United States v. Rudy Garcia ( 2013 )

FILED
FOR PUBLICATION AUG 13 2013
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 11-30348
Plaintiff - Appellee, D.C. No. 2:10-cr-00001-EFS-1
v.
ORDER AND
RUDY MARTIN GARCIA, AMENDED OPINION
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Washington
Edward F. Shea, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted November 9, 2012
Seattle, Washington
Filed July 19, 2013
Amended August 13, 2013
Before: W. FLETCHER and FISHER, Circuit Judges, and QUIST, Senior
District Judge.*
This court’s opinion, filed July 19, 2013, is hereby amended as follows:
At slip opinion page 16-17, delete the following sentence:
Replace that sentence with the following paragraph:

-2-
AMENDED OPINION
W. FLETCHER, Circuit Judge:
Rudy Martin Garcia was tried for first-degree murder after he shot David
McCraigie. The jury was instructed on the elements of first- and second-degree
murder and of voluntary and involuntary manslaughter. The jury convicted Garcia
of involuntary manslaughter and otherwise acquitted him. Garcia appeals his
conviction. He contends that the version of the Ninth Circuit model jury
instruction for involuntary manslaughter given by the district court was defective
in that it failed to tell the jury that “gross negligence,” defined as “wanton or
reckless disregard for human life,” was required for a conviction. We agree that
the jury instruction allowed the jury to convict Garcia without finding an essential
element of involuntary manslaughter. We therefore reverse Garcia’s conviction.
I. Background
Garcia shot McCraigie on the Colville Indian Reservation in eastern
Washington during the evening of November 4, 2009. Garcia and McCraigie had
been friends since childhood. Garcia and another friend had been drinking at
Garcia’s apartment, planning to go hunting the next day, when they ran out of beer.
They drove Garcia’s Jeep two blocks to the McCraigie house where a drinking
party was in progress. An altercation between Garcia and McCraigie began inside
-3-
the house and spilled out onto the sidewalk. A point-blank shot from Garcia’s
hunting rifle seriously wounded McCraigie. McCraigie died a few days later.
A. Evidence Admitted at Trial
The prosecution and defense presented starkly different versions of the
events leading up to the shooting and of the shooting itself. The prosecution
version was that after the fight spilled out onto the sidewalk, McCraigie chased
Garcia from the property. Garcia then went to his apartment, retrieved his hunting
rifle, returned to the house, and intentionally shot McCraigie. One prosecution
witness testified that he heard Garcia say he was going to get his gun. Four
prosecution witnesses reported hearing from someone else that Garcia had gone to
get a gun. Two prosecution witnesses reported seeing McCraigie grab the barrel of
Garcia’s rifle. Two other prosecution witnesses did not see the shot that hit
McCraigie. None of the prosecution witnesses reported seeing a gun in
McCraigie’s hand that night. Three of the prosecution witnesses testified that they
had never seen McCraigie with a firearm.
The defense version was that Garcia had acted in self-defense and that the
shooting itself was an accident. Garcia testified that McCraigie and two others at
the party started a fight with him. He testified that he had seen McCraigie with a
pistol earlier that night. He testified further that McCraigie tried to hit him on the
-4-
head with the pistol. He reported being chased and pushed from the house.
Garcia testified that he ran to his car and got in, but his girlfriend had taken
his keys. He then grabbed his hunting rifle from the back seat and got out of the
car. McCraigie kept coming toward him. Garcia testified that he backed up and
fired a warning shot in the air. When they were about six feet apart, McCraigie ran
at him. Garcia testified that he “flinch[ed] up,” expecting a punch, but McCraigie
grabbed the barrel of the rifle. There was a struggle, and the gun went off,
inflicting the wound that eventually killed McCraigie.
Jordan Lynn, Garcia’s girlfriend, testified that McCraigie and two others
were beating up Garcia, and that she saw McCraigie with something in his hand
that she thought was a gun. She testified that she saw McCraigie grab the rifle
barrel and that the rifle then discharged. She also testified seeing one of the
prosecution witnesses pick something up from beside McCraigie after he was shot.
The defense introduced text messages sent by one of the prosecution
witnesses immediately after the shooting. Unbeknownst to the witness, he had
mistakenly sent his texts to a stranger, a fourteen-year old girl. The girl responded
several times before revealing that she was not the intended recipient. The texts
read, in part:
Witness: Yea bro at grandpa waynes papa called out beno n that
-5-
bitch n got a shotti and pops got his pis but by the time we reached the
frnt porch he got shot
Response: when did this happen?
