Theron Aych v. University of Arizona ( 2024 )

O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 United States District Court 9 Central District of California 10 11 THERON AYCH, Case № 2:23-cv-07282-ODW (MARx) 12 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 13 v. DISMISS [41] 14 UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 I. INTRODUCTION 18 Plaintiff Theron Aych brings this action alleging racketeering, anti-competitive 19 conduct, discrimination, and various tort causes of action. (See Compl., ECF No. 1.) 20 Defendants University of Arizona (“UofA”), The Arizona Board of Regents 21 (“ABOR”), Dave Heeke, Jedd Fisch, and Jimmie Dougherty (collectively, 22 “Defendants”) move to dismiss Aych’s claims against them pursuant to Federal Rules 23 of Civil Procedure (“Rules” or “Rule”) 8, 9, 12(b)(1), 12(b)(2), and 12(b)(6). (See 24 Mot. Dismiss (“Mot.” or “Motion”), ECF No. 41.) Finding the Court lacks subject 25 matter and personal jurisdiction over Defendants, the Court GRANTS the Motion.1 26 27 28 1 Having carefully considered the papers filed in connection with the Motion, the Court deemed the matter appropriate for decision without oral argument. Fed. R. Civ. P. 78; C.D. Cal. L.R. 7-15. 1 II. BACKGROUND2 2 From 2017 to 2020, Aych was an assistant coach for the UofA football team. 3 (Compl. ¶ 1.) Beginning in 2018, Kevin Sumlin was Aych’s Head Coach. (Id. ¶ 36.) 4 During the 2018 to 2020 football seasons, UofA football had a losing record. (Id. 5 ¶ 37.) After the 2020 season, UofA terminated the entire coaching staff, including 6 Aych, due to a “poor season.” (Id.) UofA then hired Fisch as Head Coach. (Id. ¶ 38.) 7 UofA Director of Athletics Heeke had a longstanding relationship and history with 8 Fisch. (Id.) Fisch in turn hired Dougherty as Head Assistant Coach. (Id. ¶ 40.) Fisch 9 and Dougherty previously worked together at the University of California, Los 10 Angeles (“UCLA”), in 2017,3 and at the University of Michigan before that. (Id.) 11 On Dougherty’s first day at UofA, Dougherty handed a flash drive to a staff 12 member and requested the staff member update the drive’s files to reflect UofA logos. 13 (Id. ¶ 41.) The staff member reviewed the drive’s files and found they appeared to 14 include Sumlin’s playbook and other UofA documents. (Id. ¶ 42.) From these facts, 15 Aych concludes that UofA, ABOR, Heeke, Fisch, Dougherty, and others conspired 16 and purposefully disseminated Sumlin’s private football playbook to opposing college 17 football teams from National Collegiate Athletic Association (“NCAA”) and 18 Pacific 12 Conference (“Pac-12”) institutions, including UCLA, in order to torpedo 19 UofA’s 2018 to 2020 football seasons so UofA could terminate the coaching staff 20 under the pretense of ineffective coaching. (Compl. ¶¶ 2, 4, 68.) 21 22 23 24 2 Background facts derive from Aych’s well-pleaded allegations, unless otherwise noted. See 25 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). The Court does not accept as true speculative or conclusory allegations. Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001). 26 3 The Court DENIES Defendants’ request for judicial notice that Fisch coached at UCLA only in the year 2017, and not in 2018 to 2020 as Aych alleges, as this fact is not independently verifiable from 27 a source whose accuracy cannot be questioned. The website link Defendants provide for UofA 28 athletics staff directory does not list Fisch’s time at UofA. See https://arizonawildcats.com/staff- directory/jedd-fisch/1529 (indicating the page no longer exists). 1 Based on the foregoing facts, Aych brings this legal action against Defendants 2 and others.4 (Compl. ¶¶ 61–103.) As relevant to the Motion, Aych asserts two causes 3 of action against Heeke, Fisch, and Dougherty (“Individual Defendants”) for 4 racketeering under 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961–68 (“RICO”) and anti-competitive conduct in 5 violation of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1. (Compl. ¶¶ 61–82.) Aych asserts four 6 causes of action against ABOR and UofA for intentional and negligent interference 7 with prospective economic advantage, fraud, and defamation. (Compl. ¶¶ 83–103.) 8 Defendants move to dismiss Aych’s claims against them, pursuant to: 9 (i) Rule 12(b)(1), for lack of subject matter jurisdiction; (ii) Rule 12(b)(2), for lack of 10 personal jurisdiction; and (iii) Rule 12(b)(6), for failure to state a claim. (Mot. 11.) 