Leah Kando v. City of Long Beach ( 2023 )

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 26 2023
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
LEAH KANDO, an individual, No. 21-56199
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:20-cv-04520-SB-E
v.
MEMORANDUM*
CITY OF LONG BEACH, a local public
entity; et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Central District of California
Stanley Blumenfeld, Jr., District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted March 17, 2023
Pasadena, California
Before: PAEZ, MILLER, and VANDYKE, Circuit Judges.
Partial Concurrence and Partial Dissent by Judge VANDYKE.
Leah Kando appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Long
Beach public officials on two claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. She asserts a First
Amendment claim against animal control officer Alfredo Magaña and a due
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
process claim against 911 call dispatcher Nadia Klute. We reverse as to the First
Amendment claim and affirm as to the due process claim.
We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Stephens
v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 935 F.3d 852, 854 (9th Cir. 2019). “Summary judgment is
appropriate when, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party, ‘there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact.’” United
States v. JP Morgan Chase Bank Acct. No. Ending 8215, 835 F.3d 1159, 1162 (9th
Cir. 2016) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)).
1. Kando argues that Magaña violated her First Amendment right to
“petition the Government for a redress of grievances.” U.S. Const. amend. I. She
claims that, after she protested the conduct of another animal control officer,
Magaña threatened to sue her. To establish a violation, Kando must demonstrate
that (1) she “engaged in constitutionally protected activity”; (2) Magaña took
“adverse action” against her that “would chill a person of ordinary firmness from
continuing to engage in the protected activity”; and (3) there was “a substantial
causal relationship between the constitutionally protected activity and the adverse
action.” Ballentine v. Tucker, 28 F.4th 54, 61 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting Blair v.
Bethel Sch. Dist., 608 F.3d 540, 543 (9th Cir. 2010)).
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Kando, we conclude that
Kando has made a sufficient showing of each element to survive summary
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judgment. First, she engaged in constitutionally protected activity. In the phone
call with Magaña, Kando requested a complaint form and criticized the officer’s
behavior as unprofessional, aggressive, and offensive to taxpayers. Criticizing the
government is activity that is “paradigmatically protected by the First
Amendment.” White v. Lee, 227 F.3d 1214, 1226 (9th Cir. 2000). Second,
Magaña’s alleged threat to sue her was an adverse action. See Brodheim v. Cry,
584 F.3d 1262, 1270–71 (9th Cir. 2009). It makes no difference that Kando pressed
forward and filed a complaint anyway. The chilling analysis depends on the
reaction of a “person of ordinary firmness,” not the individual plaintiff. See Capp
v. County of San Diego, 940 F.3d 1046, 1054–55 (9th Cir. 2019) (recognizing a
chilling effect even though the plaintiff “immediately contacted” officials to
protest). Third, Kando has presented evidence of causation because Magaña made
the threat in direct response to her complaints about the agency.
2. Magaña is not entitled to qualified immunity. Well before the events at
issue in this case, our precedent clearly established that officials violate the First
Amendment when they threaten retaliatory punishment for protected activity. See
Capp, 940 F.3d at 1059 (“[I]t was clear [in 2015] that a government actor could not
take action that would be expected to chill protected speech out of retaliatory
animus for such speech.” (citations omitted)). In White, we denied qualified
immunity to officials who investigated the plaintiffs for legal violations after they
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petitioned the government to protest a housing project. 227 F.3d at 1238–39. Even
though the government did not ultimately pursue litigation, we explained that “the
threat of invoking legal sanctions” was unconstitutional nonetheless. Id. at 1228(quoting Bantam Books, Inc. v. Sullivan, 372 U.S. 58, 67 (1963)). In Brodheim, we
held that an official violated the First Amendment even if his statement merely
“intimated that some form of punishment or adverse regulatory action would
follow” from the plaintiff’s protected grievances. 584 F.3d at 1271. If a veiled
threat of an unidentified punishment constitutes retaliation, an overt threat of
specific punishment must also suffice. Here, Magaña allegedly said that “he
wanted to go to court and sue” Kando for criticizing the agency. That explicit
threat of legal action in retaliation for Kando’s protected complaints clearly
violated the First Amendment.
Magaña’s alleged threat employed the coercive apparatus of the government
because it was issued by a government official over a government phone line in the
course of his duty of responding to citizen complaints. The threatened legal
action—which had no apparent legitimate basis—could plausibly have been
understood to involve the government as well. The First Amendment protects
citizens from just this sort of government abuse. It does not permit officials to
threaten citizens on the government’s behalf. See Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S.
410, 421–22 (2006) (“Restricting speech that owes its existence to a public
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employee’s professional responsibilities does not infringe any liberties the
employee might have enjoyed as a private citizen.”).
