United States v. Roy Joey , 845 F.3d 1291 ( 2017 )


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  •                   FOR PUBLICATION
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,             No. 15-10096
    Plaintiff-Appellee,
    D.C. No.
    v.                    3:14-cr-08122-SPL-1
    ROY RED JOEY,
    Defendant-Appellant.                OPINION
    Appeal from the United States District Court
    for the District of Arizona
    Steven Paul Logan, District Judge, Presiding
    Argued and Submitted October 18, 2016
    San Francisco, California
    Filed January 19, 2017
    Before: Sidney R. Thomas, Chief Judge, and
    Carlos T. Bea and Sandra S. Ikuta, Circuit Judges.
    Opinion by Judge Ikuta
    2                     UNITED STATES V. JOEY
    SUMMARY*
    Criminal Law
    The panel affirmed the district court’s determination that
    the defendant, as a repeat and dangerous sex offender against
    minors, was subject to an upward offense level adjustment
    pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5, in a case in which the
    defendant was convicted of two counts of abusive sexual
    contact under 18 U.S.C. § 2244(a)(5) and two counts of
    committing a felony offense involving a minor while required
    to register as a sex offender under 18 U.S.C. § 2260A.
    The panel rejected the defendant’s argument that U.S.S.G.
    § 2A3.6, or its Application Note 3, bars the application of
    § 4B1.5 in calculating the defendant’s Guidelines range for
    his § 2244(a)(5) convictions. The panel wrote that rather than
    instructing courts not to apply § 4B1.5 to a conviction under
    § 2244(a)(5) where the defendant also incurs a § 2260A
    conviction, the Guidelines instruct courts to determine the
    Guidelines range for the § 2244(a)(5) count independently of
    § 2260A.
    The panel disposed of the remainder of the defendant’s
    challenges to his conviction and sentence in a concurrently-
    filed memorandum disposition.
    *
    This summary constitutes no part of the opinion of the court. It has
    been prepared by court staff for the convenience of the reader.
    UNITED STATES V. JOEY                    3
    COUNSEL
    Cassie Bray Woo (argued), Assistant United States Attorney;
    Krissa M. Lanham, Deputy Appellate Chief; John S.
    Leonardo, United States Attorney; United States Attorney’s
    Office, Phoenix, Arizona; for Plaintiff-Appellee.
    Daniel L. Kaplan (argued), Assistant Federal Public
    Defender; Jon M. Sands, Federal Public Defender; Office of
    the Federal Public Defender, Phoenix, Arizona; for
    Defendant-Appellant.
    OPINION
    IKUTA, Circuit Judge:
    Roy Red Joey was convicted of two counts of abusive
    sexual contact under 18 U.S.C. § 2244(a)(5) and two counts
    of committing a felony offense involving a minor while
    required to register as a sex offender under 18 U.S.C.
    § 2260A. Joey argues that the district court procedurally
    erred in calculating the United States Sentencing Guidelines
    sentencing range for his § 2244(a)(5) convictions by applying
    § 4B1.5 of the Guidelines when Joey had also been convicted
    under § 2260A, which Joey contends punishes the same
    conduct as § 4B1.5. Thus, according to Joey, the district
    court violated the principle against double counting in
    applying the Guidelines. Because we cannot infer that the
    Sentencing Commission intended to preclude a § 4B1.5
    determination for a § 2244(a)(5) offense when the defendant
    has also been convicted under § 2260A, we conclude that the
    4                    UNITED STATES V. JOEY
    district court did not commit a procedural error in calculating
    the Guidelines sentencing range, and we affirm.1
    I
    In 1992, Roy Red Joey was convicted of aggravated
    sexual abuse of a child in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1153 and
    2241(c) after he forced his nine-year-old niece to the ground,
    covered her mouth with his hand, and digitally penetrated her
    vagina. As a result of this conviction, Joey was sentenced to
    93 months imprisonment, and was required to register as a
    sex offender. Several years later, in 2011, Joey offended
    again, this time against the minor grandchildren of one of his
    friends. At the time, the children were living with their
    grandmother, and Joey was a frequent guest at her home,
    sometimes even staying overnight.
