Zaira S. Azocar v. Delta Air Lines, Inc. ( 2021 )

O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 United States District Court 9 Central District of California 10 11 ZAIRA S. LLANCAN AZOCAR, Case № 2:21-cv-02969-ODW (SKx) 12 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING 13 v. MOTION TO DISMISS [25] 14 DELTA AIR LINES, INC.; GRUPO AEROMEXICO; AEROVIAS DE 15 MEXICO, S.A. DE C.V. dba Aeromexico Airlines; and DOES 1 through 50, 16 inclusive, 17 Defendants. 18 19 I. INTRODUCTION 20 Plaintiff Zaira S. Llancan Azocar fell while walking between terminals at Los 21 Angeles International Airport (“LAX”) after an agent of Defendant Delta Airlines, Inc. 22 allegedly refused to provide wheelchair assistance. She sues Defendants1 Delta and 23 Aerovias de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. for, among other things, violation of the Unruh 24 Civil Rights Act (“Unruh”) and California Disabled Persons Act (“CDPA”). Delta 25 moves to dismiss these claims as preempted and insufficiently pleaded. (Mot. Dismiss 26 (“Mot.”), ECF No. 25.) For the reasons below, the Court GRANTS Delta’s Motion.2 27 1 Azocar voluntarily dismissed Defendant Grupo Aeromexico. (Notice, ECF No. 42.) 28 2 Having carefully considered the papers filed in connection with the Motion, the Court deemed the matter appropriate for decision without oral argument. Fed. R. Civ. P. 78; C.D. Cal. L.R. 7-15. 1 II. BACKGROUND3 2 Azocar is a seventy-eight-year-old California resident who is disabled due to 3 various ailments, including blindness. (Notice of Removal Ex. C (“Second Am. 4 Compl.” or “SAC”) ¶¶ 1, 19, ECF No. 1-3.) Azocar booked airline tickets for flights 5 on Aeromexico from Santiago, Chile to LAX, and on Delta from LAX to Salt Lake 6 City, Utah. (SAC ¶¶ 20–21.) Wheelchair assistance was requested for moving from 7 one airport terminal and gate to another, both when she booked the tickets and also 8 when she arrived at each respective airport. (See SAC ¶ 22.) 9 Upon arriving at LAX from Santiago, Azocar received wheelchair assistance in 10 getting from the arriving Aeromexico gate to the connecting Delta departure gate. 11 (SAC ¶ 26.) She was then left unattended for over an hour at the Delta gate in 12 Terminal 2 before learning that her departure gate had been changed to a gate in 13 Terminal 3. (SAC ¶ 27.) No one came to transport her to the new departure gate and 14 Azocar requested wheelchair assistance to the new gate from a Delta agent. (SAC 15 ¶¶ 27–28.) The Delta agent refused and “instead told her to hurry so as to not miss her 16 flight.” (SAC ¶ 29.) When Azocar attempted to walk to the new gate, she fell and 17 sustained severe injuries. (SAC ¶ 30.) 18 Azocar sued Defendants, asserting claims under California law for 19 (1) negligence, (2) violation of Unruh; (3) violation of CDPA, and (4) negligent 20 hiring, supervision, or retention of employee. (SAC ¶¶ 38–62.) In addition to seeking 21 general and special damages pursuant to the negligence claims, Azocar also seeks 22 statutory and treble damages and attorneys’ fees pursuant to Unruh and CDPA. (SAC 23 at 10–11.) Delta now moves to dismiss the Unruh and CDPA claims and their 24 associated statutory remedies under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25 26 27 28 3 For purposes of this Motion, the Court takes Azocar’s well-pleaded allegations as true. See Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688 (9th Cir. 2001). 1 (“Rule”) 12(b)(6). (Mot. 2–3, 5.) The Motion is fully briefed. (See Opp’n to Mot. 2 (“Opp’n”), ECF No. 31; Reply ISO Mot., ECF No. 34.4) 3 III. LEGAL STANDARD 4 A court may dismiss a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) for lack of a cognizable 5 legal theory or insufficient facts pleaded to support an otherwise cognizable legal 6 theory. Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1988). To 7 survive a dismissal motion, a complaint need only satisfy the minimal notice pleading 8 requirements of Rule 8(a)(2)—a short and plain statement of the claim. Porter v. 9 Jones, 319 F.3d 483, 494 (9th Cir. 2003). The factual “allegations must be enough to 10 raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 11 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). That is, the complaint must “contain sufficient factual 12 matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” 13 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). 