachi High Techs. Am., Inc., 610 F.3d 1063, 1066
(9th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). In evaluating a Rule
12(b)(6) motion, the court accepts the complaint’s well-
pleaded factual allegations as true and draws all reasonable
inferences in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Bell
Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-56 (2007)
(citations omitted).
In evaluating an agency’s interpretation of a governing stat-
ute, the court conducts the familiar two-step Chevron inquiry.
At the first step, the court asks “whether Congress has directly
spoken to the precise question at issue.” Chevron, 467 U.S. at
842. If it has, the agency (and the court) must give effect to
Congress’s clearly expressed intent. If, however, the text is
ambiguous, the court proceeds to step two and considers
whether the agency’s interpretation was “a reasonable policy
choice for the agency to make.” Id. at 845.
DISCUSSION
The REA unambiguously prohibits the standard amenity
recreation fee structure in place at the Mount Lemmon HIRA.
The statute provides that the Forest Service “may charge”—
ADAMS v. USFS 1441
”[e]xcept as limited by subsection (d)”—a standard amenity
recreation fee “at” four types of locations, one of which is an
“area” with all of six enumerated amenities. 16 U.S.C.
§ 6802(f) (emphasis added).11 The Forest Service “may” also,
“[e]xcept as limited by subsection (d),” “charge an expanded
amenity recreation fee”—this is a crucial difference—“only
for” the “use of” ten different “facilities and services.” 16
U.S.C. § 6802(g)(2). A standard amenity recreation fee is not,
like expanded fees, for the use of certain amenities—it is a
general fee that an agency may charge “at” the four places
listed in subsection (f)(4). Subsection (d)(1) is a freestanding
prohibition on collecting standard and expanded amenity rec-
reation fees “for” a list of eleven activities or services. This
list of prohibited fees includes those that are: “[s]olely for
parking, undesignated parking, or picnicking along roads or
trailsides”; “[f]or persons who are driving through, walking
through, boating through, horseback riding through, or hiking
through Federal recreational lands and waters without using
the facilities and services”; and “[f]or camping at undevel-
oped sites that do not provide a minimum number of facilities
and services as described in 16 U.S.C. § 6802(g)(2)(A).” 16
U.S.C. § 6802(d)(1)(A), (D), & (E). The statute is abundantly
clear that a standard amenity recreation fee cannot, under any
circumstances, be charged for those activities.
[4] A. The Forest Service is prohibited from charging an
amenity fee “[s]olely for parking.” 16 U.S.C.
§ 6802(d)(1)(A). There is nothing ambiguous about that text.
If all a visitor does is park, and he is charged a fee, that fee
is imposed “[s]olely for parking.” If a visitor parks at Mount
Lemmon, he is charged a fee. If a visitor goes to Mount Lem-
mon but does not park there, he is not charged a fee. See
United States v. Smith, 740 F. Supp. 2d 1111, 1124 (D. Ariz.
11
The other three are National Conservation Areas, National Volcanic
Monuments, and “destination visitor or interpretive center[s] that pro-
vide[ ] a broad range of interpretive services, programs, and media.” 16
U.S.C. § 6802(f)(1)-(3).
1442 ADAMS v. USFS
2010) (“It is apparent that Mr. Smith would not have received
a ticket had he not parked a vehicle, i.e., had a friend deliv-
ered him to the trailhead and retrieved him the following day.
Accordingly, what Mr. Smith received was actually a ticket
for parking, clearly prohibited by the plain language of the
statute.”). It may often be the case that a visitor, after parking,
does something else. Then the fee would not be “[s]olely for
parking,” and so long as the “something else” is not another
activity for which subsection (d)(1) prohibits an amenity rec-
reation fee, the agency is free to charge him. But if a visitor
does nothing other than park, the fee is solely for parking and
is therefore plainly prohibited by the REA.
According to the Forest Service’s version of the statute’s
“plain text,” however, a fee is “[s]olely for parking” only
“where the other amenities required by REA are absent.” That
is incorrect. If it were true, a “[s]olely for parking” fee would
be possible only in places where the REA requires amenities,12
but then the parking fee prohibition would never limit fees in
those places, where by definition amenities are present. And
subsection (d)(1)(A) would never apply to expanded amenity
recreation fees, because those are permitted only for certain
“facilities and services.” 16 U.S.C. § 6802(g)(2). “[A]n agen-
cy’s interpretation of a statute is not entitled to deference
when it goes beyond the meaning that the statute can bear,”
MCI Telecomms. Corp. v. Am. Tel. and Tel. Co., 512 U.S.
218, 229 (1994), and here, the Forest Service’s interpretation
so diminishes the entire prohibition on fees “[s]olely for park-
ing” as to defy the statute’s meaning.