11 Aych filed an untimely opposition. (See generally Opp’n, ECF No. 55.) Defendants 12 timely replied. (Reply, ECF No. 61.) 13 III. LEGAL STANDARDS 14 A. Rule 12(b)(1) 15 Pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), a party may move to dismiss a case for lack of 16 subject matter jurisdiction. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). “A Rule 12(b)(1) jurisdictional 17 attack may be facial or factual.” Safe Air for Everyone v. Meyer, 373 F.3d 1035, 1039 18 (9th Cir. 2004). “In a facial attack, the challenger asserts that the allegations 19 contained in a complaint are insufficient on their face to invoke federal jurisdiction.” 20 Id. “[I]n a factual attack, the challenger disputes the truth of the allegations that, by 21 themselves, would otherwise invoke federal jurisdiction.” Id. In resolving a factual 22 attack, “the district court may review evidence beyond the complaint without 23 converting the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment.” Id. (citing 24 Savage v. Glendale Union High Sch., 343 F.3d 1036, 1039 n.2 (9th Cir. 2003)). The 25 court does not need to presume the truthfulness of the plaintiff’s allegations. Id. Once 26 a party has moved to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under 27 4 Aych also brings a cause of action for discrimination under 42 U.S.C. § 1981 against Defendants 28 NCAA and Pac-12. (Compl. ¶¶ 53–60.) The Court addresses the NCAA’s motion to dismiss, (ECF No. 49), in a separate order. 1 Rule 12(b)(1), the opposing party bears the burden of establishing the court’s 2 jurisdiction. See Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994); 3 Chandler v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 598 F.3d 1115, 1122 (9th Cir. 2010). 4 B. Rule 12(b)(2) 5 Federal courts have the power to exercise personal jurisdiction to the extent 6 permitted by the laws of the states in which they sit. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(k)(1)(A). 7 “California’s long-arm jurisdictional statute is coextensive with federal due process 8 requirements . . . .” Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 800–01 9 (9th Cir. 2004); see Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 410.10. When this is the case, the court 10 inquires whether the defendant “ha[s] certain minimum contacts with [the forum state] 11 such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend ‘traditional notions of fair play 12 and substantial justice.’” Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945) 13 (quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 463 (1940)); Glencore Grain Rotterdam 14 B.V. v. Shivnath Rai Harnarain Co., 284 F.3d 1114, 1123 (9th Cir. 2002). 15 When a defendant seeks dismissal under Rule 12(b)(2), the plaintiff bears the 16 burden of demonstrating that personal jurisdiction is proper. Menken v. Emm, 17 503 F.3d 1050, 1056 (9th Cir. 2007). Where, as here, a motion to dismiss for lack of 18 personal jurisdiction is based on written materials rather than an evidentiary hearing, 19 “the plaintiff need only make a prima facie showing of jurisdictional facts.” Sher v. 20 Johnson, 911 F.2d 1357, 1361 (9th Cir. 1990). However, the plaintiff cannot “simply 21 rest on the bare allegations of its complaint.” Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 800. The 22 court “may not assume the truth of allegations in a pleading which are contradicted by 23 affidavit, but factual conflicts between dueling affidavits must be resolved in the 24 plaintiff’s favor.” Ayla, LLC v. Alya Skin Pty. Ltd., 11 F.4th 972, 978 (9th Cir. 2021) 25 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). “Mere ‘bare bones’ assertions of 26 minimum contacts with the forum or legal conclusions unsupported by specific factual 27 allegations will not satisfy a plaintiff’s pleading burden.” Swartz v. KPMG LLP, 28 476 F.3d 756, 766 (9th Cir. 2007). Nor will “random,” “fortuitous,” or “attenuated” 1 contacts establish specific personal jurisdiction. Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 2 471 U.S. 462, 475 (1985). 3 C. Leave to Amend 4 Where a district court grants a motion to dismiss, it should generally provide 5 leave to amend unless it is clear the complaint could not be saved by any amendment. 