United States v. Alfred Wahtomy , 382 F. App'x 666 ( 2010 )

FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION JUN 09 2010
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U.S . CO UR T OF AP PE A LS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 09-30106
Plaintiff - Appellee, D.C. No. 4:08-CR-00096-BLW-1
v.
MEMORANDUM *
ALFRED WAHTOMY,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Idaho
B. Lynn Winmill, Chief District Judge, Presiding
Submitted February 5, 2010**
Seattle, Washington
Before: ALARCMN, W. FLETCHER and RAWLINSON, Circuit Judges.
Alfred Wahtomy was indicted on charges of aggravated sexual abuse in
violation of 18 U.S.C. y 2241(a), and assault resulting in serious bodily injury in
violation of 18 U.S.C. y 113(a)(6). In support of his pretrial motion to suppress,
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously finds this case suitable for decision without
oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
Wahtomy sought to compel the testimony of a tribal court judge who had signed
the search warrant in order to inquire into whether the judge was 'neutral and
detached' or 'capable of determining whether probable cause exists.' See
Shadwicµ v. City of Tampa, 407 U.S. 345, 350 (1972). The district court quashed
the subpoena and denied the motion to suppress. Wahtomy proceeded to trial and
was convicted. He appeals from the district court's order quashing the subpoena.
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. y 1291 and we affirm.
We review a district court's order quashing a subpoena for abuse of
discretion. United States v. Bergeson, 425 F.3d 1221, 1224 (9th Cir. 2005). We
review de novo whether the defendant's due process or compulsory process rights
were violated. United States v. Bahamonde, 445 F.3d 1225, 1228 n.2 (9th Cir.
2006).
To establish a violation of the constitutional right to compulsory process, a
defendant 'must maµe at least some plausible showing of how the[] testimony
would have been both material and favorable to his defense.' United States v.
Valenzuela-Bernal, 458 U.S. 858, 868 (1982). To establish a violation here,
Wahtomy needed to maµe a plausible showing that Judge Coby's testimony as to
her neutrality and qualifications would have been both material and favorable on
his Fourth Amendment claim.
2
With regard to whether Judge Coby was 'neutral and detached,' Wahtomy
failed to proffer any description of Judge Coby's testimony beyond stating that
Judge Coby was his former wife's daughter. He did not proffer even basic details
of the relationship that were within his personal µnowledge, such as whether
Wahtomy and Judge Coby were personally acquainted or the extent and frequency
of their interaction. He did not proffer any specific evidence of bias, nor why the
relationship might have made Judge Coby biased against him in his case.
Wahtomy also sought to inquire into Judge Coby's relationship to law
enforcement, but made no showing of any basis for so inquiring. Speculation
based on the fact of a relationship or relationships alone is not sufficient to maµe
out a showing of materiality. See Valenzuela-Bernal, 458 U.S. at 873-74; United
States v. Heffington, 952 F.2d 275, 279 (9th Cir. 1991). Moreover, this case arose
on an Indian reservation of several thousand people, where the liµelihood that the
on-call tribal judge has a relationship to the subject of a requested warrant is
greater than in a more populous jurisdiction. In the absence of concrete evidence
of partiality, we have expressed wariness to 'disqualify small-town judges on
demand' unless the appearance of partiality is 'extreme.' Id.
Wahtomy also failed to proffer evidence of why Judge Coby might not have
been competent to determine whether probable cause existed. Laypersons may
3
properly issue warrants, including search warrants. See Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S.
213, 235-36 (1983). Wahtomy acµnowledged that he had no specific basis to
question Judge Coby's competency to maµe a 'nontechnical, common-sense
judgment[]' as to whether law enforcement had demonstrated probable cause. Id.
In the absence of an appropriate proffer, the district court properly declined to
permit Wahtomy to subpoena Judge Coby to inquire into her qualifications.
AFFIRMED.
4
FILED
U.S. v. Wahtom y, Case No. 09-30106 JUN 09 2010
Rawlinson, Circuit Judge, concurring: MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S . CO UR T OF AP PE A LS
I concur in the result.