14 The determination of whether a complaint satisfies the plausibility standard is a 15 “context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial 16 experience and common sense.” Id. at 679. A court is generally limited to the 17 pleadings and must construe all “factual allegations set forth in the complaint . . . as 18 true and . . . in the light most favorable” to the plaintiff. Lee, 250 F.3d at 679. 19 However, a court need not blindly accept conclusory allegations, unwarranted 20 deductions of fact, and unreasonable inferences. Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 21 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001). 22 IV. DISCUSSION 23 Delta moves to dismiss Azocar’s Unruh and CDPA claims and related statutory 24 remedies as impliedly field preempted by the Air Carrier Access Act (“ACAA”), 25 26 4 After the Court took the Motion under submission, Delta submitted a Notice of Decision, attaching a recent decision from the Superior Court of California. (Notice, ECF No. 36.) Azocar then filed 27 what is effectively a surresponse to Delta’s Motion, consisting entirely of additional argument. 28 (Reply to Notice, ECF No. 37.) Surresponses are not permitted absent prior written order of the Court. C.D. Cal. L.R. 7-10. Therefore, the Court does not consider Azocar’s improper surresponse. 1 49 U.S.C. § 41705, which is an amendment to the Federal Aviation Act (“FAA”). 2 (Mot. 2–3, 6–10.) Delta also contends these claims are insufficiently pleaded. 3 (Mot. 2–3, 11–13.) 4 A. Preemption 5 The parties agree that the ACAA impliedly field preempts state law claims that 6 concern aiding disabled airline passengers in moving through airports. (See Mot. 3, 7 7–10; Opp’n 3.) They disagree, however, on the scope of this preemption. (See 8 Reply 2.) Delta contends the ACAA entirely preempts the Unruh and CDPA claims, 9 relying primarily on National Federation of the Blind v. United Air Lines, Inc., 10 813 F.3d 718 (9th Cir. 2016). (Mot. 7–10.) In contrast, Azocar contends the scope of 11 ACAA preemption extends only to the state standard of care element of these claims, 12 permittng her to maintain the claims under the ACAA standard of care; Azocar relies 13 primarily on Gilstrap v. United Air Lines, Inc., 709 F.3d 995 (9th Cir. 2013). 14 (Opp’n 4–6.) The Court’s inquiry is thus whether ACAA preemption extends to the 15 entirety of the Unruh and CDPA claims or to only the standard of care. 16 Federal law may preempt state law in three ways: expressly, impliedly by 17 conflict, and impliedly by occupying the field. Gilstrap, 709 F.3d at 1003. As this 18 case concerns only implied field preemption, (see Mot. 3; Opp’n 4–5), the Court 19 focuses accordingly. “Federal law impliedly preempts state law when the state law 20 ‘regulates conduct in a field that Congress intended the Government to occupy 21 exclusively.’” Lagomarsino v. Delta Airlines, Inc., No. CV 19-3131-DMG (GJSx), 22 2020 WL 1955314, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 7, 2020) (quoting English v. Gen. Elec. Co., 23 496 U.S. 72, 79 (1990)). “Courts should ‘more readily’ infer preemption ‘in the field 24 of aviation’ than in other fields because aviation ‘is an area of law where the federal 25 interest is dominant.’” Id. (quoting Nat’l Fed’n, 813 F.3d at 724). The Ninth Circuit 26 has held that the ACAA and its regulations occupy the field of nondiscriminatory 27 treatment of airline passengers, and therefore impliedly preempt state statutory claims, 28 Nat’l Fed’n, 813 F.3d at 731–33, 740, and elements of state tort law claims, Gilstrap, 1 709 F.3d at 1007, when the claims concern providing disabled passengers with 2 assistance in moving through airports. 3 In Gilstrap, the defendant airline failed to provide a disabled plaintiff with 4 wheelchair assistance in an airport and the plaintiff brought California tort claims, 5 including for negligence and negligent misrepresentation. Id. at 998. To evaluate 6 whether the ACAA preempts such state law tort claims, the court established a 7 framework under which courts first asks “whether the particular area of aviation 8 commerce and safety implicated by the lawsuit is governed by ‘pervasive federal 9 regulations.’” Id. at 1006 (brackets omitted) (quoting Martin v. Midwest Express 10 Holdings, Inc., 555 F.3d 806, 808 (9th Cir. 2009)). If so, “the scope of field 11 preemption extends . . . to the standard of care,” and “[l]ocal law still governs the 12 other negligence elements (breach, causation, and damages), as well as the choice and 13 availability of remedies.” Id. (bracket omitted). Applying this test, the court in 14 Gilstrap found the pervasive ACAA regulations governing assistance to disabled 15 passengers preempted the standard of care under state tort law, but did not preempt the 16 other elements and remedies of the tort claims. See id. at 1010. 