    The indictment in this case alleged that Joey touched one
    victim’s breasts on one occasion and touched the other
    victim’s penis on three occasions. At trial, the government
    elicited testimony from the victims about these incidents.2
    The first victim testified that Joey touched her “over and over
    and over again” on her thighs, arms, and once on her breasts.
    The other victim testified that Joey twice touched his penis as
    they watched television in the living room, once through the
    victim’s clothes and once under the clothes. On a third
    1
    We dispose of the remainder of Joey’s challenges to his conviction
    and sentence in an unpublished memorandum disposition filed
    concurrently with this opinion.
    2
    The jury appears to have disbelieved the victims’ testimony in some
    respects, as evidenced by two not-guilty verdicts and two failures to
    render verdicts.
    UNITED STATES V. JOEY                            5
    incident, the victim woke up in his bedroom to find Joey
    touching his penis. Eventually the victims’ older sister
    learned of these incidents, reported the abuse to law
    enforcement, and obtained legal guardianship of the victims
    so that they would not be returned to their grandmother’s
    house.
    The government charged Joey with eight criminal counts.
    Counts 1 through 4 covered the four instances of
    inappropriate touching and alleged that each incident
    constituted a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2244(a)(5) (prohibiting
    knowingly causing another person who is under twelve years
    old to engage in a sexual act).3 Counts 5 through 8 alleged
    violations of 18 U.S.C. § 2260A, which imposes a penalty on
    a defendant who commits a specified felony offense
    involving a minor while required by federal or state law to
    register as a sex offender.4 After a five-day trial, the jury
    returned guilty verdicts as to Counts 1 and 3 (two incidents
    3
    The indictment alleged that this conduct also violated 18 U.S.C.
    §§ 1153 (giving federal courts jurisdiction over certain crimes committed
    by Indians) and 2246(3) (defining the term “sexual contact”).
    4
    18 U.S.C. § 2260A provides:
    Whoever, being required by Federal or other law to
    register as a sex offender, commits a felony offense
    involving a minor under section 1201, 1466A, 1470,
    1591, 2241, 2242, 2243, 2244, 2245, 2251, 2251A,
    2260, 2421, 2422, 2423, or 2425, shall be sentenced to
    a term of imprisonment of 10 years in addition to the
    imprisonment imposed for the offense under that
    provision. The sentence imposed under this section
    shall be consecutive to any sentence imposed for the
    offense under that provision.
    6                     UNITED STATES V. JOEY
    involving sexual acts in violation of § 2244(a)(5)) and Counts
    5 and 7 (two violations of § 2260A).5
    At sentencing, the district court adopted the Guidelines
    sentencing calculations from the Pre-Sentence Investigation
    Report (PSIR). See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(4); U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1
    (2014).6 The PSIR first calculated the Guidelines sentencing
    range for the § 2244(a)(5) convictions. It determined that
    the applicable Guidelines provision was § 2A3.4 (abusive
    sexual contact), and that the base offense level for the
    two convictions under § 2244(a)(5) was 12. U.S.S.G.
    § 2A3.4(a)(3). Turning to the specific offense characteristics
    listed in § 2A3.4(b), the PSIR determined that § 2A3.4(b)(1)
    required an increase in the offense level to 22 because the
    victims of the abusive sexual contact had not yet attained the
    age of twelve. Because Joey had been convicted of multiple
    counts, the PSIR applied the multiple count adjustment
    required in Part D of Chapter 3 of the Guidelines for the two
    convictions under § 2244(a)(5), which resulted in a combined
    adjusted offense level of 24. See 
    id. § 1B1.1(4).
    Finally, the PSIR determined that Joey was a repeat and
    dangerous sex offender against minors for purposes of
    § 4B1.5, and therefore subject to an additional upward
    offense level adjustment.      See 
    id. § 1B1.1(5);
    id.
    § 4B1.5(a)(1)(B). 
    Section 4B1.5 provides, in relevant part:
    5
    The jury did not return a verdict on Counts 2 and 6 and acquitted on
    Counts 4 and 8.
    6
    Unless otherwise indicated, all citations to the Guidelines are to the
    2014 manual, which applied at the time of Joey’s sentencing. See Johnson
    v. Gomez, 
    92 F.3d 964
    , 968 (9th Cir. 1996).