Witness: I grabbd bros pist but when I saw beanz dip down the
alley I grabd bros wep n followd n had it pointed at the end of the
alley bitch was gone
McCraigie’s nickname was “Poppa” or “Pop,” and Garcia’s nickname was “Beno”
or “Beanz.” These text messages thus lent support to the defense’s theory that
McCraigie had his own gun during the altercation.
B. Excluded Evidence
Defense counsel elicited testimony from several witnesses that McCraigie
had a reputation for fighting and being “rowdy” when he drank. When defense
counsel tried to ask Garcia about specific prior acts of violence that McCraigie had
committed, the court prevented Garcia from answering. Had he been permitted to
testify, Garcia would have testified to three prior incidents involving McCraigie,
each of which was known to Garcia before the night of the shooting: (1) in another
incident at the McCraigie house, a group of people including McCraigie beat
someone so severely that the victim suffered permanent brain damage; (2)
McCraigie shot someone after starting an argument, but another person took the
blame; and (3) McCraigie once “took a burning board from a fire and assaulted and
burned a person of Hispanic heritage.” The court also prevented Jordan Lynn from
-6-
describing McCraigie’s prior violent acts. Lynn’s testimony would have been
consistent with Garcia’s.
Defense counsel also tried to introduce three photographs from McCraigie’s
public MySpace social networking page. All three photographs showed McCraigie
holding a sawed-off shotgun. Garcia tried to introduce the photographs as direct
evidence, but the district court ruled they were unduly prejudicial and excluded
them. Garcia later tried to introduce the photographs as impeachment evidence
against prosecution witnesses who testified that they had never seen McCraigie
with a firearm. The district court again excluded them.
C. Jury Instruction
The district court instructed the jury on first-degree murder, second-degree
murder, voluntary manslaughter, and involuntary manslaughter. Garcia submitted
a proposed involuntary manslaughter instruction that included as its first element
that “the defendant committed an act, with wonton [sic] or reckless disregard for
human life, which might produce death.” The trial court rejected this instruction,
instead using a version of the Ninth Circuit model instruction that read, with
respect to that element, that “the Defendant committed an act, done either in an
unlawful manner or with wanton or reckless disregard for human life, which might
-7-
produce death.”1
During deliberation, the jury sent out a note asking, “Can we ask for more
definition on all counts including 1st Degree, 2nd Degree, voluntary, and
involuntary manslaughter.” The court responded, “While you can ask for more
definition, the instructions you have been given are the standard instructions for a
case of this kind.”
D. Verdict and Appeal
The jury acquitted Garcia of first- and second-degree murder and voluntary
manslaughter, but convicted him of involuntary manslaughter. Garcia appealed,
1
The jury instruction given for involuntary manslaughter listed the
following elements:
[T]he Government must prove each of the following elements
beyond a reasonable doubt:
First, the Defendant committed an act, done either in an
unlawful manner or with wanton or reckless disregard for human life,
which might produce death;
Second, the Defendant’s act was the proximate cause of David
McCraigie’s death;
Third, the killing was unlawful;
Fourth, the Defendant either knew that such conduct was a
threat to the lives of others or knew of circumstances that would
reasonably cause the Defendant to foresee that such conduct might be
a threat to the lives of others;
Fifth, the killing occurred within the boundaries of the Colville
Indian Reservation;
Sixth, the Defendant is Indian; and
Seventh, the Defendant did not act in self-defense.
-8-
challenging the jury instruction, the exclusion of evidence by the court, and the
length of his sentence.
II. Standard of Review
When a party properly objects to a jury instruction, we review de novo
whether the instructions given “accurately describe[] the elements of the charged
crime.” United States v. Heredia, 483 F.3d 913, 921 (9th Cir. 2007) (en banc).
Harmless errors are not reversible. United States v. Thongsy, 577 F.3d 1036, 1040
(9th Cir. 2009).
We review de novo the district court’s interpretation of the Federal Rules of
Evidence. United States v. Saenz, 179 F.3d 686, 688 (9th Cir. 1999). We review
exclusion of evidence under Rule 403 for an abuse of discretion. United States v.
James, 169 F.3d 1210, 1214-15 (9th Cir. 1999).
