Judicial Watch, Inc. v. DOJ ( 2023 )

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT
No. 22-5209 September Term, 2022
FILED ON: JULY 7, 2023
JUDICIAL WATCH, INC.,
APPELLANT
v.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,
APPELLEE
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Columbia
(No. 1:21-cv-01216)
Before: WILKINS, Circuit Judge, and ROGERS and TATEL, Senior Circuit Judges
JUDGMENT
The Court considered this appeal on the record from the United States District Court for
the District of Columbia (District Court) and on the briefs and oral arguments of the parties. The
Court has afforded the issues full consideration and determined they do not warrant a published
opinion. See D.C. Cir. R. 36(d). For the reasons stated below, it is hereby
ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that the District Court’s July 20, 2022, Order granting
appellees’ motion for summary judgment and denying appellant’s cross-motion for summary
judgment be AFFIRMED.
I.
On January 6, 2021, hundreds of people stormed the U.S. Capitol and committed violent
acts (hereinafter referred to as the “January 6th events”). Following this attack on the Capitol,
federal and non-federal law enforcement entities “investigat[ed], arrest[ed], and provid[ed]
prosecutors evidence of individuals involved” in the January 6th events. J.A. 135. Many of the
individuals involved still “have yet to be identified.” J.A. 137.
In February 2021, several media outlets reported that the Bank of America played a major
role in helping investigate the January 6th events, including “actively but secretly engag[ing] in
[a] hunt for extremists in cooperation with the government[]” and furnishing the Federal Bureau
of Investigation (“FBI” or the “Agency”) with financial records of customers who fit the following
profile:
1. Customers confirmed as transacting, either through bank account
debit card or credit card purchases in Washington, D.C. between 1/5
and 1/6.
2. Purchases made for Hotel/Airbnb RSVPs in DC, VA, and MD after
1/6.
3. Any purchase of weapons or at a weapons-related merchant between
1/7 and their upcoming suspected stay in [the] D.C. area around
Inauguration Day.
4. Airline related purchases since 1/6.
J.A. 26–27 (Exh. A) (Tucker Carlson, Bank of America Handed Over Customer Data to Feds
Following Capitol Riot, Fox News (Feb. 4, 2021), https://perma.cc/MB55-MWAD.); see also J.A.
38–41 (Exh. B.) (Jennifer Smith, ‘Bye bye, Bank of America’: Outraged customers boycott firm as
it’s revealed the bank snooped through HUNDREDS of innocent people’s accounts looking for
Capitol rioters - so who else is doing it?, MailOnline (Feb. 5, 2021), https://perma.cc/GDK6-
FXM4.).
Several months after news outlets reported that certain financial institutions provided
records of customers to the FBI, Judicial Watch submitted a Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”)
request to the Agency seeking:
All records of communication between the FBI and any financial
institution, including but not limited to Bank of America, Citibank,
Chase Manhattan Bank, Discover, and/or American Express, in
which the FBI sought transaction data for those financial
institutions’ debit and credit card account holders who made
purchases in Washington, D.C., Maryland, and/or Virginia on
January 5, 2021 and/or January 6, 2021.
J.A. 132. In response, the FBI invoked a Glomar response “neither confirm[ing] nor deny[ing]
the existence of any records which would disclose the existence or non-existence of non-public
law enforcement techniques, procedures, and/or guidelines.” J.A. 153–54. (The term “Glomar
response” comes from a case in which we upheld the “neither confirm nor deny” response to a
FOIA request for records of Central Intelligence Agency contact with the media about a ship
known as the Hughes Glomar Explorer. Phillippi v. CIA, 546 F.2d 1009, 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1976)).
Here, while the FBI had identified “more than 300 individuals believed to have committed violent
acts on Capitol grounds, including over 200 who assaulted police officers[]” resulting in multiple
criminal cases where FBI agents used those defendants’ financial records to establish probable
2
cause, J.A. 137, the agents did not testify specifically to how the financial records of the defendants
were obtained.
Judicial Watch filed this action in the United States District Court for the District of
Columbia, challenging the FBI’s Glomar response. The FBI moved for summary judgment and
Judicial Watch filed a cross-motion for summary judgment. See Def’s Mot., ECF No. 10; Def’s
Mem. in Supp., ECF 10-1; Pl’s Opp’n, ECF No. 15; Pl’s Cross-Mot., ECF No. 16. The District
Court granted summary judgment in favor of the FBI, upholding the Agency’s Glomar response,
and denied Judicial Watch’s cross-motion.
II.
