Hopkins v. United States , 4 App. D.C. 430 ( 1894 )

Mr. Chief Justice Alvey

delivered the opinion of the Court:

1. Among the errors assigned, is one that the court below refused to instruct the jury that this conviction and sentence in the Police Court constituted a bar to the subsequent prosecution for murder, it being supposed that the question of the murderous intent was necessarily involved and negatived in the former prosecution. This defense is based upon the theory that the appellant was being twice put in jeopardy for the same offense.

By Art. V. of the Constitution of the United States, it is declared: “Nor shall any person be subject for the same offense, to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.” This is but the recognition or declaration of an old maxim of the common law, and we must therefore resort to the common law authorities to ascertain its true meaning. U. S. v. Gilbert et al., 2 Sumn. 19, 39. A party is not entitled to this protection of the Constitution unless he is being prosecuted twice for the same identical act and crime. 4 Black. Com. 336. There has been some diversity of decision upon this question of identity of crime; but the great weight of authority is in support of the principle that when, after the first prosecution, a new fact supervenes, for which the accused is responsible, which changes the character of the offense, and together with the facts existing at the time, constitute a new and distinct crime, an acquittal or conviction of the first offense is not a bar to an indictment for the other distinct crime. This is expressly so held by the Supreme Court of Maine, in the case of State v. Littlefield, 70 Me. 452, where many of the authorities are referred to, and the result of them stated. In that case it was held that a former conviction of an assault and battery was no bar to an indictment for manslaughter, where the injuries resulted in death after the former conviction.

In 1 Chitty’s Criminal Law, 453, the principle is stated in these terms: “As to the identity of the offense, if the crime charged in the former and present prosecutions are so distinct that evidence of the one will not support the other, it is inconsistent with reason, as it is repugnant to the rules of law, to say that the offenses are so far the same that an acquittal of the one will be a bar to the prosecution of the other.” The same general principle is laid down in 2 East’s PL Cr. 522.

The principle seems to be clear, that it is not sufficient merely that the former prosecution was for the same act, the same transaction; but it must have been for the same offense; “ the same identical act and crime,” the same in law as well as in fact. 2 Lead. Cr. Cas., notes by B. & H. 555.

This principle is nowhere better stated and illustrated than in the very clear and forcible opinion of Chief Justice Shaw, in the case of Com. v. Roby, 12 Pick. 496. In that case the indictment was for murder. The defendant pleaded in bar a conviction of an assault with intent to murder, before the death of the party assaulted. The Chief Justice, delivering the opinion of the court, in discussing the question of the identity of the offenses, said: “The indictment for murder necessarily charges the fact of killing as the essential and most material fact, which gives its legal character to the offense. If the party assaulted after a felonious assault dies within the year and a day, the same act, which till the death was an assault and misdemeanor only, though aggravated, is by that event shown to have been a mortal wound. The event, strictly speaking, does not change the character of the act, but it relates back to the time of the assault, and the same act, which might be a felonious assault only had the party not died, is in truth shown by that event to have been a mortal wound; and the crime, which would otherwise have been an aggravated misdemeanor, is thus shown to be a capital felony. The facts are essentially different, and the legal character of the crime essentially different.”

The principle of that case was followed in the case of Com. v. Evans, 101 Mass. 25, and it has been followed in many other of the State courts óf the Union. Upon the principle maintained by those decisions, it has been held, that a conviction for an assault and battery is no bar to a subsequent indictment for manslaughter, or for murder, in case the person assaulted dies within a year and a day. Boswell v. State, 20 Fla. 869 ; Burns v. People, 1 Park. 182 ; Johnson v. State, 19 Tex. Ct. App. 453 ; Curtis v. State, 22 Tex. Ct. App. 227.

We conclude, therefore, that there was no error committed by the court below in refusing to instruct the jury upon the defense of former conviction, as requested by the appellant.