6 See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a); Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 7 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008). Leave to amend may be denied when “the court 8 determines that the allegation of other facts consistent with the challenged pleading 9 could not possibly cure the deficiency.” Schreiber Distrib. Co. v. Serv-Well Furniture 10 Co., 806 F.2d 1393, 1401 (9th Cir. 1986). Thus, leave to amend “is properly 11 denied . . . if amendment would be futile.” Carrico v. City & County of San 12 Francisco, 656 F.3d 1002, 1008 (9th Cir. 2011). 13 IV. DISCUSSION 14 Defendants move to dismiss Aych’s claims against them based on a lack of 15 subject matter jurisdiction, because the claims are barred by the Eleventh 16 Amendment’s sovereign immunity, and based on the court’s inability to exercise 17 personal jurisdiction over them.5 (Mot. 11.) Before considering Defendants’ moving 18 arguments, the Court first addresses several preliminary issues. 19 A. Preliminary Matters 20 First, Aych filed this action on September 1, 2023, against a number of 21 defendants, including UCLA and Pac-12. (See Compl. ¶¶ 19, 21.) However, Aych 22 asserts no causes of action against UCLA and, more than nine months later, Aych has 23 still not served UCLA or Pac-12. Rule 4(m) provides, “If a defendant is not served 24 within 90 days after the complaint is filed, the court . . . must dismiss the action 25 without prejudice against that defendant or order that service be made within a 26 specified time.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m); see also Hon. Otis D. Wright, II Standing Order 27 5 Defendants also argue Aych’s claims fail under Rule 12(b)(6). As the Court finds the first two 28 jurisdictional arguments meritorious, it declines to reach Defendants’ third argument pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). 1 § VI.A., https://www.cacd.uscourts.gov/honorable-otis-d-wright-ii. Due to Aych’s 2 failure to serve UCLA or Pac-12 within ninety days pursuant to Rule 4(m), or at any 3 time in the nine months since initiating this action, the Court DISMISSES UCLA and 4 Pac-12, without prejudice. 5 Next, in response to Defendants’ Rule 12 Motion, the Court issued an Order 6 reminding Aych that the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permitted him to amend his 7 Complaint as a matter of course within twenty-one days of the Motion, if he so 8 elected, instead of opposing the Motion. (Order re Rule 15(a)(1)(B), ECF No. 44.) 9 “The Court has found that such reminders may advance judicial economy.” (Id.) 10 Aych elected not to amend as permitted by Rule 15, instead filing an opposition that 11 does not address many of the moving arguments four days after his deadline to 12 oppose. (See generally Opp’n.) Based on untimeliness alone, the Court could decline 13 to consider Aych’s opposition altogether and grant the Motion. See C.D. Cal. L.R. 7- 14 12 (“The Court may decline to consider any memorandum or other document not filed 15 within the deadline set by order or local rule. The failure to file any required 16 document . . . within the deadline, may be deemed consent to the granting or denial of 17 the motion.”). 18 Also, although he elected not to amend his Complaint pursuant to Rule 15, 19 Aych nevertheless improperly embeds a “Motion for Leave to Amend Complaint” in 20 his opposing memorandum, asserting that an “amended Complaint would make the 21 majority of the issues presented by Defendants moot.” (Opp’n 14–15 (emphasis 22 omitted).) Notably, it is precisely the purpose of Rule 15(a)(1)(B)’s leave to amend to 23 resolve through amendment uncontested pleading issues. Regardless, Aych’s 24 embedded motion is improper and the Court STRIKES it. (Id.) Accordingly, the 25 Court construes Aych’s request as seeking leave to amend to the extent the Court 26 grants the Motion. 27 Finally, Aych does not oppose or even respond to several of Defendants’ 28 moving arguments. (See generally id. at 19–30.) He nominally addresses personal 1 jurisdiction, and opposes dismissal of the RICO, Sherman Act, and fraud claims, but 2 he fails to respond substantively or otherwise to Defendants’ arguments regarding 3 sovereign immunity, intentional and negligent interference with prospective economic 4 advantage, and defamation. (See generally id.) The Court could grant Defendants’ 5 Motion in full on the basis of Aych’s concession that sovereign immunity bars the suit 6 against Defendants, or in part as to Aych’s concession that his claims for interference 7 and defamation are inadequately pleaded. See Heraldez v. Bayview Loan Servicing, 8 LLC, No. 2:16-cv-1978-R, 2016 WL 10834101, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 15, 2016) 9 (“Failure to oppose constitutes a waiver or abandonment of the issue.”), aff’d, 719 F. 10 App’x 663 (9th Cir. 2018). 