SUSAN LATTA v. C. L. OTTER ( 2014 )

FILED
FOR PUBLICATION OCT 15 2014
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
SUSAN LATTA; TRACI EHLERS; LORI No. 14-35420
WATSEN; SHARENE WATSEN;
SHELIA ROBERTSON; ANDREA D.C. No. 1:13-cv-00482-CWD
ALTMAYER; AMBER BEIERLE;
RACHAEL ROBERTSON,
OPINION re Order
Plaintiffs - Appellees,
v.
C. L. OTTER, “Butch”; Governor of the
State of Idaho, in his official capacity,
Defendant - Appellant,
And
CHRISTOPHER RICH, Recorder of Ada
County, Idaho, in his official capacity,
Defendant,
STATE OF IDAHO,
Intervenor-Defendant.
SUSAN LATTA; TRACI EHLERS; LORI No. 14-35421
WATSEN; SHARENE WATSEN;
SHELIA ROBERTSON; ANDREA D.C. No. 1:13-cv-00482-CWD
ALTMAYER; AMBER BEIERLE;
RACHAEL ROBERTSON,
Plaintiffs - Appellees,
v.
C. L. OTTER, “Butch”; Governor of the
State of Idaho, in his official capacity,
Defendant,
And
CHRISTOPHER RICH, Recorder of Ada
County, Idaho, in his official capacity,
Defendant - Appellant,
STATE OF IDAHO,
Intervenor-Defendant -
Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Idaho
Candy W. Dale, Magistrate Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted September 8, 2014
San Francisco, California
Before: REINHARDT, GOULD, and BERZON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
On October 10, 2014, the plaintiffs moved for dissolution of the stay of the
district court’s order enjoining the enforcement of Idaho’s laws prohibiting
same-sex marriage. In Latta v. Otter, No. 14-35420, 2014 WL 4977682 (9th Cir.
Oct. 7, 2014), we decided the appeal, and held unconstitutional Idaho’s statutes and
constitutional amendments preventing same-sex couples from marrying and
refusing to recognize same-sex marriages performed elsewhere. The stay pending
appeal was issued a number of months ago, before the relevant factual and legal
developments that dictate the outcome of the present motion. In light of our
decision in Latta and the other recent decisions by circuit courts across the country
in essentially identical cases, as well as the Supreme Court’s decisions on October
6, 2014 to deny certiorari in all pending same-sex marriage cases and thus to
permit same-sex marriages in all affected states notwithstanding any state statute or
constitutional provisions to the contrary, Governor Otter can no longer meet the
test for the grant or continuation of a stay. We therefore granted the plaintiffs’
motion for dissolution of the stay of the district court’s order on October 13, 2014,
effective October 15, 2014.
The party seeking a stay—or continuation of a stay—bears the burden of
showing his entitlement to a stay. See Nken v. Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 433–44
(2009). In ruling on the propriety of a stay, we consider four factors: “(1) whether
the stay applicant has made a strong showing that he is likely to succeed on the
merits; (2) whether the applicant will be irreparably injured absent a stay; (3)
whether issuance of the stay will substantially injure the other parties interested in
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the proceeding; and (4) where the public interest lies.” Id. at 434.
Governor Otter cannot make a strong showing that he is likely to succeed on
the merits. See id. We have now held that the plaintiffs have in fact succeeded on
the merits of the case, agreeing with every court of appeals to address same-sex
marriage bans subsequent to United States v. Windsor, 133 S. Ct. 2675 (2013).
Governor Otter argues that reversal of this case—either via certiorari review or en
banc proceedings—remains likely because we applied heightened scrutiny to the
laws at issue, whereas nine other circuits have declined to hold that gays and
lesbians constitute a suspect class. Governor Otter is wrong. The cases he cites all
predate Windsor. The post-Windsor cases either do not reach the question of
whether heightened scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause applies (while
applying strict scrutiny under a fundamental rights analysis) or suggest that
heightened scrutiny review under the Equal Protection Clause may be applicable.
See Baskin v. Bogan, No. 14-2386, 2014 WL 4359059, *1–3 (7th Cir. Sept. 4,
2014); Bostic v. Schaefer, 760 F.3d 352, 375 n.6 (4th Cir. 2014); Bishop v. Smith,
760 F.3d 1070, 1074 (10th Cir. 2014); Kitchen v. Herbert, 755 F.3d 1193, 1229–30
(10th Cir. 2014).
The panel’s decision in this case was dictated by SmithKline Beecham Corp.
v. Abbott Labs., 740 F.3d 471 (9th Cir. 2014), which held that heightened scrutiny
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applies to classifications on the basis of sexual orientation. This court voted not to
rehear SmithKline en banc only a short time ago, and we are bound by its actions.
Specifically, SmithKline is the binding law of the circuit. Moreover, the various
courts of appeals to have considered the issue of same-sex marriage post-Windsor
have all reached the same result—the invalidation of same-sex marriage bans.
These courts have applied varying types of scrutiny or have failed to identify
clearly any applicable level, but irrespective of the standard have all reached the
same result. Finally, the fact that we applied heightened scrutiny is irrelevant to
whether the Supreme Court is likely to grant certiorari to review our decision. The
Court is free to review—or not review—the type of scrutiny applied to
classifications based on sexual orientation in any case challenging a ban on same-
sex marriage. The level of scrutiny applied in a particular case is not likely to affect
its decision as to which, if any, same-sex marriage case it may ultimately review.
Governor Otter’s arguments that are based on SmithKline or the level of scrutiny
applied are thus unpersuasive.
Moreover, when a motions panel of this court originally entered the stay of
the district court’s order, it did so based on the Supreme Court’s stay in Herbert v.
