Zhanwen Yu v. Jeffrey Rosen ( 2021 )

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JAN 11 2021
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ZHANWEN YU, No. 16-70089
Petitioner, Agency No. A087-808-702
v.
MEMORANDUM*
JEFFREY A. ROSEN, Acting Attorney
General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted December 10, 2020**
Pasadena, California
Before: O'SCANNLAIN and OWENS, Circuit Judges, and KENNELLY,***
District Judge.
Partial Concurrence and Partial Dissent by Judge KENNELLY
Zhanwen Yu petitions for review of an order by the Board of Immigration
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
***
The Honorable Matthew F. Kennelly, United States District Judge for
the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
Appeals (BIA) dismissing his appeal from a denial of his applications for asylum,
withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture (CAT).
As the facts are known to the parties, we repeat them only as necessary to explain
our decision.
I
Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that Yu did not show
past persecution in China on account of a political opinion. See 8 U.S.C.
§§ 1101(a)(42)(A), 1158(b)(1).
A
The record does not compel the conclusion that Yu suffered past
persecution. “Persecution is an extreme concept,” Fisher v. INS, 79 F.3d 955, 961
(9th Cir. 1996), which is evidenced by “repeated, lengthy and severe harassment,”
Gu v. Gonzales, 454 F.3d 1014, 1020 (9th Cir. 2006). Yu did not show repeated or
lengthy harassment. Yu’s detention lasted seven days, but it was an isolated
episode, and he was interrogated only twice during that span. See Prasad v. INS,
47 F.3d 336, 339 (9th Cir. 1995). Nor did Yu show severe harassment. Yu was
beaten, but he described his injuries as “skin level,” and he did not require medical
attention. See Gu, 454 F.3d at 1020; Hoxha v. Ashcroft, 319 F.3d 1179, 1182 (9th
Cir. 2003); Prasad, 47 F.3d at 339. After his release from detention, Yu
experienced no further mistreatment by the police. See Gu, 454 F.3d at 1020.
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Accordingly, the BIA did not err in finding that Yu’s mistreatment did not rise to
the level of persecution. See Gu, 454 F.3d at 1019–21.
B
The record does not compel the conclusion that Yu was mistreated on
account of a political opinion. Yu testified that he and the other factory workers
protested the loss of their jobs. They shouted, “[W]e want work, we want food, our
children want to go to school.” But the record does not show, for example, that Yu
expressed “opposition to broad forms of governmental corruption [that] may
evince a political opinion” or that he took “concrete steps to expose corruption.”
Singh v. Barr, 935 F.3d 822, 825, 826 (9th Cir. 2019). While Yu testified that he
hates Communist rule, no evidence shows the police knew of any political view he
held or imputed one to him. See Kozulin v. INS, 218 F.3d 1112, 1115 (9th Cir.
2000). Instead, the police interrogation focused on Yu’s participation in an illegal
gathering. See Chanco v. INS, 82 F.3d 298, 302 (9th Cir. 1996) (holding that
prosecution of illegal acts was not due to petitioner’s political opinion); Abedini v.
INS, 971 F.2d 188, 191 (9th Cir. 1992). Consequently, Yu did not show “that the
persecutor was motivated by a belief that the petitioner held the political opinion.”
Singh, 935 at 825 (emphasis omitted) (citation omitted).
II
Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that Yu did not show he
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has a well-founded fear of future persecution. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(a)(42)(A),
1158(b)(2). Yu must show his fear is “objectively reasonable” based on “credible,
direct, and specific evidence in the record, of facts that would support a reasonable
fear of persecution.” Ghaly v. INS, 58 F.3d 1425, 1428 (9th Cir. 1995) (citation
omitted). After his release from detention, Yu lived in China for at least two
months unharmed even though he did not report to the police every week as they
requested. See Gu, 454 F.3d at 1020; Lata v. INS, 204 F.3d 1241, 1245 (9th Cir.
2000). The government did not revoke Yu’s passport, and he left freely. Yu does
not claim that any member of his family has been threatened or harmed by the
police since he left. See Hakeem v. INS, 273 F.3d 812, 816 (9th Cir. 2001).
Although Yu’s wife said that the police were looking for him, that fact was “the
product of hearsay evidence” and is “less probative of the likeliness that he would
be persecuted . . . [than] non-hearsay evidence of [Yu’s] experiences after his
detention.” Gu, 454 F.3d at 1022.
III
Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that Yu failed to show it
is more likely than not that he would be tortured in China. See 8 C.F.R.
§ 1208.16(c)(2). Torture is “more severe than persecution.” Nuru v. Gonzales, 404
F.3d 1207, 1224 (9th Cir. 2005). Because the record does not compel a finding that
Yu has a well-founded fear of future persecution, he cannot satisfy the higher
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standard of proof for relief under the CAT. See id.
PETITION FOR REVIEW DENIED.
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FILED
JAN 11 2021
Yu v. Rosen, No. 16-70089
KENNELLY, District Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part: MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
I join the majority’s decision with respect to Part III, but respectfully dissent
from Part I and II. I would grant Zhanwen Yu’s petition because the record compels
the conclusion that he faced past persecution for an imputed political opinion.
The BIA took Yu’s testimony as true and found it insufficient. Our review is
limited to the BIA’s grounds, Maldonado v. Lynch, 786 F.3d 1155, 1160 (9th Cir.
2015) (en banc), so I begin with the facts as Yu described them during his testimony.