Judicial Watch now appeals the District Court’s order upholding the FBI’s Glomar
response, arguing (1) that the Agency failed to properly invoke its Glomar response under
Exemption 7(E), and (2) that even if the Agency properly invoked its Glomar response under
Exemption 7(E), Judicial Watch overcame the FBI’s Glomar response by showing the Agency
officially acknowledged it possessed documents responsive to Judicial Watch’s FOIA
request. Because the FBI properly invoked the Glomar response under Exemption 7(E) and
Judicial Watch did not meet its burden of demonstrating that the FBI publicly disclosed that it
“communicated” with certain financial institutions seeking customers’ financial records for the
purpose of investigating the January 6th events, we affirm.
The FOIA requires “broad disclosure of government records to the public” subject to the
Act’s nine exemptions. Wolf v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370, 374 (D.C. Cir. 2007). Nevertheless, the FBI
“may refuse to confirm or deny the existence of records where to answer the FOIA inquiry would
cause harm cognizable under an FOIA exception.” Id. When an agency elects to give this answer,
it is referred to as a Glomar response. Id. An agency’s Glomar response “is proper if the fact of
the existence or nonexistence of agency records falls within a FOIA exemption.” Id. Accordingly,
when “determining whether the existence of agency records vel non fits a FOIA exemption, courts
apply the general exemption review standards established in non-Glomar cases.” Am. Civ.
Liberties Union v. CIA, 710 F.3d 422, 426 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (citing Wolf, 473 F.3d at 374).
A plaintiff may defeat an agency’s Glomar response by successfully showing that the
agency “officially acknowledged otherwise exempt information through prior disclosure[.]” Am.
Civ. Liberties Union, 710 F.3d at 426. Put differently, “when information has been officially
acknowledged, its prior disclosure may be compelled even over an agency’s otherwise valid
exemption claim.” Id. at 426–27 (quoting Wolf, 473 F.3d at 378) (internal quotation marks
omitted). The plaintiff bears the “burden of pointing to specific information [disclosed] in the
public domain,” and the plaintiff must show that when he requested this information through a
FOIA request, the agency withheld it. Am. Civ. Liberties Union, 710 F.3d at 427 (citation
omitted).
Under FOIA, the agency has the burden to sustain its action. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B). We
review the agency’s action to withhold documents under a FOIA exemption de novo. Wolf, 473
3
F.3d at 374. “In conducting de novo review in the context of national security concerns, courts
must accord substantial weight to an agency’s affidavit concerning the details of the classified
status of the disputed record.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). But ultimately “an agency’s
justification for invoking a FOIA exemption, whether directly or in the form of a Glomar response,
is sufficient if it appears logical or plausible.” Am. Civ. Liberties Union, 710 F.3d at 428 (internal
quotation marks omitted).
A.
Judicial Watch first argues that the FBI did not properly invoke a Glomar response under
Exemption 7(E). To properly invoke Exemption 7(E), the FBI must show that Judicial Watch’s
FOIA request for any communications between the FBI and the financial institutions would be
exempt from disclosure because, if the records exist, they were “compiled for law enforcement
purposes,” and responding to the FOIA request would (1) “disclose techniques and procedures for
law enforcement investigations or prosecutions,” or (2) “disclose guidelines for law enforcement
investigations or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to risk
circumvention of the law[.]” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E). “Exemption 7(E) only requires that the
[agency] demonstrate logically how the release of the requested information might create a risk of
circumvention of the law.” Blackwell v. FBI, 646 F.3d 37, 42 (D.C. Cir. 2011). The Agency has
to meet a “relatively low bar” to show risk of circumvention. Id.Here, the FBI claims in an affidavit that establishing the existence or nonexistence of
communications between the Agency and financial institutions would “trigger foreseeable harm
to a variety of circumvention of the law interests” by “provid[ing] key pieces of information about
the FBI’s investigative focus, or lack thereof, into its investigation of the Capitol riot on January
6, 2021.” J.A. 137. In addition, the Agency claims that confirming or denying the existence of
responsive records “would reveal the types of investigative techniques or procedures being
employed, or not employed, as well as [show] how the FBI is applying investigative resources, or
not, in furtherance of its investigations.” Id. In the aggregate, the FBI alleges that this information,
with any other piece of information, “could provide potential investigative targets insight into who
may or may not be under investigative interest . . . thereby decreasing the effectiveness of the FBI
investigation(s) and increasing the vulnerability and effectiveness of specific investigatory tools
at the FBI’s disposal.” J.A. 138. In other words, disclosure of investigative techniques risks
allowing potential suspects to circumvent the law.