    UNITED STATES V. JOEY                    7
    (a) In any case in which the defendant’s
    instant offense of conviction is a covered
    sex crime, §4B1.1 (Career Offender) does
    not apply, and the defendant committed
    the instant offense of conviction
    subsequent to sustaining at least one sex
    offense conviction:
    (1) The offense level shall be the greater
    of:
    (A)    the offense level determined
    under Chapters Two and
    Three; or
    (B)    the offense level from the
    table below decreased by
    the number of levels
    corresponding to any
    applicable adjustment from
    § 3E1.1 (Acceptance of
    Responsibility):
    Offense Statutory    Offense
    Maximum              Level
    (i) Life             37
    Pursuant to § 4B1.5, because Joey’s § 2244(a)(5) convictions
    were covered sex crimes, § 4B1.1 did not apply to Joey, Joey
    had previously been convicted of a sex offense, and the
    statutory maximum for the § 2244(a)(5) offenses was life
    imprisonment, Joey’s total offense level for the § 2244(a)(5)
    convictions was 37. See 
    id. § 4B1.5(a)(1).
    In addition, the
    8                     UNITED STATES V. JOEY
    PSIR determined that under § 4B1.5(a)(2) Joey’s criminal
    history was Category V.7
    The PSIR’s calculation of the Guidelines sentencing
    range for Joey’s two convictions under 18 U.S.C. § 2260A
    was simpler. Section 2A3.6 of the Guidelines provides that
    “[i]f the defendant was convicted under . . . 18 U.S.C.
    § 2260A, the guideline sentence is the term of imprisonment
    required by statute.” Accordingly, the district court imposed
    the term of imprisonment required by § 2260A, “10 years in
    addition to the imprisonment imposed for” the underlying
    § 2244(a)(5) offenses.
    Before sentencing, Joey submitted written objections to
    the PSIR. Among other things, he argued that the PSIR
    incorrectly determined that pursuant to § 4B1.5 his offense
    level should be 37 and his criminal history a Category V.
    Joey claimed that the ten-year sentence under § 2260A (for
    committing a new qualifying felony involving a minor while
    being required to register as a sex offender), and the increased
    offense level for his conviction under § 2244(a)(5) due to the
    application of § 4B1.5 (for committing new sex crimes after
    having been convicted of a prior sex offense), punished the
    same conduct. Put differently, Joey contended that in light of
    his § 2260A conviction, applying § 4B1.5 to his § 2244(a)(5)
    offenses was impermissible double punishment for the same
    acts and therefore constituted a procedural error in calculating
    his Guidelines sentencing range. Joey renewed these
    objections at the sentencing hearing and also argued that the
    7
    U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5(a)(2) provides: “The criminal history category
    shall be the greater of: (A) the criminal history category determined under
    Chapter Four, Part A (Criminal History); or (B) criminal history Category
    V.”
    UNITED STATES V. JOEY                      9
    overlap between §§ 4B1.5 and 2260A should at least factor
    into the fashioning of an appropriate sentence, which Joey
    suggested was 20 years imprisonment.
    The district court rejected these arguments, holding that
    § 2260A “serves to punish for [] different conduct” from the
    Guidelines. After noting that it considered “all of the
    sentencing factors contained under Title 18 Section 3553(a),”
    the district court decided that a significant sentence was
    warranted in light of Joey’s long history of sexual misconduct
    “for the better part of 40 years.” Concluding that “the public
    is not safe with [Joey] as a free man,” the district court
    adjusted Joey’s offense level up to 39, thereby arriving at a
    Guidelines range of 360 months to life imprisonment. The
    district court then imposed two life sentences for Counts 1
    and 3, to be served concurrently, and 120 months apiece for
    Counts 5 and 7, to run concurrent to one another but
    consecutive to the life sentences.
