Lazaro Vizcara-Ramirez v. Robert Wilkinson ( 2021 )

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 11 2021
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
LAZARO VIZCARA-RAMIREZ, No. 19-70019
Petitioner, Agency No. A205-490-234
v.
MEMORANDUM*
ROBERT M. WILKINSON, Acting
Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted December 11, 2020**
Seattle, Washington
Before: McKEOWN, HUNSAKER, and BUMATAY, Circuit Judges.
Lazaro Vizcara-Ramirez, a native of Mexico, petitions for review of the Board
of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) denial of his application for cancellation of
removal and voluntary departure. The petition is granted.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
1. An alien convicted of an aggravated felony, including attempted rape, is
ineligible for cancellation of removal and voluntary departure. 8 U.S.C.
§§ 1229b(b)(1)(C), 1229c(b)(1), 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), 1101(a)(43)(A), (U). To
determine whether a state conviction is an aggravated felony, we employ the
categorical and modified categorical approaches. Syed v. Barr, 969 F.3d 1012, 1017
(9th Cir. 2020). The analysis essentially “ask[s] whether the statutory elements of
the crime of conviction match the elements of the generic offense.” Id. We review
the question de novo. Jauregi-Cardenas v. Barr, 946 F.3d 1116, 1118 (9th Cir.
2020).
2. In 2013, Vizcara was convicted of attempted third-degree rape in violation
of Revised Code of Washington (“RCW”) §§ 9A.28.020, 9A.44.060. At the time of
his conviction, RCW § 9A.44.060(1) defined third-degree rape as when:
[A] person engages in sexual intercourse with another person, not
married to the perpetrator:
(a) Where the victim did not consent . . . to sexual intercourse with the
perpetrator and such lack of consent was clearly expressed by the
victim’s words or conduct, or
(b) Where there is threat of substantial unlawful harm to property rights
of the victim.
There is no dispute that RCW § 9A.44.060 (2013) is categorically overbroad
due to the threat-to-property alternative. See Castro-Baez v. Reno, 217 F.3d 1057,
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1059 (9th Cir. 2000) (The generic definition of rape requires “non-consensual sexual
intercourse with a person.”).
3. Since § 9A.44.060 encompasses conduct beyond federal generic rape, we
next need to decide if the statute is divisible. See Syed, 969 F.3d at 1017. Divisibility
turns on whether a statute’s enumerated alternatives are “elements or means.”
Mathis v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 2243, 2256 (2016). A statute is divisible if it
“lists elements in the alternative—thereby creating multiple, distinct crimes within
a single statute.” Syed, 969 F.3d at 1017. If “a jury must unanimously agree on
which of the . . . statutory alternatives a defendant committed to return a conviction,”
the alternatives are elements; otherwise, they are means. United States v. Robinson,
869 F.3d 933, 938 (9th Cir. 2017). To answer the question, we consult state law,
including the face of the statute, possible differences in punishment, and state-court
precedent. Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at 2256.
While Washington state courts have not specifically addressed this issue with
respect to third-degree rape, the Washington Supreme Court has held that the
similarly structured first- and second-degree-rape statutes present alternative means
to committing their respective crimes. See State v. Whitney, 108 Wash. 2d 506, 510–
11 (1987) (en banc) (regarding RCW § 9A.44.040, first-degree rape); State v.
Ortega-Martinez, 124 Wash. 2d 702, 707 (1994) (en banc) (regarding RCW
§ 9A.44.050, second-degree rape).
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To determine whether a statute describes “several multiple offenses or a single
offense which may be committed in different ways,” Washington courts consider:
“[1] the title of the act; [2] whether there is a readily perceivable connection between
the various acts set forth; [3] whether the acts are consistent with and not repugnant
to each other; [4] and whether the acts may inhere in the same transaction.” Whitney,
108 Wash. 2d at 510 (alterations in original) (quoting State v. Arndt, 87 Wash. 2d
374, 379 (1976) (en banc)). Following this analysis, the Washington Supreme Court
concluded that first-degree rape is a “single offense” with “alternative means” of
commission by kidnapping or by use or threatened use of a deadly weapon. Id. at
510–11. Similarly, the court clearly delineated second-degree rape’s two
alternatives—i.e., by “forcible compulsion” or when the victim is incapable of
consent by “reason of being mentally incapacitated”—as “means” not requiring juror
unanimity. Ortega-Martinez, 124 Wash. 2d at 708–09.
Given these cases, we believe that Washington state courts would also
determine that third-degree rape’s statutory alternatives are means, not elements.
Like in first- and second-degree rape, third-degree rape’s lack-of-consent and threat-
to-property alternatives “could inhere in the same incident” and are not “repugnant”
to each other. Whitney, 108 Wash. 2d at 510. In other words, a case could arise
where “substantial evidence” could support both rape by lack of consent and by
threat to property rights in one single offense and, thus, jury unanimity would not be
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required under Washington law. Id. at 511. Under this understanding of the law,
§ 9A.44.060’s alternatives cannot be said to be “elements” and the statute is not
divisible.
Washington’s pattern jury instructions for third-degree rape confirm that
§ 9A.44.060’s alternatives are means, not elements. Such instructions are often a
“useful tool in assessing the divisibility of state statutes.” Chavez-Solis v. Lynch,
803 F.3d 1004, 1013 (9th Cir. 2015). Here, the instructions at the time of Vizcara’s
conviction specifically provided:
To return a verdict of guilty, the jury need not be unanimous as to which
of alternatives [lack of consent] or [threat to property] has been proved
beyond a reasonable doubt, as long as each juror finds that at least one
alternative has been proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
11 Wash. Prac., Pattern Jury Instr. Crim. 42.02 (3d ed. 2008). As jury unanimity is
required for any element, see Robinson, 869 F.3d at 938, these instructions
demonstrate that Washington law views § 9A.44.060’s subsections as forming
alternative means to committing a single offense.
We recognize that this court has previously held that § 9A.44.060 is an
aggravated felony or subject to the modified categorical approach. See United States
v. Yanez-Saucedo, 295 F.3d 991, 996 (9th Cir. 2002) (holding that § 9A.44.060(1)(a)
fits the generic definition of rape); United States v. Gallegos-Galindo, 704 F.3d
1269, 1274–75 (9th Cir. 2013) (applying the modified categorical approach to
§ 9A.44.060). But these cases were decided before Descamps v. United States, 570
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U.S. 254 (2013), and Mathis and “had no occasion . . . to determine whether [the
statute] is divisible” as required by current law. Robinson, 869 F.3d at 937. In light
of the above analysis, Yanez-Saucedo and Gallegos-Galindo are “‘clearly
irreconcilable with the reasoning or theory’ of Descamps and Mathis,” and we do
not follow them here. Id. (quoting Miller v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 893 (9th Cir.
2003) (en banc)).
RCW § 9A.44.060 is, thus, indivisible and the BIA was not permitted to resort
to the modified categorical approach to determine if Vizcara’s conviction was an
aggravated felony. Cf. Syed, 969 F.3d at 1017 (“If a statute is not divisible. . . , the
conviction will not serve as a basis of removal.”).
* * *
For the foregoing reasons, we GRANT Vizcara’s petition and REMAND to
the BIA.
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