3. Kando argues that Klute violated due process by deliberately omitting
exculpatory evidence from a 911 call report. Kando contends that the omissions
were material to the decision to charge her with making a criminal threat under
California Penal Code section 422. “The Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the
deliberate fabrication of evidence by a state official.” Spencer v. Peters, 857 F.3d
789, 793 (9th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted). A constitutional violation requires
“(1) a misrepresentation or omission (2) made deliberately or with a reckless
disregard for the truth, that was (3) material to the judicial decision.” Benavidez v.
County of San Diego, 993 F.3d 1134, 1147 (9th Cir. 2021) (citation omitted).
Kando maintains that the call report erroneously failed to specify that she
was concerned about intrusions into her unit rather than the larger condominium
building. The report was accurate: Kando called to protest a building entry, not a
unit entry, and she repeatedly referred to intrusions into the building.
Kando also argues that her threat was conditioned on an entry “without
permission,” and that the report omitted that phrase. Assuming Kando’s allegation
is correct, that omission was not material. Under section 422, a threat need only be
so “unconditional . . . as to convey to the person threatened, a gravity of purpose
and an immediate prospect of execution of the threat.” Cal. Penal Code § 422(a).
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An officer had just entered the building without Kando’s permission, so limiting
the threat to the context of unauthorized building entries in no way negated its
gravity or imminence.
Klute did omit Kando’s purported retraction from her call report, but there is
no evidence that she acted deliberately in doing so. When Klute spoke to a police
officer shortly after the call, she told him about the purported retraction. Given that
Klute readily disclosed the evidence she was allegedly trying to suppress, her
omission could not have been an attempt to frame Kando.
Because Kando has not demonstrated that Klute deliberately or recklessly
omitted material evidence, she has not established a due process claim.
4. The district court correctly rejected Kando’s attempt to assert claims
against nonparties.
The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.
REVERSED in part; AFFIRMED in part; REMANDED.
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FILED
Kando v. City of Long Beach, No. 21-56199 APR 26 2023
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
VANDYKE, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
I agree with the portions of the majority’s decision that affirm the district
court, and dissent only from its resolution of Kando’s First Amendment claim.
Although criticism of the government is indubitably protected speech, see White v.
Lee, 227 F.3d 1214, 1226 (9th Cir. 2000), it is a much more difficult question
whether a government official’s threat to sue someone for criticizing them is the type
of adverse action that can form the basis for a First Amendment retaliation claim.1
Litigation activity is itself protected by the First Amendment, and it is far from
obvious whether someone can raise a First Amendment claim against a government
official for exercising (or here, threatening to exercise) their own First Amendment
rights. But precisely since that question has not been “clearly” addressed or decided
one way or the other in our precedent, qualified immunity applies and I would affirm
the district court’s decision in its entirety.
None of the cases cited by the majority “clearly establish” that a government
official’s threat to sue a complaining citizen can give rise to a First Amendment
retaliation claim. In Bantam Books v. Sullivan, a Rhode Island state agency
threatened publishers with investigation, informal sanctions, and possible criminal
1
Like the panel majority, I assume for summary judgment purposes that Magaña did
in fact threaten to sue Kando.
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prosecution if they failed to recall publications the agency deemed objectionable.
372 U.S. 58, 59–69 (1963). Bantam Books involved much more than merely a threat
by a government official to sue a private citizen. As the Supreme Court explained,
the fundamental concern in that case was that Rhode Island had “subject[ed] the
distribution of publications to a system of prior administrative restraints” that largely
circumvented the judicial process, and which therefore carried “a heavy presumption
against its constitutional validity.” Id. at 70–71. That’s very different from a solitary
official’s threat to avail himself of the courts and exercise his right to sue an
individual voicing criticism.
White is no more on point. The officials there were denied qualified immunity
because they had used aggressive investigatory powers over an eight-month
period—including interrogations under threat of subpoena—to cudgel plaintiffs out
of speaking and litigating against a housing project. 227 F.3d at 1226–29. It was
those actions—not a threat to sue—that were deemed to have “violated the plaintiffs’
First Amendment rights.” Id. at 1231.
Brodheim v. Cry is even less relevant. 584 F.3d 1262 (9th Cir. 2009). In that
case, a prison official retaliated against an inmate’s repeated requests and
administrative complaints by telling the inmate to be “careful what you write.” Id.at 1264–66, 1270–71. While that ambiguous threat might have hinted at disciplinary
punishment, an adverse administrative action, or a transfer to a different facility, id.2
at 1269–70, Brodheim nowhere suggested that the official was threatening to file a
lawsuit.
Unlike these or other cases in which the coercive apparatus of the government
is leveraged to extra-judicially silence protected speech, there is nothing in the
record of this case evincing that Magaña threatened to investigate, regulate,
informally sanction, or even necessarily prosecute Kando.2 Kando only claims that
Magaña threatened to sue her in response to her criticisms. I am not aware of any
cases—and neither the majority nor Kando cite any—where a court has clearly
concluded that a mere threat to sue alone is sufficient for a First Amendment
retaliation claim.