    II
    On appeal, Joey renews his claim that the district court
    erred in calculating the advisory Guidelines sentencing range
    for his convictions under § 2244(a)(5). According to Joey,
    the district court made a procedural error in applying § 4B1.5
    for two reasons: (1) § 2A3.6, and in particular Application
    Note 3 of that provision, precludes the application of § 4B1.5,
    and (2) applying § 4B1.5 in determining Joey’s sentence
    under § 2244(a)(5) when he was also being sentenced under
    § 2260A violated the principle against double counting under
    the Guidelines. “In determining whether the district court
    committed procedural error, we review the district court’s
    interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo and its
    factual findings for clear error.” United States v. Smith, 719
    10                UNITED STATES V. JOEY
    F.3d 1120, 1123 (9th Cir. 2013) (citing United States v.
    Swank, 
    676 F.3d 919
    , 921 (9th Cir. 2012)).
    A
    Although the Sentencing Guidelines are merely advisory,
    United States v. Booker, 
    543 U.S. 220
    , 245 (2005), “a district
    court should begin all sentencing proceedings by correctly
    calculating the applicable Guidelines range” because “the
    Guidelines should be the starting point and the initial
    benchmark” when imposing a sentence, Gall v. United States,
    
    552 U.S. 38
    , 49 (2007).
    As a general rule, a sentencing court should “consider all
    applicable Guidelines provisions in calculating the guidelines
    range for an offense.” United States v. Neal, 
    776 F.3d 645
    ,
    660 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting 
    Smith, 719 F.3d at 1123
    ).
    “Absent an instruction to the contrary, enhancements under
    Chapter Two, adjustments under Chapter Three, and
    determinations under Chapter Four are to be applied
    cumulatively.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1 cmt. n.4(B). Accordingly,
    in calculating the Guidelines sentencing range for an offense,
    courts are sometimes required to make multiple
    enhancements, adjustments, or determinations that are
    “triggered by the same conduct.” 
    Id. As the
    Guidelines
    explain, for example, “shooting a police officer during the
    commission of a robbery may warrant an injury enhancement
    under §2B3.1(b)(3) and an official victim adjustment under
    §3A1.2, even though the enhancement and the adjustment
    both are triggered by the shooting of the officer.” 
    Id. From this
    guidance, we conclude that a court must generally apply
    all applicable Guidelines provisions, regardless whether the
    same act triggers multiple provisions.
    UNITED STATES V. JOEY                    11
    Consistent with this general rule, which derives from the
    Guidelines themselves, the Sentencing Commission expressly
    indicates when Guidelines provisions are not to be applied
    cumulatively. See, e.g., 
    Smith, 719 F.3d at 1124
    (noting that
    the Guidelines manual “spells out numerous instances in
    which a particular provision should not be applied to the same
    conduct as another provision”). Thus, when a defendant is
    subject to a statutory sentencing enhancement for specified
    conduct, as Joey is here, the Sentencing Commission provides
    explicit instructions when it intends to preclude courts from
    adjusting the defendant’s Guidelines sentencing range on
    account of the same conduct. For instance, 18 U.S.C.
    § 924(c) imposes an enhanced sentence on a person for using,
    carrying, or possessing a firearm in conjunction with the
    commission of certain other offenses, and the Sentencing
    Commission directs courts not to “apply any specific offense
    characteristic for possession, brandishing, use, or discharge
    of an explosive or firearm when determining the sentence”
    for the offense underlying a conviction of § 924(c). U.S.S.G.
    § 2K2.4 cmt. n.4. The Commission has provided similar
    directions for comparable situations in which only one
    offense level increase should be applied. See, e.g., 
    id. § 2K2.1
    cmt. n.8(A) (forbidding a stolen firearm
    enhancement where “the base offense level takes into account
    that the firearm or ammunition was stolen”); 
    id. § 3A1.1
    cmt.
    n.2 (forbidding a vulnerable victim adjustment “if the factor
    that makes the person a vulnerable victim is incorporated in
    the offense guideline”). Accordingly, “we have long held
    that the Sentencing Commission understands double
    counting”—the idea that the same conduct can sometimes
    result in multiple Guidelines offense level enhancements or
    adjustments—“and expressly forbids it where it is not
    intended.” 
    Smith, 719 F.3d at 1124
    (quoting United States v.
    12                UNITED STATES V. JOEY
    Rosas, 
    615 F.3d 1058
    , 1065 (9th Cir. 2010)) (internal
    quotation marks omitted).