Because this reading is so illogical, we will consider
another interpretation of the agency’s position. Perhaps the
Forest Service is really saying that a fee is “[s]olely for park-
ing” when imposed in a location where a visitor has no option
12
These consist of subsection (f)(4) areas and possibly (f)(3) visitor or
interpretive centers, defined as providing “a broad range of interpretive
services, programs, and media.”
ADAMS v. USFS 1443
to do something else, whether or not that “something else” is
an amenity required by the statute. A parking fee in the Mount
Lemmon HIRA, therefore, is not “[s]olely” for parking—it is
also “for” other things, because it is possible that the parker
might proceed to do something for which subsection (d)(1)
does not prohibit a fee. This interpretation, however, would be
sensible only if we ignored the plain meaning of the word
“for” in the context of the REA.
Because “for” is, of course, not defined in the statute, we
must give it “its ordinary or natural meaning.“ Smith v.
United States, 508 U.S. 223, 228 (1993) (citation omitted).
This might seem like an impossible task—according to Web-
ster’s, “for” has over thirty non-obsolete meanings. Webster’s
Third New International Dictionary 886 (2002). “Ambiguity,”
however, “is a creature not of definitional possibilities but of
statutory context.” Brown v. Gardner, 513 U.S. 115, 118
(1994). And the statutory context here—a “[p]rohibition on
fees for certain activities or services”—allows only one defi-
nition. 16 U.S.C. § 6802(d)(1). In common understanding, a
buyer pays a fee “for” something he chooses to buy, even if
that “something” is simply an option to do or use something
(like $17.99 “for” an all-you-can-eat buffet). Consider what
would happen if a restaurant-goer inspected his bill and
noticed an unexpected charge. If told that the fee was for ten
bottles of wine that the patron’s group neither ordered nor
drank, the patron would rightly be outraged. He would not
find much solace in a waiter’s explanation that the wine cellar
contained ten bottles, which the patron could have ordered if
he wished.
Moreover, the REA clearly contemplates that individuals
can go to a place offering facilities and services without using
the facilities and services and without paying a fee. For exam-
ple, subsection (d)(1)(D) prohibits fees “for persons who are
driving through, walking through, boating through, horseback
riding through, or hiking through . . . without using the facili-
ties and services.” 16 U.S.C. § 6802(d)(1)(D) (emphasis
1444 ADAMS v. USFS
added). The statute thus distinguishes between merely recreat-
ing in an area and actually using an area’s amenities.
[5] By ignoring the plain text, the Forest Service arrives at
an interpretation that would enable an end-run around the
clear statutory restrictions. If the REA gave the agency com-
plete discretion to dictate a fee’s so-called purpose, then the
agency could entirely evade the prohibition on parking fees
by simply declaring that its fees are “for” something else too.
At any of the places where subsection (f) contemplates recre-
ation fees, it is possible for a visitor to do something more
than park a car—take photos of a volcano, make a cell phone
call, chew a piece of gum—and a visitor must use a facility
or service to be subject to a subsection (g) fee. Therefore, the
agency could simply say that its parking fee is also “for”
those other activities.13 Because the REA has a plain meaning
that does not lead to an absurd result, we have no need to
afford deference to the agency’s competing, nonsensical inter-
pretation. See Lamie v. United States Trustee, 540 U.S. 526,
538 (2004). It is clear that the Forest Service cannot charge
a fee from someone who does nothing other than park.
B. It is equally clear that the REA prohibits the Forest Ser-
vice from charging standard amenity recreation fees for each
of several activities in which plaintiffs participate after they
park: hiking without using facilities and services, picnicking
on a road or trailside, or camping at a site that does not have
a majority of the nine enumerated amenities.
[6] First, § 6802(d)(1)(D) clearly prohibits imposing a fee
“[f]or persons who are driving through, walking through,
boating through, horseback riding through, or hiking through
Federal recreational lands and waters without using the facili-
13
The only place where parking could be the sole activity is a designated
developed parking facility—for which the REA authorizes standard ame-
nity recreation fees only in conjunction with five other amenities. 16
U.S.C. § 6802(f)(4)(D)(I).
ADAMS v. USFS 1445
ties and services.” 16 U.S.C. § 6802(d)(1)(D) (emphasis
added). The agency interprets the conjunction “and” too
loosely. It claims that its fees comply with the statute because
any visitor who travels through the HIRA necessarily “uses”
its security services. But security services are, at most,
“services”—not “facilities and services.” Id. (emphasis
added). “And” does not mean “or.” Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S.