Presumably, the reason for the paucity of authority demonstrating any such
“clearly established” right is that, while the First Amendment protects the right to
complain to government officials, it also protects the right of everyone (including
government officials) to sue (including suing private citizens). The Supreme Court
has repeatedly explained that the “right of access to the courts is indeed but one
aspect of the right of petition” protected by the First Amendment. Cal. Motor
2
The record is unclear what kind of lawsuit Kando claims Magaña threatened her
with. If Magaña was merely threatening to prosecute Kando for violating the city’s
ordinance prohibiting dogs from being off-leash, that cannot be the basis for a First
Amendment retaliation claim since the city and its officials could not be prevented
from prosecuting Kando for breaking the law simply because she complained. So
while unclear, it seems much more likely that Kando is claiming Magaña threatened
some type of civil lawsuit against her relating to her complaints.
3
Transp. Co. v. Trucking Unlimited, 404 U.S. 508, 509–10 (1972) (citing cases and
explaining the Noerr-Pennington doctrine). “While the Noerr-Pennington doctrine
originally arose in the antitrust context, it is based on and implements the First
Amendment right to petition and therefore … applies equally in all contexts.” White,
227 F.3d at 1231.
In concluding that qualified immunity does not apply, the majority invents
facts contained nowhere in our record. Specifically, the majority revises Kando’s
vague and equivocal assertion that Magaña merely threatened to sue her into the
assertion that he threatened to sue her with a lawsuit that had “no apparent legitimate
basis.” There are two independent problems with this—one factual and one legal.
First, Kando never said that Magaña threatened her with an illegitimate
lawsuit. That is something the majority has just made up. While of course at the
summary judgment stage we must construe disputed facts in favor of the nonmovant,
see United States v. JP Morgan Chase Bank Acct. No. Ending 8215, 835 F.3d 1159,
1162 (9th Cir. 2016), that is not a license for the majority to assume Magaña
threatened something that nobody has ever said Magaña threatened: a baseless
lawsuit. All Kando stated was that Magaña said “he wanted to go to court and sue
me.” It is perhaps possible to read this as threatening either criminal prosecution
(although that seems unlikely) or a civil lawsuit (more likely). If Magaña threatened
the former—that is, if Magaña in his capacity as a government official threatened to
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prosecute Kando for violating Long Beach’s dog leash law—that justifiable action
could not, as already noted, form an actionable basis for a retaliation claim. And if
Magaña threatened that he or his coworker would bring a personal civil action
against Kando (for, say, defamation)—which seems much more plausible—there is
no basis in the record to conclude Magaña threatened to bring a baseless lawsuit. It
is comical to presume, as the majority appears to do, that Magaña threatened to bring
an illegitimate lawsuit against Kando rather than a meritorious one. So whatever
type of lawsuit Magaña supposedly threatened Kando with, there is simply no basis
for the majority’s odd conclusion that Magaña was threatening a suit with “no
apparent legitimate basis.”
Second, the majority seems to be operating under the assumption that if
Magaña had threatened to bring a frivolous lawsuit against Kando, that such a threat
could suffice as the basis for a retaliation claim. Maybe so, as a matter of
constitutional law. But you must get past qualified immunity first. And there is
simply no clearly established caselaw recognizing a retaliation claim where an
official responds to a citizen’s behavior by threatening to sue her—legitimate lawsuit
or not. So even if the record reflected the majority’s attempted subtle revision,
Kando’s claim would still run squarely into qualified immunity.
And Garcetti v. Ceballos does not help. 547 U.S. 410 (2006). That case
concerned workplace relations between a government employee and his employer,
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not the interactions between a government official and a citizen. Specifically, the
Supreme Court held that a government employee’s “speech made pursuant to the
employee’s official duties” was not protected from employer discipline under the
First Amendment. Id. at 413, 421–22. Garcetti does not support the conclusion that
qualified immunity is defeated when an official threatens to either prosecute
“pursuant to the employee’s official duties” or bring a civil action in his personal
capacity—again, even if the prosecution or lawsuit was baseless. There is simply
no on-point authority for the conclusion that a threatened lawsuit, legitimate or not,
is a valid basis to bring a retaliation claim against a public official.
Ultimately, this case presents a clash of First Amendment rights. Kando has
a First Amendment right to complain to Magaña without that right being
inappropriately chilled. And Magaña has a right to sue (and thus threaten to sue)
Kando. The interplay between those rights presents a complicated question. But
because Kando hasn’t provided us with any remotely on-point authority addressing
that question, the issue of qualified immunity in this case is an easy one. Because I
would conclude that qualified immunity applies to Kando’s First Amendment claim,
I respectfully dissent.
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