11 Despite these procedural deficiencies, the Court nevertheless finds substantive 12 grounds for dismissal in Defendants’ moving arguments concerning sovereign 13 immunity and personal jurisdiction. 14 B. Sovereign Immunity—Eleventh Amendment 15 The Eleventh Amendment6 bars suits which seek relief against a state, an “arm 16 of the state,” its instrumentalities, or its agencies. Durning v. Citibank, N.A., 950 F.2d 17 1419, 1422–23 (9th Cir. 1991); Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 18 89, 100 (1984) (holding Eleventh Amendment proscribes suit against state agencies 19 “regardless of the nature of the relief sought”). Public universities are entitled to 20 sovereign immunity under the Eleventh Amendment, as are their employees in their 21 official capacities7. See Rounds v. Or. State Br. of Higher Educ., 166 F.3d 1032, 1035 22 (9th Cir. 1999) (finding University of Oregon and Oregon State Board of Higher 23 Education immune under Eleventh Amendment); Mitchell v. L.A. Cmty. Coll. Dist., 24 25 6 The Eleventh Amendment provides: “The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United 26 States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.” U.S. Const. amend. XI. 27 7 The narrow exception to Eleventh Amendment immunity for suits seeking declaratory and 28 injunctive relief against official capacity state officers provided in Ex Parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 155–56 (1908), does not apply here, as the only relief Aych seeks is damages, (see Compl., Prayer). 1 861 F.2d 198, 201–02 (9th Cir. 1988), holding modified on other grounds by Kohn v. 2 State Bar of Cal., 87 F.4th 1021 (9th Cir. 2023) (finding California state college 3 employees sued in official capacity immune). However, the Eleventh Amendment 4 does not bar suits seeking damages against public university employees in their 5 individual capacities. Stoner v. Santa Clara Cnty. Off. of Educ., 502 F.3d 1116, 1125 6 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing Hafer v. Melo, 502 U.S. 21, 30–31 (1991)). 7 Considering the entity Defendants first, UofA is a non-jural entity under 8 Arizona law and “cannot be sued in its own name.” Ansel Adams Publ'g Rts. Tr. v. 9 PRS Media Partners, LLC, 502 F. App’x 659, 660 (9th Cir. 2012). “[R]ather, the 10 [ABOR], as the governing body for Arizona’s public universities, is the proper 11 defendant for all actions against [UofA].” Id. Regarding ABOR, the Ninth Circuit 12 has consistently “held that ABOR is an arm of the State of Arizona for Eleventh 13 Amendment purposes.” Ariz. Students’ Ass’n v. Ariz. Bd. of Regents, 824 F.3d 858, 14 864–65 (9th Cir. 2016); Ansel Adams, 502 F. App’x at 661 (“The Ninth Circuit already 15 determined that [ABOR] is entitled to immunity as a matter of law . . . .”); Ronwin v. 16 Shapiro, 657 F.2d 1071, 1073 (9th Cir. 1981) (“[W]e conclude that [ABOR] is 17 protected by the [E]leventh [A]mendment.”) Accordingly, UofA and ABOR are 18 immune from Aych’s suit. 19 In contrast, Aych sues Individual Defendants in their individual capacities, (see 20 Compl. 1, 2), a fact which Defendants neglect to acknowledge, (Mot. 14–15 (arguing 21 state employees are immune from suit while omitting that sovereign immunity applies 22 only to suits in a state employee’s official capacity).) Therefore, Individual 23 Defendants may not invoke sovereign immunity from Aych’s suit. 24 C. Personal Jurisdiction 25 As Individual Defendants are not immune from this suit, the Court turns to 26 whether they are subject to personal jurisdiction in this Court. A non-resident 27 defendant may be subject to either general or specific personal jurisdiction. F.D.I.C. v. 28 British-Am. Ins. Co., 828 F.2d 1439, 1442 (9th Cir. 1987). 1 Defendants argue they are not subject to personal jurisdiction here because: 2 (1) they are not domiciled in or have continuous contacts with California—no general 3 personal jurisdiction; (2) they have not purposefully directed any conduct or availed 4 themselves of the benefits of conducting business in California—no specific personal 5 jurisdiction; and (3) RICO does not establish personal jurisdiction over them—no 6 RICO personal jurisdiction. (Mot. 17–18.) Aych does not respond to these arguments. 