17 The Ninth Circuit returned to the question of ACAA preemption three years 18 later, in National Federation, this time with respect to claims brought under Unruh 19 and CDPA. 813 F.3d at 723. The plaintiff in National Federation asserted Unruh and 20 CDPA claims against the defendant airline because visually impaired passengers could 21 not access the airline’s check-in kiosks. Id. The court found that the FAA’s saving 22 clause did not preserve claims brought under “‘prescriptive’ state statutes” like Unruh 23 and CDPA, which “control the primary conduct of those falling within their 24 governance.” Id. at 731 (brackets omitted). Ultimately, the court concluded that the 25 ACAA pervasively and comprehensively regulates discrimination in the context of air 26 travel, including with respect to airlines’ interactions with their customers with 27 disabilities, and therefore the Unruh and CDPA claims were entirely preempted. Id. 28 at 739–40. 1 A district court in the Central District of California recently applied Gilstrap 2 and National Federation to the question of ACAA preemption in a case with facts 3 nearly identical to those here. See Lagomarsino, 2020 WL 1955314, at *1. In 4 Lagomarsino, the plaintiff brought claims against Delta for negligent 5 misrepresentation and violation of Unruh and CDPA, among others, after being denied 6 wheelchair assistance in moving through an airport terminal. Id. The court first 7 considered the Unruh and CDPA claims and found them analogous to the Unruh and 8 CDPA claims in National Federation, and therefore impliedly preempted by the 9 ACAA. Id. at *3. The court next considered the plaintiff’s negligent 10 misrepresentation claim, finding it analogous to the negligence claims in Gilstrap; the 11 court thus concluded that, as in Gilstrap, the ACAA impliedly preempted the standard 12 of care but not the negligent misrepresentation claim’s other elements or remedies. Id. 13 The court therefore dismissed the Unruh and CDPA claims as preempted, and found 14 the negligent misrepresentation claim could proceed, but only under the federal 15 standard of care. Id. at *4. 16 Here, Delta moves to dismiss only the Unruh and CDPA claims and their related 17 statutory remedies and does not challenge Azocar’s negligence claims. (See Mot.) 18 The Court agrees with Lagomarsino’s treatment of the Unruh and CDPA claims as 19 analogous to those in National Federation and consequently finds them preempted. 20 The ACAA comprehensively addresses discrimination with respect to assisting 21 disabled passengers move through airports. Id. at *3 (citing 14 C.F.R. §§ 382.11–25, 22 382.91–105). As Congress has indicated its intent to occupy this field to the exclusion 23 of state regulation, federal law impliedly field preempts Azocar’s claims under Unruh 24 and CDPA. 25 Azocar argues that, under Gilstrap, she may apply the federal ACAA standard 26 of care to the Unruh and CDPA claims. (See Opp’n 4–6.) But in Gilstrap, the court 27 evaluated California tort claims, not the prescriptive statutory claims at issue here. 28 Thus, the court in Gilstrap found the ACAA preempted the state tort standard of care, 1 but not the remaining tort law elements or remedies. See 709 F.3d at 1007 (“Gilstrap 2 may still rely on California tort law to prove the other elements of her claims—breach, 3 causation, damages, and remedies.”). In contrast, in National Federation, the Ninth 4 Circuit evaluated ACAA preemption of Unruh and CDPA claims, like Azocar asserts 5 here, and concluded the claims were preempted. See Nat’l Fed’n, 813 F.3d at 723, 6 740 (finding the plaintiff’s Unruh and CDPA claims “impliedly field preempted under 7 the ACAA”). The Court is thus guided by National Federation’s evaluation of the 8 same statutory claims. 9 The Court does not find Azocar’s preferred district court decision contrary. 