    In light of this understanding of the Sentencing
    Commission’s approach to the Guidelines, we have routinely
    upheld the cumulative application of Guidelines provisions
    over claims of “impermissible double counting” so long as
    the application was consistent with the relevant Guidelines
    instructions. See, e.g., 
    id. at 1124–25
    & n.5. Although we
    have “inferred that the Commission would not intend courts
    to apply a Guidelines provision that would ‘increase a
    defendant’s punishment on account of a kind of harm that has
    already been fully accounted for by application of another
    part of the Guidelines,’” 
    id. at 1124
    (quoting United States v.
    Holt, 
    510 F.3d 1007
    , 1011 (9th Cir. 2007)), our examination
    of the Guidelines has consistently established that if “each
    invocation of the behavior serves a unique purpose under the
    Guidelines,” then the Commission “authorized and intended”
    the cumulative application of both provisions, 
    Holt, 510 F.3d at 1011
    (internal quotations omitted). See, e.g., United States
    v. Basa, 
    817 F.3d 645
    , 650 (9th Cir. 2016) (affirming the
    application of two enhancements that “take account of
    separate offense characteristics” and that were not explicitly
    non-cumulative); 
    Smith, 719 F.3d at 1124
    –25 & n.5 (same,
    and collecting similar cases). Moreover, we have never held
    that a district court erred in applying an otherwise relevant
    Guidelines provision merely because the same conduct
    triggering the Guidelines provision satisfied an element of the
    offense. See United States v. Williams, 
    14 F.3d 30
    , 32 (9th
    Cir. 1994) (per curiam) (rejecting the argument that
    impermissible double counting occurs where a Guidelines
    provision considers a factor that is also an element of the
    underlying offense because “the proper comparison to
    determine whether impermissible double-counting occurred
    UNITED STATES V. JOEY                           13
    is ‘between the applicable guidelines provisions, not between
    the guidelines provisions and the criminal code’”) (quoting
    United States v. McAninch, 
    994 F.2d 1380
    , 1385 (9th Cir.
    1993)). Instead, we have reversed district courts for applying
    “an enhancement that duplicates a necessary element of the
    underlying conviction,” 
    Basa, 817 F.3d at 650
    , only where
    the enhancement has been rendered inapplicable by the
    Sentencing Commission’s express directive, see, e.g., United
    States v. Aquino, 
    242 F.3d 859
    , 864–65 (9th Cir. 2001)
    (reversing a district court’s guidelines calculation applying an
    enhancement that duplicated an element of a § 924(c)
    conviction, in violation of U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4 cmt. n.2 (1998)).
    In short, the focus in an impermissible double counting
    challenge to a district court’s sentence is on the Sentencing
    Commission’s intent, and the primary touchstone for
    discovering that intent is the text of the Guidelines manual.8
    B
    We now consider Joey’s argument that the district court
    erred in calculating the Guidelines sentencing range due to
    8
    As other courts have recognized, “double counting” is an
    unfortunate misnomer that can imply an error in process or arithmetic.
    See United States v. Fiume, 
    708 F.3d 59
    , 61 (1st Cir. 2013). In practice,
    however, a double counting error is nothing more than a garden variety
    error of textual interpretation—a failure to ascertain correctly the
    Sentencing Commission’s directive. See 
    Smith, 719 F.3d at 1124
    (observing that the Ninth Circuit’s double counting jurisprudence is an
    exercise in inferring the Sentencing Commission’s intent). As with the
    interpretation of legal texts generally, our search for the Sentencing
    Commission’s intent will most often begin and end “with the text and
    structure” of the Guidelines. Cf. Alexander v. Sandoval, 
    532 U.S. 275
    ,
    288 (2001).
    14                UNITED STATES V. JOEY
    engaging in impermissible double counting. Because a
    sentencing court should “consider all applicable Guidelines
    provisions in calculating the guidelines range for an offense,”
    
    Neal, 776 F.3d at 660
    , “[a]bsent an instruction to the
    contrary,” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1 cmt. n.4(B), we first consider
    whether the Commission has expressly directed courts not to
    apply § 4B1.5 in calculating the Guidelines sentencing range
    for an offense under § 2244(a)(5) when the defendant is also
    convicted under § 2260A.