7 (See generally Opp’n 15–16.) Instead, under a heading purporting to address personal 8 jurisdiction, he contends venue is proper in this district pursuant to the RICO statute 9 because Individual Defendants transact business here. (Id.) As noted above, the 10 failure to respond to a moving argument constitutes concession or waiver, and the 11 Court could grant the Motion on this basis. See Heraldez, 2016 WL 10834101, at *2. 12 Nevertheless, the Court evaluates the three potential bases for personal jurisdiction 13 and finds them lacking. 14 1. General Personal Jurisdiction 15 A court may assert general jurisdiction over foreign defendants “to hear any and 16 all claims against them when their affiliations with the State are so ‘continuous and 17 systematic’ as to render them essentially at home in the forum State.” Goodyear 18 Dunlop Tires Ops., S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 919 (2011) (quoting Int’l Shoe, 19 326 U.S. at 317). Aych alleges Individual Defendants live and work in Arizona, 20 (Compl. ¶¶ 22–24); he does not allege they are domiciled in or have continuous 21 contacts with California, (see generally id.). Accordingly, Aych does not establish that 22 the Court may exercise general personal jurisdiction over Defendants. 23 2. Specific Personal Jurisdiction 24 To determine whether a defendant’s contacts with the forum state are sufficient 25 to render the exercise of specific jurisdiction reasonable, the Ninth Circuit applies a 26 three-prong test: (a) the nonresident defendant purposefully directs activities or 27 consummates some transaction with the forum-state, or performs some act by which 28 he personally avails himself of the privilege of conducting activities in that forum; 1 (b) the claim arises out of or relates to the defendant’s forum-related activities; and 2 (c) the exercise of jurisdiction comports with fair play and substantial justice, i.e., it is 3 reasonable. Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 802. The party asserting jurisdiction, Aych 4 here, bears the burden of satisfying the first two prongs of this test. Once he has done 5 so, the burden shifts to the party contesting jurisdiction, Individual Defendants here, to 6 establish that the third prong—reasonableness—has not been satisfied. Id. 7 In assessing the first prong of the specific jurisdiction test, courts distinguish 8 between contract and tort cases. See Roth v. Garcia Marquez, 942 F.2d 617, 621 9 (9th Cir. 1991). Here, Aych brings claims against Individual Defendants sounding in 10 tort, for racketeering and anti-competitive conduct. See Barantsevich v. VTB Bank, 11 954 F. Supp. 2d 972, 991 (C.D. Cal. 2013) (finding fraud and RICO violations sound 12 in tort). For claims sounding in tort, courts apply a “purposeful direction test” and 13 look to “evidence that the defendant has directed his actions at the forum state, even if 14 those actions took place elsewhere.” Picot v. Weston, 780 F.3d 1206, 1212 (9th Cir. 15 2015) (quoting Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 802–03). Thus, the first prong of specific 16 personal jurisdiction, purposeful direction, is satisfied when the plaintiff demonstrates 17 the defendant “(1) committed an intentional act, (2) expressly aimed at the forum 18 state, (3) causing harm that the defendant knows is likely to be suffered in the forum 19 state.” Dole Foods Co., Inc. v. Watts, 303 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th Cir. 2002); Calder v. 20 Jones, 465 U.S. 783 (1984). 21 Here, Aych contends Sumlin’s playbook was released to other football teams to 22 make UofA football lose for the 2018 to 2020 seasons, so that UofA could fire its 23 coaching staff. (Compl. ¶¶ 68, 74.) Thus, to garner personal jurisdiction in 24 California, the purposeful direction at issue can only be the alleged release of Sumlin’s 25 playbook, as all other aspects of Aych’s contention—making UofA football lose and 26 firing UofA coaching staff—are centered in Arizona. 27 The alleged release of Sumlin’s playbook does not support specific personal 28 jurisdiction over Individual Defendants. First, Aych consistently alleges that UofA, or 1 unknown actors within UofA, are responsible. (Id. ¶¶ 2 (“[UofA] purposefully 2 transferred”), 33 (“released by UofA”), 44 (“unknown actors within UofA”), 48 (“a 3 coordinated effort by [UofA]”).) Yet, Aych alleges Fisch and Dougherty have only 4 worked at UofA since 2021. (Id. ¶¶ 23–24.) As Aych’s own allegations employ Fisch 5 or Dougherty at UofA starting long after the alleged release of Sumlin’s playbook 6 (necessarily sometime before the 2018 to 2020 football seasons), Fisch and Dougherty 7 cannot be the “unknown actors within” UofA who Aych alleges purposefully 8 disseminated Sumlin’s playbook. (Id. ¶ 44.) 