III. Discussion
A. Jury Instruction
The statute of conviction, 18 U.S.C. § 1112(a), defines involuntary
manslaughter as follows:
Manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice.
It is of two kinds: . . . Involuntary — In the commission of an
unlawful act not amounting to a felony, or in the commission in an
unlawful manner, or without due caution and circumspection, of a
lawful act which might produce death.
-9-
Significant case law in our circuit and others provides a gloss on the statutory text.
We have consistently held that involuntary manslaughter requires proof
beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant acted with gross negligence. In
United States v. Keith, 605 F.2d 462 (9th Cir. 1979), we held that an involuntary
manslaughter conviction requires both:
(1) that the defendant acted with “gross negligence,” defined as
“wanton or reckless disregard for human life;” and (2) that the
defendant had actual knowledge that his conduct was a threat to the
lives of others, . . . or had knowledge of such circumstances as could
reasonably be said to have made foreseeable to him the peril to which
his acts might subject others.
Id. at 463 (emphasis added) (quoting United States v. Escamilla, 467 F.2d 341, 347
(4th Cir. 1972)); see also United States v. Shortman, 91 F.3d 80, 81 (9th Cir. 1996)
(“It is well-settled that ‘gross negligence’ is an element of involuntary
manslaughter under § 1112.”); United States v. Crowe, 563 F.3d 969, 973 (9th Cir.
2009) (quoting Keith). Garcia argues that the instruction given in his case allowed
the jury to convict him of involuntary manslaughter without a finding of gross
negligence. We agree.
Ninth Circuit Model Criminal Jury Instruction No. 8.110 provides in full:
The defendant is charged in [Count ___ of] the indictment with
involuntary manslaughter in violation of Section 1112 of Title 18 of
the United States Code. [Involuntary manslaughter is the unlawful
killing of a human being without malice aforethought and without an
-10-
intent to kill.] In order for the defendant to be found guilty of that
charge, the government must prove each of the following elements
beyond a reasonable doubt:
First, [the defendant committed an unlawful act not amounting
to a felony,] [or] [committed a lawful act, done either in an unlawful
manner or with wanton or reckless disregard for human life,] which
might produce death;
Second, the defendant’s act was the proximate cause of the
death of the victim. A proximate cause is one that played a substantial
part in bringing about the death, so that the death was the direct result
or a reasonably probable consequence of the defendant’s act;
Third, the killing was unlawful;
Fourth, the defendant either knew that such conduct was a
threat to the lives of others or knew of circumstances that would
reasonably cause the defendant to foresee that such conduct might be
a threat to the lives of others; and
Fifth, the killing occurred at [specify place of federal
jurisdiction].
(Emphasis added.) The Comment to this model instruction provides, with respect
to the first element of the instruction: “Use either or both of the bracketed phrases
in the first element depending on the allegation in the indictment.”
The district court used the second bracketed phrase of the first element. It
instructed the jury that the government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt as
follows: “First, the Defendant committed an act, done either in an unlawful
manner or with wanton or reckless disregard for human life, which might produce
death.” The district court omitted the word “lawful” from the model instruction’s
phrase “committed a lawful act,” but we do not regard that omission as having had
-11-
a material adverse effect on Garcia. No other instruction required the jury to find
that Garcia had acted with “gross negligence.”
The model instruction, as given by the district court, did not properly
instruct the jury. The instruction allowed the jury to convict Garcia of involuntary
manslaughter in either of two ways: (1) if it found that Garcia “committed an act,
done . . . in an unlawful manner . . . , which might produce death,” or (2) if it found
that Garcia “committed an act, done . . . with wanton or reckless disregard for
human life, which might produce death.” The second alternative adequately
required the jury to find that Garcia acted with gross negligence. See Keith, 605
F.2d at 463 (“[T]he defendant acted with ‘gross negligence,’ defined as ‘wanton or
reckless disregard for human life[.]’”). The first alternative, however, did not. It
required only that the defendant have acted “in an unlawful manner” and that the
act “might produce death.”
There is no way that the jury could have known from the instruction that an
act committed “in an unlawful manner” had to be an act committed with “gross
negligence” — that is, committed “with wanton or reckless disregard for human
life.” Indeed, given that this critical phrase — “with wanton or reckless disregard
for human life” — was included in the second alternative but omitted from the
first, the jury was encouraged to think that the first alternative did not require such
-12-
a finding.
