Shawn Khalifa v. Brenda Cash , 594 F. App'x 339 ( 2014 )

NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FILED
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT NOV 25 2014
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
SHAWN MALONE KHALIFA, No. 12-56230
Petitioner - Appellant, D.C. No. 5:10-cv-01446-GAF-
PLA
v.
BRENDA M. CASH, Warden, MEMORANDUM*
Respondent - Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Central District of California
Gary A. Feess, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted October 8, 2014
Pasadena, California
Before: PREGERSON, TALLMAN, and BEA, Circuit Judges.
Shawn Khalifa was arrested for participating in a home invasion of an
elderly man’s home to steal some items during which two accomplices killed the
homeowner. Khalifa was not tried until three-and-a-half years later, although state
courts found that he objected to continuances for only about eight months of that
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
time. Khalifa now seeks habeas relief for this delay. We review whether Khalifa
properly exhausted his claim that his federal Sixth Amendment speedy trial right
was violated by the delay in the trial court, and we review the claim’s merits.
The exhaustion requirement is satisfied when “the federal claim has been
fairly presented to the state courts.” Picard v. Connor, 404 U.S. 270, 275,
92 S. Ct. 509, 512 (1971); see also Duncan v. Henry, 513 U.S. 364, 365, 115 S. Ct.
887, 888 (1995) (per curiam). At oral argument, counsel for the State
acknowledged that the State did not affirmatively argue Khalifa failed to exhaust
his Sixth Amendment speedy trial claim. In the State’s view, Khalifa fairly
presented this claim to the California courts because the corollary California
statutory right essentially “intertwines” the state and federal rights to a speedy trial.
See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(3) (2012) (“A State shall not be deemed to have waived
the exhaustion requirement or be estopped from reliance upon the requirement
unless the State, through counsel, expressly waives the requirement.”).
Consequently, the parties agree Khalifa’s claim has been exhausted and we are
satisfied that we have jurisdiction to reach the merits of that claim.
The parties dispute whether the California courts reached the merits of
Khalifa’s Sixth Amendment claim and, as a result, whether that claim must satisfy
the restrictive standards imposed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty
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Act of 1996 (AEDPA). Normally, when “a state court rejects a federal claim
without expressly addressing that claim, a federal habeas court must presume that
the federal claim was adjudicated on the merits . . . .” Johnson v. Williams, 133
S. Ct. 1088, 1096 (2013). Though “that presumption can in some limited
circumstances be rebutted,” see id., we need not decide whether Khalifa can rebut
the presumption because his Sixth Amendment claim fails even under de novo
review. To that end, when “a state court has not reached the merits of a properly
raised issue, we must review it de novo.” Pirtle v. Morgan, 313 F.3d 1160, 1167
(9th Cir. 2002). But even reviewing Khalifa’s constitutional claim de novo,
AEDPA still mandates that “factual determinations by the state court are presumed
correct and can be rebutted only by clear and convincing evidence.” Id. at 1168.
We apply the Barker v. Wingo four-part balancing test to determine whether
a petitioner’s Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial has been violated. 407 U.S.
514, 530, 92 S. Ct. 2182, 2192 (1972). The four factors to be weighed are: (1)
length of delay, (2) reason for the delay, (3) the forcefulness of the criminal
defendant’s assertion of his speedy trial right, and (4) prejudice to the defense. Id.
The delay was clearly lengthy and thus presumptively prejudicial. See Doggett v.
United States, 505 U.S. 647, 652, 112 S. Ct. 2686, 2690 (1992). However, the
second and third factors are neutral because Khalifa objected to only about eight
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months of the delay, and all but five weeks of the delay during those eight months
was attributable to Khalifa’s co-defendants’ continuances. Cf. Barker, 407 U.S. at
531-32. Thus, the test hinges on whether Khalifa suffered any prejudice as a result
of the lengthy delay. See, e.g., Doggett, 505 U.S. at 657-58 (explaining that the
length of and reason for the delay must be considered in determining prejudice).