Yu testified that after losing his factory job, he—along with other fired
workers and family members—participated in a demonstration outside a government
building, where he was beaten by the police. The police knocked Yu to the ground,
handcuffed him, and transported him to a detention center where he was held for
seven days. Police officers interrogated Yu about his participation in an “illegal
gathering to disrupt the social order.” When Yu refused to admit his participation,
the police punched, kicked, and beat him at least a dozen times with a police baton.
During a second interrogation, the police ordered Yu to sign a letter promising not
to participate in future illegal gatherings or plan demonstrations with other workers,
and they asked him to disclose the identities of other demonstration participants. Yu
refused to sign the letter, and the police beat him with a baton three to four times.
Yu then signed the letter. As a condition of his release, the police required Yu to
report to them weekly on Wednesdays—which he did five times. During these
visits, the police asked Yu whether he “collude[d] with other workers to participate
in any kind of activities or events and you have disrupted the social order and the
like [sic]” in the past week. Yu also testified that his wife reported that the police
came to their home looking for him and that a coworker who also participated in the
demonstration was sentenced to a three-year prison term.
In sum, Yu (1) was “physically harmed during his … detention,” and “coerced
into signing a document” forbidding participation in protected activities, like the
petitioner in Guo v. Ashcroft, 361 F.3d 1194 (9th Cir. 2004); (2) was required to
report to the police weekly as a condition of his release; (3) endured a seven-day
detention; and (4) the government sustained its interest in him after his release, like
the petitioner in Quan v. Gonzales, 428 F.3d 883 (9th Cir. 2005). In my view, “[t]he
totality of the circumstances” compels the conclusion that Yu faced past persecution.
See Guo, 361 F.3d at 1203; see Quan, 428 F.3d at 890.
The majority cites Gu v. Gonzales, 454 F.3d 1014 (9th Cir. 2006), where this
Court concluded that the petitioner failed to establish past persecution. But Yu’s
seven-day detention was more than twice the length of the three-day detention faced
by the petitioner in Gu, and it exceeded the one-day detention in Quan and the day-
and-a-half long detention in Guo, cases in which this Court concluded that the
petitioner established past persecution. See Gu, 454 F.3d at 1017; see Quan, 428
F.3d at 888-89; see Guo, 361 F.3d at 1203.
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Moreover, contrary to the majority’s reasoning, it is immaterial to our past
persecution inquiry that Yu’s injuries were “skin level,” or that he neither sought
medical attention nor faced long-term health effects. See Quan, 428 F.3d at 888-89
(“Using an electrically-charged baton on a prisoner … may constitute persecution,
even when there are no long-term effects and the prisoner does not seek medical
attention.”); see Guo v. Sessions, 897 F.3d 1208, 1215 (9th Cir. 2018) (“We have
explicitly rejected the implication that our decision [in Guo v. Ashcroft] stemmed
from the severity of [the petitioner’s] beating” … “[m]oreover, a beating ‘may
constitute persecution, even when there are no long-term effects and the petitioner
does not seek medical attention.’”) (quoting Quan, 428 F.3d at 888).
Also, this Court “need not decide whether Petitioner’s beating alone amounted
to persecution because his asylum claim is also premised on his release conditions.”
Guo, 897 F.3d at 1215. Specifically, Yu suffered persecution because he was
“forbidden by the government” from participating in demonstrations, and not merely
forbidden from having certain political beliefs. Id. As such, the majority’s
conclusion that Yu did not show past persecution because his “detention … was an
isolated episode, and he was interrogated only twice during that span,” “disregards
the reality that, because [Yu] was forbidden from [participating in labor protests]
and required to report to the police weekly,” which Yu did for five consecutive
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weeks, “his persecution was ongoing” and he faced "state-imposed limitation[s].”
Guo, 897 F.3d at 1215; see Gu, 454 F.3d at 1021.
In concluding that the police did not impute a political opinion to Yu, the
majority says that the police were focused on Yu’s participation in illegal acts, not
by a belief that he had a political opinion. I respectfully disagree. “A political
opinion encompasses more than electoral politics or formal political ideology or
action.” Ahmed v. Keisler, 504 F.3d 1183, 1197 (9th Cir. 2007). “Although there is
no easy test to determine when a worker’s or employer’s action is political—as
opposed to or in addition to economic—our case law makes clear that labor agitation
advancing economic interests can nevertheless express a political opinion.” Hu v.
Holder, 652 F.3d 1011, 1018 (9th Cir. 2011).
In this case, the record compels the conclusion that the police imputed
political beliefs to Yu when they accused him of his “labor agitation” and
“disrupt[ion] [of] the social order” after he participated in a demonstration outside a
government building. As a condition of release, the police forced Yu to sign a letter
barring him from participating in further demonstrations and colluding with other
workers, and they urged him to disclose and report on workers who participate in
illegal demonstrations. Further, Yu testified that his weekly questioning by the
police fixated on whether he had colluded with other workers or disrupted the social
order in the previous week. These facts reveal the focus of the authorities’ concern—
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whether Yu, even after being released, was actively involved in labor protests with
fellow dissidents. This cannot reasonably be understood as anything other than
targeting Yu for what the authorities considered to be political views.
“Proof of past persecution gives rise to a presumption of a well-founded fear
of future persecution and shifts the evidentiary burden to the government to rebut
that presumption.” Ahmed, 504 F.3d at 1192. Because I conclude that Yu
established past persecution, I would grant his petition and remand to the BIA to
determine whether the government can rebut the presumption of a well-founded fear
of persecution.
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