805, 831 n.2 (1990) (Kennedy, J., dissenting) (“The word
‘and’ is conjunctive . . . . The Legislature would have used the
word ‘or’ had it intended the disjunctive.”) (quotation and
citation omitted); MacDonald v. Pan Am. World Airways,
Inc., 859 F.2d 742, 746 (9th Cir. 1988) (Kozinski, J., dissent-
ing) (“As a linguistic matter, ‘and’ and ‘or’ are not synonyms;
indeed, they are more nearly antonyms. One need only start
the day with a breakfast of ham or eggs to be duly impressed
by the difference.”). The Forest Service points to no “facili-
ties” that a backcountry hiker necessarily uses.
[7] The Forest Service also maintains that the latter part of
§ 6802(d)(1)(A), which prohibits fees “solely for . . . picnick-
ing along roads or trailsides,” clearly permits fees for road or
trailside picnics that take place within a larger area (delin-
eated by the Forest Service) if that larger area offers ameni-
ties. The REA does not say that. It provides simply and
unambiguously that the Forest Service cannot collect a stan-
dard amenity fee from someone who picnics on a road or
trailside, even if that picnic occurs within an “area” that has
amenities. The Forest Service fails to distinguish—as the stat-
ute does—between someone who glides into a paved parking
space and sits at a picnic table enjoying a feast of caviar and
champagne, and someone who parks on the side of the high-
way, sits on a pile of gravel, and eats an old baloney sandwich
while the cars whizz by. The agency collects the same fee
from both types of picnickers. That practice violates the stat-
ute’s plain text. “If a visitor drives close enough to [the
HIRA], parks to have a picnic on the side of the road, and
then calls it a day, she’ll have paid the amenity fee only for
picnicking and undesignated parking—activities for which no
1446 ADAMS v. USFS
fee is supposed to be charged under § 6802(d)(1).” Scherer v.
United States Forest Serv., 653 F.3d 1241, 1243 (10th Cir.
2011); see id. at 1244 (noting, in the course of rejecting a
facial challenge to a HIRA’s implementation plan, that an as-
applied challenge might not suffer the same fate).14
[8] Finally, the Forest Service claims that it may charge a
fee for any and all camping within the Mount Lemmon HIRA.
The REA, however, clearly prohibits fees “[f]or camping at
undeveloped sites that do not provide a minimum number of
facilities and services as described in subsection (g)(2)(A).”
16 U.S.C. § 6802(d)(1)(E); see 16 U.S.C. § 6802(g)(2)(A)
(requiring a “developed” campsite to provide “at least a
majority” of nine specified facilities and services). The Forest
Service violates that prohibition by charging visitors who
camp at sites lacking the required “minimum number” of nine
“facilities and services.” For example, a camper who pitches
a tent in a spot without garbage cans, picnic tables, campfire
pits, bathrooms, and someone collecting fees is required to
pay a standard amenity recreation fee. That plainly violates
§ 6802(d)(1)(E).
C. In sum, the statutory language is clear. The Forest Ser-
vice’s interpretation is thus entitled to no deference. Chevron,
467 U.S. at 842-43. As alleged by plaintiffs, the Forest Ser-
vice’s fee structure at the Mount Lemmon HIRA does not
14
Curiously, it was the Forest Service that brought Scherer to our atten-
tion. The Forest Service cites it in a Rule 28(j) letter arguing that, as in
Scherer, this is a facial challenge, and plaintiffs must—but cannot—
establish that “no set of circumstances exists” under which the recreation
fee for Mount Lemmon would be valid. Akhtar v. Burzynski, 384 F.3d
1193, 1198 (9th Cir. 2004). This argument was not raised in the district
court or in the briefs here, probably because it is patently without merit.
Plaintiffs attack only the application of fees to those who engage in activi-
ties at Mount Lemmon for which the REA expressly prohibits fees. In
contrast, the plaintiffs in Scherer sought to invalidate the Forest Service’s
entire Implementation Plan for the Mount Evans HIRA. Scherer, 653 F.3d
at 1243.
ADAMS v. USFS 1447
comport with the REA’s express prohibition on charging fees
for parking and then hiking through the HIRA without using
the facilities and services, camping in undeveloped areas, or
picnicking on roads or trailsides. The district court thus erred
in dismissing plaintiffs’ claim.
CONCLUSION
[9] For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the REA
unambiguously prohibits the Forest Service from charging
fees in the Mount Lemmon HIRA for recreational visitors
who park a car, then camp at undeveloped sites, picnic along
roads or trailsides, or hike through the area without using the
facilities and services. We therefore reverse the district
court’s grant of defendants’ motion to dismiss Count I and
remand to the district court for further proceedings consistent
with this opinion.
REVERSED and REMANDED.