At oral argument, counsel for Khalifa conceded that AEDPA applies, but
argued the California Court of Appeal made a legal error in finding no prejudice.
We disagree. Khalifa’s strongest argument that the state court committed legal
error by not finding prejudice is his claim that he was deprived of the opportunity
to have the Castillo brothers, two eyewitnesses, testify at trial in an attempt to
contradict the testimony of his co-defendant, Mark Gardner. But Khalifa is unable
to show, beyond mere speculation, that the Castillos would have said anything
favorable enough to establish prejudice to Khalifa from their failure to testify at
trial. See United States v. Corona-Verbera, 509 F.3d 1105, 1113 (9th Cir. 2007)
(“[W]hen a defendant fails to make a specific showing as to what a [ ] witness
would have said, any argument of prejudice is pure conjecture.”).
Furthermore, to the extent Khalifa attempts to prove prejudice by pointing to
alleged inconsistencies between the Castillos’ preliminary hearing testimony and
Gardner’s testimony at trial, the California Court of Appeal made a factual
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determination that the testimonies were mostly consistent. We agree with that
assessment. Under AEDPA review, Khalifa has not pointed to clear and
convincing evidence showing otherwise. See, e.g., Lambert v. Blodgett, 393 F.3d
943, 976 (9th Cir. 2004) (“State decisions applying law to facts are governed by
[AEDPA deference]; however, factual findings underlying the state court’s
conclusion on the mixed issue are accorded a presumption of correctness.”
(emphasis added)); Seidel v. Merkle, 146 F.3d 750, 753 (9th Cir. 1998) (prejudice
analysis for Sixth Amendment ineffective assistance of counsel claim presents a
mixed question of law and fact). Based on this deferential view of the facts, we
hold the state court drew the proper legal conclusion: there are not enough
inconsistencies between the testimonies of the Castillo brothers and Gardner to
make out a showing of prejudice to Khalifa by failure of the Castillos to testify at
trial. Therefore, Khalifa cannot show prejudice from the delay in bringing him to
trial, fatally undermining the alleged violation of his Sixth Amendment right to a
speedy trial.
Khalifa’s claim for habeas relief was properly denied.
AFFIRMED.
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FILED
Khalifa v. Cash, No. 12-56230 NOV 25 2014
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
PREGERSON, Circuit Judge, dissenting: U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
Shawn Khalifa1 appeals his felony murder conviction arguing his Sixth
Amendment speedy trial rights were violated.
The disposition correctly applied the first Barker factor by finding that the
three-and-a-half year delay was “clearly lengthy and thus presumptively
prejudicial.” The disposition correctly determined that the second factor was
neutral because most of the delay was caused by Khalifa’s co-defendants’ requests
for continuances.
Contrary to the disposition I submit that the third factor regarding the
forcefulness of Khalifa’s assertion of his speedy trial right was not neutral. A
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Khalifa was just two months beyond his fifteenth birthday when the crime
occurred. He and Mark Gardner were acting as lookouts for a burglary while two
older boys entered the victim’s home through the front door. Khalifa allegedly
snuck through the backdoor and took a handful of candy from the victim’s kitchen.
The older boys beat the elderly homeowner to death. Khalifa was found guilty of
first degree felony murder and sentenced to twenty-five years to life. Based on
Khalifa’s limited participation and his status as a juvenile, this sentence appears
unusually harsh. As the Supreme Court has found, children like Khalifa lack
maturity and have “an underdeveloped sense of responsibility leading to
recklessness, impulsivity, and heedless risk-taking.” Miller v. Alabama, 132 S. Ct.
2455, 2464 (2012). Further, the brain of a fifteen year old is “not yet fully mature
in regions and systems related to higher-order executive functions such as impulse
control, planning ahead, and risk avoidance.” Id. at 2464 n.5 (internal citations
omitted).
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defendant’s assertion of his speedy trial right is “entitled to strong evidentiary
weight in determining whether the defendant is being deprived of the right.”
Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 531-32 (1972). Khalifa objected to continuances
on five separate occasions during the eight month period between October 2006
and June 2007. To vindicate his right to a speedy trial he moved to sever his case
from those of his co-defendants. While Khalifa consented to much of the delay,
that consent does not neutralize the fact that he forcefully asserted his speedy trial
rights for eight consecutive months. A delay of eight months on this record is most
likely presumptively prejudicial. See United States v. Gregory, 322 F.3d 1157,
1162 n.3 (9th Cir. 2003). This third factor weighs in favor of Khalifa.
Finally, I submit that Khalifa was prejudiced by the eight month delay.
Prejudice should be assessed by considering “the interests of defendants which the
speedy trial right was designed to protect . . . : (i) to prevent oppressive pretrial
incarceration; (ii) to minimize anxiety and concern of the accused; and (iii) to limit
the possibility that the defense will be impaired.” Barker, 407 U.S. at 532. Here,
the disposition does not explicitly touch upon the first two interests. Khalifa was
prejudiced by his pretrial incarceration. He spent over three years in jail awaiting
trial. Khalifa was arrested on January 30, 2004, three days after the crime was
committed and about two months beyond his fifteenth birthday. His trial started on
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September 17, 2007, a couple months before his nineteenth birthday. In Barker,
the Supreme Court determined that “time spent in jail awaiting trial has a
detrimental impact on the individual.” Id. Khalifa’s three-and-a-half year pretrial
incarceration and the anxiety it caused him—a teenager awaiting trial for felony
murder—weigh in favor of finding that Khalifa was prejudiced by the delay.
The delay also impaired, and thus prejudiced, Khalifa’s defense because the
only non-biased eyewitnesses, one of whom was Erick Castillo, left the country
and moved to Mexico during the delay. See id. at 532 (“If witnesses . . . disappear
during a delay, the prejudice is obvious.”). Because lengthy delays often cause the
loss of exculpatory evidence and testimony, “impairment of one’s defense is the
most difficult form of speedy trial prejudice to prove.” Doggett v. United States,
505 U.S. 647, 655 (1992). For this reason, “consideration of prejudice is not
limited to the specifically demonstrable.” Id.
Further, the California Court of Appeal’s factual determination that witness
Castillo’s preliminary hearing testimony was consistent with co-defendant Mark
Gardner’s testimony was refuted by clear and convincing evidence. Khalifa’s
appellate brief demonstrated that Castillo’s preliminary hearing testimony varied
from Gardner’s testimony on several points; most notably co-defendant Gardner
testified to facts that made him appear less culpable. Gardner testified that he was
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only in the side yard briefly before waiting in front of the house for Khalifa,
whereas witness Castillo saw Khalifa and Gardner leave the side yard together.
The jury may have discounted Gardner’s account as biased if Castillo had testified
at trial because it appears as if Gardner may have twisted the facts to minimize his
involvement. The jury might have taken this into consideration when weighing
Gardner’s credibility. Co-defendant Gardner also portrayed Khalifa as having a
more active role in the crime by testifying that Khalifa exited the home only
seconds before Rivera and Pena (the men who beat the victim to death), not five to
ten minutes before as explained by Castillo. Gardner’s version makes it more
likely that Khalifa was in the home during the victim’s murder, however, Castillo’s
account presents an issue as to Khalifa’s presence during and his knowledge of the
killing. Had the jury heard these varied accounts it would have had to weigh the
credibility of both witnesses and it is likely there would have been more discussion
about co-defendant Gardner’s motivations for testifying. Likely, there also would
have been a more in-depth consideration of the extent of Khalifa’s involvement.
For these reasons, the loss of Castillo as a witness at trial prejudiced Khalifa.
Three of the four Barker factors weigh in Khalifa’s favor and support a
finding of a violation to his right to a speedy trial under the Sixth Amendment.
Therefore, Khalifa’s habeas petition should have been granted.
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