    Joey argues that § 2A3.6 of the Guidelines constitutes
    such a directive, particularly in view of Application Note 3.
    See Stinson v. United States, 
    508 U.S. 36
    , 38 (1993) (holding
    that “commentary in the Guidelines Manual that interprets or
    explains a guideline” is generally “authoritative”). Section
    2A3.6 provides, in pertinent part, “[i]f the defendant was
    convicted under . . . 18 U.S.C. § 2260A, the guideline
    sentence is the term of imprisonment required by statute.” It
    also provides that “Chapters Three (Adjustments) and Four
    (Criminal History and Criminal Livelihood) shall not apply
    to any count of conviction covered by this guideline.”
    U.S.S.G. § 2A3.6. Application Note 3 to § 2A3.6, in turn,
    states:
    Inapplicability of Chapter Two
    Enhancement.—If a sentence under this
    guideline is imposed in conjunction with a
    sentence for an underlying offense, do not
    apply any specific offense characteristic that
    is based on the same conduct as the conduct
    comprising the conviction under 18 U.S.C.
    § 2250(c) or § 2260A.
    UNITED STATES V. JOEY                      15
    Section 2A3.6 is applicable here because the PSIR, as
    adopted by the district court, calculated Joey’s sentence for
    the violations of § 2260A under that guideline, which requires
    the imposition of a consecutive ten-year sentence.
    Joey argues that the statement in the Application Note
    that a court may not apply “any specific offense characteristic
    that is based on the same conduct as the conduct comprising
    the conviction” under § 2260A barred the district court from
    applying § 4B1.5 to his conviction under § 2244(a)(5). We
    disagree. For purposes of the Guidelines, “specific offense
    characteristics” are included in Chapter 2 of the Guidelines
    and are used to determine the defendant’s offense level. See
    U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1(a)(2). The base offense level for a
    conviction under § 2244(a)(5) is calculated using § 2A3.4.
    The specific offense characteristics applicable to § 2244(a)(5)
    are set forth in § 2A3.4(b). This subsection (which is, in fact,
    labeled “Specific Offense Characteristics”) directs the court
    to increase the offense level if a victim was under a specified
    age, 
    id. §§ 2A3.4(b)(1)–(2),
    if the victim was in the custody,
    care, or supervisory control of the defendant, 
    id. § 2A3.4(b)(3),
    if the offense involved a knowing
    misrepresentation of a participant’s identity in order to induce
    sexual contact, 
    id. § 2A3.4(b)(4),
    or if the victim was enticed
    over a computer, 
    id. § 2A3.4(b)(5).
    By contrast, Chapter 4 is
    used to determine the defendant’s criminal history category
    and to determine any applicable adjustments for certain
    repeat offenders. See 
    id. § 1B1.1(a)(6).
    By its terms, § 4B1.5
    is not labeled a specific offense characteristic, is not included
    among the specific offense characteristics for § 2A3.4(b), and
    therefore is not the sort of provision described in Application
    Note 3 to § 2A3.6.
    16                UNITED STATES V. JOEY
    The history of § 2A3.6 likewise weighs against Joey’s
    argument. The Sentencing Commission added § 2A3.6 to the
    Guidelines in 2011 in response to the Adam Walsh Child
    Protection and Safety Act of 2006, Pub. L. No. 109-248, 120
    Stat. 587. U.S.S.G. app. C amend. 701 at 210. In addition to
    adding § 2A3.6 to address the Adam Walsh Act’s creation of
    18 U.S.C. § 2260A, 
    id. app. C
    amend. 701 at 212, the
    Sentencing Commission also amended § 4B1.5 to address
    other “relevant provisions in the Adam Walsh Act,” 
    id. app. C
    amend. 701 at 210. In implementing the Adam Walsh Act,
    the Commission included language in § 2A3.6 expressly
    instructing courts not to apply Chapter 4 when calculating the
    Guidelines sentencing range for § 2260A convictions, but did
    not preclude courts from applying § 4B1.5 when calculating
    the sentencing range for the offense underlying § 2260A.