9 Second, even accepting the speculative inference that Heeke is responsible for 10 the playbook’s alleged release, Aych asserts that it was released and transferred to 11 “one or more of the NCAA and Pac-12” member institutions. (See, e.g., Compl. ¶ 33.) 12 The NCAA is an association of “more than 1,200 United States colleges, universities, 13 and athletic conferences,” (id. ¶ 18), and Pac-12 has member institutions in Arizona, 14 California, Colorado, Oregon, Utah, and Washington, (id. ¶¶ 21, 28). Thus, Aych is 15 alleging that “UofA purposely transferred and released” the playbook to opposing 16 teams in at least six states (Pac-12), and likely many more (NCAA). (See Compl. ¶ 2.) 17 This forecloses a finding that the playbook’s release was “expressly aimed” 18 particularly at California. Dole Foods, 303 F.3d at 1111. Similarly, the harmful 19 effects that Aych alleges—his termination with the entire coaching staff—occurred in 20 Arizona, precluding a finding that Heeke or UofA knew harm was “likely to be 21 suffered in” California. Id. 22 Aych fails to meet his burden to establish that Individual Defendants are subject 23 to specific personal jurisdiction in this Court, and the Court finds they are not. 24 3. RICO Personal Jurisdiction 25 Finally, Aych makes a cursory reference in a section heading to the RICO venue 26 and service statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1965(a).8 (Opp’n 15.) Although not clearly 27 8 Section 1965(a) provides: “(a) Any civil action or proceeding under this chapter against any person 28 may be instituted in the district court of the United States for any district in which such person resides, is found, has an agent, or transacts his affairs.” 1 articulated, Aych may be arguing that, since Individual Defendants are allegedly part 2 of a nationwide conspiracy, they should be subject to personal jurisdiction under 3 RICO’s venue and process provision. 4 RICO authorizes nationwide service and the exercise of jurisdiction over a 5 defendant present anywhere in the United States. Butcher’s Union Local No. 498 v. 6 SDC Inv., Inc., 788 F.2d 535, 539 (9th Cir. 1986); Barantsevich, 954 F. Supp. 2d 7 at 991. However, this authorization is not unlimited. Butcher’s Union, 788 F.2d 8 at 539. Before § 1965(a) authorizes personal jurisdiction over the conspiracy 9 defendants, “the court must have personal jurisdiction over at least one of the 10 participants,” and “the plaintiff must show that there is no other district in which a 11 court will have personal jurisdiction over all of the alleged co-conspirators” Id. See 12 also Gilbert v. DaGrossa, 756 F.2d 1455, 1459 (9th Cir. 1985) (“[I]n order to bring a 13 damage action against a [state] official in his individual capacity, and thereby avoid 14 the bar of sovereign immunity, the normal rules for establishing in personam 15 jurisdiction apply.”) 16 Aych does not satisfy these requirements. As discussed above, the Court lacks 17 personal jurisdiction over any Individual Defendant alleged to have engaged in the 18 conspiracy to release Sumlin’s playbook, torpedo UofA’s football seasons, and fire the 19 coaching staff. Furthermore, as Defendants correctly note, there is another district in 20 which the court would have personal jurisdiction over all of the alleged co- 21 conspirators—Arizona. As such, Aych fails to establish that the Court may exercise 22 personal jurisdiction over Individual Defendants pursuant to RICO. 23 V. CONCLUSION 24 For the reasons discussed above, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion to 25 Dismiss, without leave to amend. (ECF No. 41.) The Court DISMISSES UofA and 26 ABOR with prejudice and without leave to amend, as leave to amend would be futile 27 against these immune Defendants. Carrico, 656 F.3d at 1008. The Court 28 DISMISSES Individual Defendants without prejudice, for lack of personal 1 || jurisdiction, and without leave to amend, as the Court finds “the allegation of other 2|| facts consistent with the challenged pleading could not possibly cure the deficiency.” 3 | Schreiber Distrib., 806 F.2d at 1401. 4 5 IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 NN July 5, 2024 EE yy po 8 OTIS ac I 9 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 10 1] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28