We have no case law in the circuit specifically addressing the problem
created by the “in an unlawful manner” language in § 1112(a). However, the
Eighth Circuit, addressing an almost identical instruction, has expressed concern
with the formulation. United States v. McMillan, 820 F.2d 251, 255 (8th Cir.
1987). The McMillan court confronted an instruction requiring the jury to find
“that the Defendant caused the victim’s death as a result of conduct that was
unlawful or that exhibited a conscious indifference or reckless disregard for human
life.” Id. The McMillan court noted that if this sentence were the sole instruction
on gross negligence, “it would appear that part of the government’s burden of
proof had been removed.” Id. at 256. However, because additional instruction and
argument clarified the standard in that case, the court found no error. Id. Here, by
contrast, no subsequent instruction or argument informed the jury that gross
negligence is an essential element of involuntary manslaughter.
The government makes two arguments in favor of the version of the model
instruction that was given. We disagree with both arguments.
First, the government argues that the instruction is proper because it tracks
the statute of conviction. Even setting aside the differences between the instruction
and the statute, this argument fails. Although an instruction tracking a statute is
-13-
generally not erroneous, see Johnson v. United States, 270 F.2d 721, 725 (9th Cir.
1959), statutory language cannot be used in an instruction if that language omits a
required element of the crime. See, e.g., Shortman, 91 F.3d at 82 (rejecting use of
statutory “without due caution” language in instruction because it was “a far less
onerous standard than ‘gross negligence’”); Keith, 605 F.2d at 464 (finding that a
grand jury indictment tracking the language of § 1112 “did not charge two
essential elements”).
Second, the government argues that part four of the given instruction
includes the gross negligence element. Part four required the jury to find that “the
Defendant either knew that [his] conduct was a threat to the lives of others or knew
of circumstances that would reasonably cause the Defendant to foresee that such
conduct might be a threat to the lives of others.” This part of the instruction
required only that Garcia knew of risk caused by his conduct. Degree of risk is
different from knowledge of risk. Gross negligence is addressed to the degree of
risk rather than mere knowledge of risk. In Keith, we held that gross negligence
and knowledge of risk are both required elements. Keith, 605 F.2d at 463.
Because the instruction did not require the jury to find that Garcia acted with
gross negligence — that is, “with wanton or reckless disregard for human life” —
we hold that it was improper. We have in past cases held jury instructions
-14-
improper even when they accorded with model instructions. Indeed, we have
required changes to other parts of this very model instruction. See United States v.
Paul, 37 F.3d 496, 500-01 (9th Cir. 1994) (holding that the model instruction did
not adequately distinguish between the mental states required for voluntary and
involuntary manslaughter); United States v. Main, 113 F.3d 1046, 1050 (9th Cir.
1997) (holding that the model instruction failed to adequately instruct on proximate
cause); see also United States v. Hugs, 384 F.3d 762, 768 (9th Cir. 2004).2
An improper jury instruction does not require reversal if the error is
harmless. An error in describing an element of the offense is harmless only if it is
“clear beyond a reasonable doubt that a rational jury would have found the
defendant guilty absent the error.” Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 18 (1999);
see also Thongsy, 577 F.3d at 1043. We consider whether the element at issue is
2
As noted above, Ninth Circuit Model Criminal Jury Instruction No. 8.110
provides, with respect to the first required element for involuntary manslaughter:
First, [1] [the defendant committed an unlawful act not amounting to a
felony,] [or] [2] [committed a lawful act, done either in an unlawful manner
or with wanton or reckless disregard for human life,] which might produce
death.
(Bracketed numbers added to indicate alternative instructions.) We hold that
alternative [2], which was given by the court, was improper because it failed to
inform the jury that gross negligence is required for conviction. Even though
alternative [1] was not given by the court and the issue of its propriety is therefore
not before us, we note that it, like alternative [2], does not inform the jury that
gross negligence is required for conviction.
-15-
sufficiently explained, given the totality of the instructions. United States v.
Lesina, 833 F.2d 156, 160 (9th Cir. 1987) (“Viewing the instructions as a whole
and in the context of the entire trial, we conclude that the omission requires
reversal.”) (internal citation omitted); see also McMillan, 820 F.2d at 256-57(finding instructional error to be harmless where at least two other instructions
properly set out the gross negligence standard). Counsel’s arguments to the jury
are relevant in assessing harmlessness. McMillan, 820 F.2d at 256 (both counsel
mentioned gross negligence as an element of involuntary manslaughter in their
opening statements).