    Given that the Commission considered what changes to
    § 4B1.5 were necessary to implement the Adam Walsh Act,
    the Commission’s decision not to forbid § 4B1.5’s
    application to offenses underlying § 2260A convictions,
    despite considering both §§ 2A3.6 and 4B1.5 at the same
    time, raises the inference that § 4B1.5 and § 2260A should be
    applied cumulatively to underlying offenses. Accordingly,
    we reject Joey’s argument that § 2A3.6, or its Application
    Note 3, bars the application of § 4B1.5 in calculating Joey’s
    Guidelines sentencing range for his § 2244(a)(5) convictions.
    Indeed, rather than instructing courts not to apply § 4B1.5
    to a conviction under § 2244(a)(5) where the defendant also
    incurs a § 2260A conviction, the Guidelines are better read as
    requiring such application. Section 5G1.2 provides specific
    guidance for calculating a sentence where, as here, the
    sentence is “to be imposed on a count for which the statute
    (1) specifies a term of imprisonment to be imposed; and (2)
    requires that such term of imprisonment be imposed to run
    UNITED STATES V. JOEY                     17
    consecutively to any other term of imprisonment.” 
    Id. § 5G1.2(a).
    In such a situation (subject to an exception not
    applicable here), the sentence “shall be determined by that
    statute and imposed independently” of any other term of
    imprisonment associated with another offense.              
    Id. Application Note
    2(A) to § 5G1.2(a) clarifies that (with an
    exception not applicable here) “the term of years to be
    imposed consecutively is the minimum required by the statute
    of conviction and is independent of the guideline sentence on
    any other count.” Applied here, § 2260A provides that “[t]he
    sentence imposed under this section shall be consecutive to
    any sentence imposed” for the underlying offense of
    conviction. Therefore, § 5G1.2 requires a district court to
    determine the Guidelines sentencing range for the
    § 2244(a)(5) counts independently of the ten-year sentence
    for the § 2260A offense.
    Nor is there any basis to infer that the Commission did
    not intend courts to apply § 4B1.5 because it would “increase
    a defendant’s punishment on account of a kind of harm that
    has already been fully accounted for by application of”
    § 2260A. 
    Smith, 719 F.3d at 1124
    . Section 4B1.5 adjusts a
    defendant’s offense level to account for the commission of a
    new sex crime after a prior sex crime conviction, whereas
    § 2260A punishes the commission of specified felonies
    involving a minor while being required to register as a sex
    offender under either federal or state law. Because sex
    offender registration requirements vary across jurisdictions,
    a defendant who had a prior sex conviction may not
    necessarily be subject to such a requirement. See, e.g.,
    Alaska Stat. § 12.63.020(a)(2) (registration obligation expires
    after 15 years for certain offenders); Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-
    3821(F) (registration obligation expires at age 25 for juvenile
    offenders); Colo. Rev. Stat. § 16-22-113(1) (offenders may
    18                    UNITED STATES V. JOEY
    petition for termination of registration obligations after 20
    years, 10 years, 5 years, or at completion of the sentence,
    depending on the severity of the offense). As such, §§ 4B1.5
    and 2260A serve distinct penological goals, and there is no
    reason to infer that the Sentencing Commission did not intend
    their dual application in situations like Joey’s, particularly
    given the strong textual inferences previously discussed that
    support cumulative application.
    Because the Guidelines do not contain any instruction that
    precludes a district court from applying § 4B1.5 in calculating
    the Guidelines sentencing range for a § 2244(a)(5) conviction
    where a defendant has also been convicted under § 2260A,
    but rather instruct district courts to determine the Guidelines
    sentencing range for the § 2244(a)(5) count independently of
    § 2260A, the district court did not procedurally err in
    calculating the applicable Guidelines sentencing range.9
    AFFIRMED.
    9
    While our conclusion that the district court did not make any
    procedural error in calculating the Guidelines sentencing range does not
    foreclose the argument that application of both §§ 4B1.5 and 2260A
    produces a recommended sentence that is substantively unreasonable and
    overstates a defendant’s culpability, Joey has not specifically and
    distinctly raised a substantive unreasonableness claim in his opening brief,
    and we therefore do not consider it. See Smith v. Marsh, 
    194 F.3d 1045
    ,
    1052 (9th Cir. 1999).