The FBI’s affidavit clearly demonstrates how “such disclosure could reasonably be
expected to risk circumvention of the law.” Blackwell, 646 F.3d at 41. We have illustrated ad
nauseam the relatively low bar the agency has to justify a Glomar response under Exemption
7(E). In Blackwell, we said that “the exemption looks not just for circumvention of the law, but
for a risk of circumvention; not just for an actual or certain risk of circumvention, but for an
expected risk; not just for an undeniably or universally expected risk, but for a reasonably expected
risk; and not just for certitude of a reasonably expected risk, but for the chance of a reasonably
expected risk.” Id. at 42 (quoting Mayer Brown LLP v. IRS, 562 F.3d 1190, 1193 (D.C. Cir. 2009)).
4
Given the low bar to meet 7(E) and that we “accord substantial weight[,]” Wolf, 473 F.3d at 374,
to the FBI’s affidavit detailing potentially classified information, the FBI has logically
demonstrated how the release of alleged communications between the FBI and the financial
institutions might risk circumvention of the law. Further, the Agency’s reasons for providing a
Glomar response are logical and plausible. Thus, we uphold the Agency’s Glomar response under
7(E).
B.
Judicial Watch also challenges the FBI’s Glomar response under the public
acknowledgment exception, arguing that the FBI waived its right to invoke a Glomar response
when it publicly disclosed the information that it attempted to withhold. Specifically, Judicial
Watch points to public statements from FBI agents discussing that they reviewed financial records
of the defendants in criminal cases involving the January 6th events as well as the Agency’s
response to a different FOIA request to justify its burden under the exception.
To meet the public acknowledgement exception, a plaintiff must show “(1) the information
requested must be as specific as the information previously released; (2) the information requested
must match the information previously disclosed; and (3) the information requested must already
have been made public through an official and documented disclosure.” Moore v. CIA, 666 F.3d
1330, 1333 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting Am. Civ. Liberties Union v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 628 F.3d
612, 620–21 (D.C. Cir. 2011)).
Judicial Watch’s argument that the FBI agents’ affidavits in the criminal cases publicly
disclosed the information requested in its FOIA request fails. Judicial Watch’s request for records
of any “communications between the FBI and any financial institution, . . . in which the FBI sought
transaction data for those financial institutions’ [customers] who made purchases in Washington,
D.C., Maryland, and/or Virginia” to use in its investigation of the January 6th events, J.A. 132,
138–41, is not “as specific as the information” disclosed in the Agents’ affidavits, Moore, 666 F.3d
at 1333. The FBI agents did not disclose that the Agency itself either “communicated” with
financial institutions or “sought” financial records from financial institutions. The FBI agents only
noted that the financial institutions “provided” financial records, J.A. 75, but it is not clear to whom
the institutions “provided” the records. Similarly, while an agent stated that he reviewed financial
records that were “[s]ubpoena[ed],” J.A. 97, the agent did not specifically state that the FBI
subpoenaed the records from a financial institution. Several federal and non-federal law
enforcement entities investigated the January 6th events, and one of those other agencies could
have subpoenaed the records. Or the FBI could have subpoenaed the records from the suspect’s
employer, accountant, parent, or spouse. Without the level of specificity that the public
acknowledgment exception requires, detailing that the FBI “sought” financial records for the
purpose of investigating the January 6th events, and that the FBI “communicat[ed]” with financial
institutions for the same, Judicial Watch fails to meet its burden.
Judicial Watch claims that the FBI waived its right to invoke a Glomar response because
it did not assert a Glomar response to another individual’s FOIA request seeking “forms [that the
5
FBI] issued to each financial institution to obtain financial data during the period December 5,
2020 through February 6, 2021.” J.A. 50. Specifically, the FBI’s response to the FOIA request
stated that the information requested was “categorically denied as it is located in an investigative
file[.]” J.A. 52. But again, the FBI did not publicly acknowledge that it sought or communicated
with the financial institutions for the purpose of investigating the January 6th events. Although
the FBI notes that it “obtained” responsive records and that those records were “located” in an
investigative file, it does not specifically state that the Agency “sought” or “communicat[ed]” with
the financial institutions to receive those records for investigative purposes. Additionally, even
though the FBI arguably discloses that it “sent a form to a financial institution” seeking financial
data, id., it pertains to a much broader date range and wider geographic area and therefore fails to
“match” the scope of the Glomar response at issue here. Wolf, 473 F.3d at 378. Thus, Judicial
Watch fails to meet its burden under the public acknowledgement exception.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the District Court is affirmed.
Pursuant to D.C. Circuit Rule 36, this disposition will not be published. The Clerk is
directed to withhold issuance of the mandate herein until seven days after resolution of any timely
petition for rehearing or rehearing en banc. See FED. R. CIV. P. 31(b); D.C. CIR. R. 41(a)(1).
Per Curiam
FOR THE COURT:
Mark J. Langer, Clerk
BY: /s/
Michael C. McGrail
Deputy Clerk
6