We hold that the instructional error was not harmless. Garcia’s defense
hinged on self-defense and accident, focusing on the degree of risk that his actions
posed. The use of the appropriate negligence standard was thus of central
importance. The instruction was readily susceptible to a reading that did not
require gross negligence. When the jury expressed confusion by sending out a
note asking “for more definition” of all the counts, including involuntary
manslaughter, the court merely referred it to the defective instructions previously
given. Gross negligence was not mentioned elsewhere in the instructions. It is
therefore not clear beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury would have convicted
Garcia of involuntary manslaughter if properly instructed.
-16-
B. Excluded Evidence
Because we reverse Garcia’s conviction based on the defective jury
instruction, we need not reach the other issues presented on appeal. We
nonetheless address briefly the two evidentiary issues, given that they may arise
again if Garcia is retried.
First, Garcia contends that the district court should have allowed him, or his
girlfriend Jordan Lynn, to testify about McCraigie’s prior violent acts. Garcia
argues that this testimony should have been admitted under United States v. James,
169 F.3d 1210 (9th Cir. 1999), and United States v. Saenz, 179 F.3d 686 (9th Cir.
1999), to show his state of mind — specifically, to show that he had good reason to
fear McCraigie. The district court held that the testimony was inadmissible under
United States v. Keiser, 57 F.3d 847, 853 (9th Cir. 1995).
We agree with Garcia, at least with respect to his own proffered testimony.
The facts of James and Saenz are very similar to the facts in this case. The
defendants in both cases knew and feared the victim, as did Garcia; and the
defendants in both cases argued self-defense, as did Garcia. In James, the
defendant had been allowed to testify about prior violent conduct by the victim of
which she had been aware. The dispute on appeal was whether the defendant could
reinforce her testimony by introducing court documents, a presentence report, and
-17-
police reports describing the victim’s prior conduct. James, 169 F.3d at 1212–13.
We held that the district court had abused its discretion in excluding that evidence.
Id. at 1214–15. In Saenz, the district court held as a matter of law that the
defendant could not testify about prior violent acts by the victim of which he had
been aware. Saenz, 179 F.3d at 688. We reversed based on James. We wrote,
“[W]e assumed [in James] that, in a self-defense case, a defendant may show her
state of mind at the time of an attack by testifying that she knew about a victim’s
past acts of violence.” Id. at 689. The facts of Keiser are different. In that case,
the defendant did not know of the prior violent acts by the victim – indeed, the
victim’s prior violent acts post-dated the crime – and those acts therefore could not
have affected the defendant’s state of mind. See Keiser, 57 F.3d at 853 (“Keiser
makes no claim on appeal that the [victim’s violent] incident . . . – which . . .
occurred after the shooting – was relevant to his state of mind at the time of the
shooting or the reasonableness of his belief that force in self-defense was
necessary.”).
Second, Garcia contends that he should have been allowed to introduce three
photographs that had been posted on McCraigie’s MySpace page. All three
photographs show McCraigie holding a sawed-off shotgun. In two of them
McCraigie or another person was wearing what appear to be gang-associated
-18-
colors, and in two of them, McCraigie is drinking out of a bottle that may have
contained alcohol. The district court excluded the photographs because they
involved a different type of weapon and were unduly prejudicial.
We agree with Garcia that the district court should have admitted the
photographs as impeachment evidence. Three prosecution witnesses specifically
testified that they had never seen McCraigie with a firearm: Keith McCraigie (“Q:
[D]id you ever know him to have a firearm? A: No.”); Alex McCraigie (“Q: How
about with a firearm? A: No.”); and Mariela Sanchez (“Q: Had you seen him with
a gun at any time that evening? A: I never seen him with a gun my whole life
knowing him.”). Garcia’s self-defense argument relied heavily on his testimony
that McCraigie had a pistol, and the testimony of each of these witnesses, if
believed, cast serious doubt on Garcia’s testimony.
Conclusion
Because the jury was not properly instructed that involuntary manslaughter
requires finding gross negligence, we reverse Garcia’s conviction for involuntary
manslaughter.
REVERSED.
-19-
COUNSEL LISTING
Peter S. Schweda (argued), Waldo, Schweda and Montgomery, P.S., Spokane, WA
for the Appellant
Matthew F. Duggan (argued), Assistant United States Attorney, Spokane, WA
for the Appellee
-20-