Kitchen, 143 S. Ct. 893 (2014), the Utah same-sex marriage case. However, on
Monday, October 6, the Supreme Court denied certiorari and vacated stays in all
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seven of the same-sex marriage cases that were pending before it, including
Herbert. As a result of the Supreme Court’s action, marriages have begun in those
states. At the time the Supreme Court denied certiorari in all the pending cases, it
was aware that there were cases pending in other circuit courts that had not yet
been decided but that might subsequently create a conflict. The existence of those
pending cases, and the possibility of a future conflict, did not affect the Court’s
decision to permit the marriages to proceed, and thus, Governor Otter’s argument
that we should maintain the stay in order to await the results of cases pending in
other circuits is unavailing.
Additionally, after the panel’s issuance of the merits decision in this case
affirming the district court’s injunction, the Supreme Court denied Idaho’s
application for a stay of this court’s mandate without published dissent, and
vacated Justice Kennedy’s temporary stay entered two days earlier. It did so
despite Idaho’s representation to the Court that granting its application was
necessary to allow the Court to exercise its “unique role as final arbiter of the
profoundly important constitutional questions surrounding the constitutionality of
State marriage laws.” Because the Supreme Court has thus rejected the argument
that a stay was necessary to any potential exercise of its jurisdiction to review this
case, we decline to second-guess that decision. The first Nken factor strongly
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supports dissolution of the stay.
We now turn to the second and third factors governing the propriety of a
stay: whether irreparable injury to the applicant will result absent a stay and
whether continuance of the stay will injure other parties interested in the
proceeding. On the one hand, there is some authority suggesting that “a state
suffers irreparable injury whenever an enactment of its people or their
representatives is enjoined.” Coal. for Econ. Equity v. Wilson, 122 F.3d 718, 719
(9th Cir. 1997); but see Indep. Living Ctr. of So. Cal., Inc. v. Maxwell-Jolly, 572
F.3d 644, 658 (9th Cir. 2009) (characterizing this statement in Coal. for Econ.
Equity as dicta, and explaining that while “a state may suffer an abstract form of
harm whenever one of its acts is enjoined . . . [t]o the extent that is true . . . it is not
dispositive of the balance of harms analysis.”), vacated and remanded on other
grounds sub nom. Douglas v. Indep. Living Ctr. of So. Cal, Inc., 132 S. Ct. 1204(2012).1 On the other hand, the plaintiffs and countless gay and lesbian Idahoans
would face irreparable injury were we to permit the stay to continue in effect.
“Idaho[’s] . . . marriage laws, by preventing same-sex couples from marrying and
1
Individual justices, in orders issued from chambers, have expressed the
view that a state suffers irreparable injury when one of its laws is enjoined. See
Maryland v. King, 133 S. Ct. 1, 3 (2012) (Roberts, C.J., in chambers); New Motor
Vehicle Bd. of California v. Orrin W. Fox Co., 434 U.S. 1345, 1351 (1977)
(Rehnquist, J., in chambers). No opinion for the Court adopts this view.
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refusing to recognize same-sex marriages celebrated elsewhere, impose profound
legal, financial, social and psychic harms on numerous citizens of those states.”
Latta, 2014 WL 4977682 at *11; see also Baskin v. Bogan, 14-2386, 2014 WL
4359059 (7th Cir. Sept. 4, 2014) (“The harm to homosexuals (and . . . to their
adopted children) of being denied the right to marry is considerable.”); Elrod v.
Burns, 427 U.S. 347, 373 (1976) (holding that a deprivation of constitutional
rights, “for even minimal periods of time, unquestionably constitutes irreparable
injury”). Additionally, were this case to be reversed, notwithstanding our firm
belief that such an outcome is unlikely, the harm caused by the invalidation of
marriages that take place in the interim would primarily be suffered by the couples
whose marriages might be rendered of uncertain legality and by their children—not
by the state. On balance, we conclude that the second and third Nken factors also
support dissolution of the stay.
Finally, we hold that the fourth factor governing issuance or continuance of
a stay—the public interest—militates strongly in favor of dissolution of the stay.
We repeat: by denying certiorari on October 6, 2014, the Supreme Court has
allowed marriages to proceed in fourteen2 states across the nation; all circuit courts
2
This figure represents the number of states in circuits directly affected by
the Supreme Court’s denial on October 6, 2014 of petitions arising from challenges
(continued...)
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of appeals to consider same-sex marriage bans have invalidated those prohibitions
as unconstitutional; and this court has held that same-sex marriage bans deprive
gays and lesbians of their constitutional rights. The public’s interest in equality of
treatment of persons deprived of important constitutional rights thus also supports
dissolution of the stay of the district court’s order.
Applying the four Nken factors discussed above, we hold that Governor
Otter is no longer entitled to a stay of the district court’s order and we accordingly
dissolve the stay effective October 15, 2014. We decline to deny the plaintiffs their
constitutional rights any longer.
Notwithstanding the above, we have determined to exercise our discretion to
afford the state a second opportunity to obtain an emergency stay of our order from
the Supreme Court, even though we see no possible basis for such a stay. For that
reason, our order of October 13, 2014 is not made effective until 9 a.m. PDT (noon
EST) on October 15, 2014. Otherwise we have determined that the stay of the
district court’s order enjoining enforcement of Idaho’s same-sex marriage bans
shall be dissolved and have entered the order of this court to that effect.
2
(...continued)
to state bans on same-sex marriage. We note that thirty-three states as well as the
District of Columbia either presently allow same-sex marriages or are located in
circuits affected by the Supreme Court’s denials. This figure includes Idaho and
Alaska.
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