2. The next error assigned is, that the court refused to charge the jury, at the request of the appellant, that if they believed from the evidence that the injury to the deceased, inflicted by the appellant, was only one of the causes of the disease of which the decedent died; and if they should believe that said injury was such as with ordinary care and attention, the same could not have caused disease resulting in death; so that his death was due not to the blow inflicted, but to neglect on the part of the deceased, and lack of proper medical treatment — they should acquit.

In connection with this prayer for instruction, we may consider the objection to the question offered to be propounded to a witness as an expert, and which was disallowed by the court, as set forth in the first bill of exception taken by the appellant.

To say nothing of the want of evidence to support the proposition, the court was entirely correct, both in rejecting the prayer for instruction, and in disallowing 'the question proposed.

The authorities upon this question are decisive, and without any considerable variation. In this case, the evidence makes it clear beyond doubt that the wound inflicted by the appellant was the cause of the death; and if it were conceded that the deceased was not prudent and did not take proper care of himself, with a view to his possible recovery, or that he neglected to obtain proper medical treatment, such concession would not relieve the appellant of criminal responsibility for the blow inflicted. For, according to an old case, which has always been respected as good law, it was resolved, “ that if one give wounds to another, who neglects the cure of them, or is disorderly and doth not keep that rule which a person wounded should do, yet if he die it is murder or manslaughter, according a§- the case is; because if the wound had not been, the man had not died, and, therefore, neglect or disorder in the person who received the wounds shall not excuse the person who gave them.” Rex v. Rew, Kelyng, 26.

In 1 Hale, Pleas of the Crown, page 428, the doctrine is laid down that seems to have been followed in all subsequent well considered cases, where this question has arisen. That great authority on criminal law, says: “ If a man give another a stroke, which it may be, is not in itself so mortal, but that with good care he might be cured, yet if he die of the wound within the year and day, it is homicide or murder, as the case is, and so it hath been always ruled. 3 Inst. 47.

“ But if the wound or hurt be not mortal, but with ill applications by the party, or those about him, of unwholesome salves or medicines the party dies, if it can clearly appear, that this medicine, and not the wound, was the cause of his death, it seems it is not homicide, but then that must appear clearly and certainly to be so.

“But if a man receives a wound, which is not in itself mortal, but either for want of helpful applications, or neglect thereof, it turns to a gangrene, or a fever, and that gangrene or fever be the immediate cause of his death, yet, this is murder or manslaughter in him that gave the stroke or wound, for that wound, tho’ it were not the immediate cause of his death, yet, if it were the mediate cause thereof, and the fever or gangrene was the immediate cause of his death, yet the wound was the cause of the gangrene or fever, and so consequently is causa causati.”

The same principle is laid down as text law, in 1 Hawk. P. C., Ch. 3Í, Sec. 10; 1 East P. C. 334; 3 Chitty Cr. Law, 726.

The doctrine of these authorities was fully examined and approved in the leading American case upon the subject, of Com. v. Hackett, 2 Allen, 136. In that case the opinion was delivered by Chief Justice Bigelow, and in the course of the opinion it was said: “ We find the authorities to be clear and uniform, from the earliest to the latest decisions.” And further on, the learned justice said: “ It is certain that the rule of law, as stated in the authorities, has its foundation in a wise and sound! policy. A different doctrine would tend to give immunity to crime and to take away from human life a salutary and essential safeguard. Amid the conflicting theories of medical men, and the uncertainties attendant upon the treatment of bodily ailments and injuries, it would be easy in many cases of homicide to raise a doubt as to the immediate cause of death, and thereby to .open a wide door by which persons guilty of the highest crime might escape conviction and punishment.”