10 (See Opp’n 6 (discussing Segalman v. Sw. Airlines, Co., No. 2:11-cv-01800-MCE 11 (CKDx), 2016 WL 146196 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 13, 2016)).) For one thing, the court in 12 Segalman did not have the benefit of the Ninth Circuit’s subsequent decision in 13 National Federation, which specifically found Unruh and CDPA claims impliedly 14 preempted by the ACAA. For another, the court in Segalman did not adopt Azocar’s 15 position here, but rather discussed the possibility, in dicta, that Gilstrap’s “reasoning 16 suggests that California law does provide remedies under [Unruh, CDPA], and 17 common law of negligence in situations in which federal regulations provide the 18 standard of care.” See Segalman, 2016 WL 146196, at *3 (emphasis added). 19 However, the court in Segalman rested its holding on an entirely different basis, 20 dismissing the Unruh and CDPA claims as insufficiently pleaded, see id. at *4, so its 21 discussion of what Gilstrap may suggest does not persuade. 22 Azocar offers no precedent supporting the proposition that a plaintiff may apply 23 the federal ACAA standard of care to state law Unruh and CDPA statutory claims. 24 Absent such precedent, and in light of the Ninth Circuit’s treatment of Unruh and 25 CDPA claims in National Federation, the Court declines to extend Gilstrap’s holding 26 in this way. The Court finds Azocar’s Unruh and CDPA claims and the associated 27 remedies are impliedly field preempted by the ACAA, and therefore must be 28 dismissed. The basis for this conclusion applies equally to Defendant Aeromexico, 1 and therefore the second and third claims must be dismissed as to Aeromexico as well. 2 See Silverton v. Dep’t of Treasury, 644 F.2d 1341, 1345 (9th Cir. 1981) (“A District 3 Court may properly on its own motion dismiss an action as to defendants who have 4 not moved to dismiss where such defendants are in a position similar to that of 5 moving defendants or where claims against such defendants are integrally related.”). 6 B. Adequacy of Allegations 7 Even were the Unruh and CDPA claims not preempted, they would still fail. 8 To state a claim for violation of Unruh independent of an Americans with 9 Disabilities Act (“ADA”) claim, as Azocar does here, a plaintiff must plead intentional 10 discrimination in public accommodations. See Greater L.A. Agency on Deafness, Inc. 11 v. CNN, Inc., 742 F.3d 414, 427 (9th Cir. 2014) (“[T]he Unruh Act requires a showing 12 of willful, affirmative misconduct to establish intentional discrimination . . . .”). 13 However, she alleges only that the Delta agent refused to assist her and advised her to 14 hurry. (FAC ¶ 29.) The only other allegation of intentional discrimination is 15 conclusory. (FAC ¶ 48.) Azocar’s allegations are therefore insufficient to establish 16 intentional discrimination, see Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, and her Unruh claim fails. 17 To state a claim under the CDPA independent of the ADA, Azocar must plead 18 she was denied equal access to a public space. See Cal. Civ. Code § 54(a) 19 (“Individuals with disabilities . . . have the same right as the general public to the full 20 and free use of . . . public places.”). However, Azocar does not allege any facts 21 suggesting that Delta denied her access to any public space. She alleges she was left 22 unattended at the gate for over an hour, the Delta agent refused her request for 23 wheelchair assistance, and the Delta agent advised her to hurry so she would not miss 24 her flight. (FAC ¶¶ 28–29.) As above, the Court disregards the conclusory allegation 25 that Delta “preclude[d] [Azocar’s] equal access to the airport and terminals.” See 26 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678; (FAC ¶ 54). The remaining allegations are insufficient to 27 establish that Azocar was denied equal access to any public space. Therefore, the 28 CDPA claim also fails. 1 Vv. CONCLUSION 2 The second cause of action for violation of Unruh and the third cause of action 3 | for violation of CDPA are preempted and inadequately pleaded. Accordingly, the 4|| Court GRANTS the Motion and dismisses the second and third causes of action and 5 || the associated requests for statutory damages, treble damages, an attorneys’ fees under 6 || those statutes as to all Defendants. (ECF No. 25.) As no amendment could cure the 7 || deficiency with respect to preemption, dismissal is with prejudice and without leave to 8] amend. See Carrico v. City & County of San Francisco, 656 F.3d 1002, 1008 9] (9th Cir. 2011). 10 11 IT IS SO ORDERED. 12 13 December 2, 2021 14 Ty Bo ly 16 OTIS D. GHT, II 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28