In the case of State v. Bantley, 44 Conn. 537, where many of the authorities are referred to, it was held, that if one person willfully inflicts upon another a wound calculated to destroy life, and death ensues therefrom within a year and a day, the offense is murder or manslaughter, according to circumstances; and the party is none the less responsible for the result, although it may appear that the deceased might have recovered if he had taken proper care of himself, or that unskillful or improper treatment aggravated the wound and contributed to his death. And so in the case of State v. Morphy, 33 Iowa, 270, in a well considered opinion by Mr. Justice Cole, it was held that if death ensues from a wound given in malice but not in its nature mortal, but from which, being neglected or mismanaged, the party dies, this will not excuse the person who gave it, but he will be held guilty of the murder, unless he can make it clearly appear that the maltreatment of the wound, or the medicine administered to th e patient, or his own misconduct, and not the wound itself, was the sole muse of his death. The same principle was held and applied in the case of Reg. v. Holland, 2 M. & R. 351.

Upon these authorities, it is clear, the court below committed no error in refusing to grant the fourth prayer of the appellant. And with respect to the hypothetical question proposed, as set out in the first bill of exception, it is equally clear, that there was no error in refusing to allow that question to be put to and answered by the witness. In the first place, the question assumes a most important fact, without proof to justify it, that the injury inflicted was not necessarily or likely fatal. The question, however, is objectionable in other respects, in the manner of stating the facts to make up the hypothesis. But, assuming that the witness would have answered the question in the affirmative, the answer would have been quite immaterial to the defense, according to the authorities we have cited.

3. There is also error assigned in the court’s refusal to instruct the jury, “ that the weapon used, a quarter of a brick, was not a deadly weapon, and malice could not be presumed from its use.”

In the first place, the prayer assumes or states as a fact, that the brickbat, with which the wound was inflicted, was but a quarter of a brick. The brickbat does not appear to have been produced at the trial, and whether it was a half or a quarter of a brick, was not for the court to assume, but for the jury to determine. Whether it was a deadly missile weapon or not would depend largely upon the force with which it was thrown, and the part of the body receiving the blow. The best evidence of its dangerous character, and of what it was capable of doing, was the injury actually inflicted by it. A brickbat in the hands of a strong man, bent upon mischief, is certainly a formidable missile, and perilous to life if used in a malicious and dangerous way, as seems to have been the case here. The court was elearly right in rejecting the prayer.

4. Another assignment of error is made upon the rulings of the court upon certain propositions offered in respect to justification in the way of self defense. There were three prayers offered upon this subject, being the second, eighth and ninth, in the series of prayers offered by the appellant. The second and eighth of these prayers were rejected, and the ninth was granted.

There was not, in truth and reality, the slightest evidence tending to show justification for the infliction of the wound in self defense. The appellant’s return to the saloon and attack upon-the deceased was a premeditated action on his part. He states in his own testimony that he took up the brickbat for use in case he should have any trouble; and that he had his hand on the brick in his pocket when he entered the room and was ready to use it in case he should be again assaulted. He did not wait to be assaulted, but he stepped up to within a few feet of the deceased, and without the interchange of a word, threw his brickbat at the head of his victim, and turned and retreated from the room to the street. There was certainly nothing in this to justify the application of the law of self defense.

It is laid down in text books of high authority, and also in decided cases, that if it appear that the conflict was in any way premeditated by the defendant, the defense can no longer be set up. And it must be proven that the assault upon the defendant was imminently perilous. The defendant must show clearly that he was attacked, and that he had good reason to believe' that he was in imminent peril of his life or of great bodily harm. Whart. on Horn. 230; 2 Whart. Cr. Law (7th Ed.), Secs. 1020, 1021, 1022 ; People v. McLeod, 1 Hill (N. Y.), 377. Here there was nothing of the kind.

The appellant, however, was given the largest latitude in respect to his attempted justification by way of self defense, in having granted to him his ninth prayer. That instruction embodied the law with sufficient precision, if there had been facts to support it. But the court clearly committed no error in refusing to grant the second and eighth prayers of the appellant. They were neither right in principle nor supported by the facts of the case.

Upon review of the whole record we find no error of which the appellant can complain, and we must therefore affirm the judgment and remand the cause that the judgment may be executed.

Judgment affirmed, and cause remanded.