McGuire v. Beckmann ( 2019 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JAMIE McGUIRE, an individual, No. 2:17-cv-01665-TLN-DB 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. MEMORANDUMN AND ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO 14 ANDREW BECKMANN, M.D., an DISMISS individual, and SPECTRUM 15 HEALTHCARE, INC., 16 Defendants. 17 18 This matter is before the Court on Defendant United States of America’s (“Defendant”) 19 Motion to Dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. (ECF No. 6.) Plaintiff Jamie McGuire 20 (“Plaintiff”) filed an opposition. (ECF No. 7.) Defendant filed a reply. (ECF No. 8.) For the 21 reasons set forth in this Order, Defendant’s motion is GRANTED. 22 /// 23 /// 24 /// 25 /// 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 2 On April 19, 2017, Plaintiff filed a personal injury lawsuit in the Superior Court of the 3 State of California, County of Solano, alleging that she was injured by the negligent actions of 4 Andrew Beckmann, M.D. (ECF No. 1-1.) At the time of the events alleged in the Complaint, 5 Plaintiff was on active duty in the United States Air Force and was stationed at Travis Air Force 6 Base. (ECF No. 7 at 1.) In April 2016, Plaintiff visited the emergency room at the David Grant 7 Medical Center on Travis Air Force Base for the purpose of receiving medical treatment. (ECF 8 No. 7 at 2.) During Plaintiff’s visit to the emergency room, Beckmann allegedly prescribed her 9 opioid-based medication to which she had a severe allergic reaction. (ECF No. 1-1 ¶¶ 5–7.) 10 Plaintiff alleges that she suffered severe and disabling injuries when Beckmann prescribed 11 medication that he allegedly had reason to know might cause her harm. (ECF No. 1-1 ¶¶ 7, 9.) 12 In addition to Beckmann himself, Plaintiff also named Spectrum Healthcare, Inc. 13 (hereafter, “Spectrum”) as a defendant under a respondeat superior theory of liability. (ECF No. 14 1-1 ¶ 3.) The Complaint alleges that Beckmann acted in the course and scope of his employment 15 with Spectrum when he made the decision to prescribe opioid-based medication to Plaintiff. 16 (ECF No. 1-1 ¶¶ 3–4.) The Complaint further alleges that Spectrum “was a healthcare services 17 provider contracting with the United States Air Force to provide emergency room staffing at 18 David Grant Medical Center.” (ECF No. 1-1 ¶ 4.) 19 On August 11, 2017, Defendant removed the case to this Court. (ECF No. 1.) Pursuant to 20 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d)(1), Defendant also certified that Beckmann was a federal employee acting 21 within the course and scope of his federal employment at the time of the actions set forth in the 22 Complaint. (ECF No. 2-1.) This certification substituted the United States as Defendant in this 23 action, thereby dismissing Beckmann (see ECF No. 2 at 2), and Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed 24 Spectrum from the case at a later date (see ECF No. 10). 25 Defendant’s motion advances two main arguments. First, Defendant argues that the 26 underlying action should be dismissed because Beckmann was employed at all relevant times 27 under a personal services contract with the Air Force. (ECF No. 6-1 at 2.) Defendant asserts that 28 pursuant to the Gonzalez Act, 10 U.S.C. § 1089, the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”) is the 1 only viable avenue for the lawsuit to proceed. (ECF No. 6-1 at 2 (citing 10 U.S.C. § 1089(a)).) 2 However, according to Defendant, Plaintiff cannot utilize the FTCA’s waiver of sovereign 3 immunity to maintain her suit because she failed to exhaust administrative prerequisites. (ECF 4 No. 6-1 at 2–3.) Second, Defendant argues that this Court should dismiss the suit without leave 5 to amend because the doctrine set forth by the Supreme Court in Feres v. United States, 340 U.S. 6 135, 146 (1950), holds that federal district courts have no jurisdiction over cases like this one that 7 seek tort damages for injuries sustained while a plaintiff is on active military duty. 8 Plaintiff opposes Defendant’s motion to dismiss on the ground that — despite Defendant’s 9 certification that Beckmann was acting in the course and scope of his federal employment when 10 he treated Plaintiff in 2016 — Beckmann was not actually a federal employee and so Defendant is 11 not entitled to the protection of the Gonzalez Act or the FTCA. (ECF No. 7 at 3.) Specifically, 12 Plaintiff argues that at the time he negligently prescribed opioid-based medication to Plaintiff, 13 Beckmann was employed by Spectrum, not by the United States. (ECF No. 7 at 3.) As evidence 14 in support of this argument, Plaintiff points to Beckmann’s LinkedIn profile. (See ECF No. 7 at 3 15 (“Social media confirms that Beckmann was not working for the United States but was, in fact, 16 working for Spectrum Healthcare, Inc.”).) Plaintiff further argues that even if the Court dismisses 17 the Complaint, “the motion should be granted without prejudice to allow for a timely filing of a 18 claim under” the FTCA. (ECF No. 7 at 3.) 19 Defendant’s reply expands on its original argument by incorporating the actual contract 20 documents that Defendant asserts prove that Beckmann had “an employer-employee like 21 relationship with the government.” (ECF No. 8 at 3.) The reply also notes that Plaintiff’s 22 opposition does not address the application of the Feres doctrine. (ECF No. 8 at 4.) 23 II. STANDARD OF LAW 24 A. Motion to Dismiss 25 Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and are presumptively without jurisdiction 26 over civil actions. Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). The 27 burden of establishing the contrary rests upon the party asserting jurisdiction. Id. Because 28 subject matter jurisdiction involves a court’s power to hear a case, it can never be forfeited or 1 waived. United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 630 (2002). Accordingly, lack of subject matter 2 jurisdiction may be raised by either party at any point during the litigation, through a motion to 3 dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1). Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp., 546 U.S. 4 500, 506 (2006); see also Int’l Union of Operating Eng’rs v. Cnty. of Plumas, 559 F.3d 1041, 5 1043-44 (9th Cir. 2009). 6 There are two types of motions to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction: a facial 7 attack, and a factual attack. Thornhill Publ’g Co. v. Gen. Tel. & Elec. Corp., 594 F.2d 730, 733 8 (9th Cir. 1979). Put differently, a party may either make an attack on the allegations of 9 jurisdiction contained in the nonmoving party’s complaint or may challenge the existence of 10 subject matter jurisdiction in fact, despite the formal sufficiency of the pleadings. Id. 11 When a party makes a facial attack on a complaint, the attack is unaccompanied by 12 supporting evidence and it challenges jurisdiction based solely on the pleadings. Safe Air for 13 Everyone v. Meyer, 373 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2004). However, in the case of a factual 14 attack, “no presumptive truthfulness attaches to plaintiff’s allegations.” Thornill, 594 F.2d at 733 15 (internal citation omitted). Rather, the party opposing the motion has the burden of proving that 16 subject matter jurisdiction does exist and must present any necessary evidence to satisfy this 17 burden. St. Clair v. City of Chico, 880 F.2d 199, 201 (9th Cir. 1989). To that end, the district 18 court may review any evidence necessary, including affidavits and testimony, in order to 19 determine whether subject matter jurisdiction exists. McCarthy v. United States, 850 F.2d 558, 20 560 (9th Cir. 1988); Thornhill, 594 F.2d at 733. If the nonmoving party fails to meet its burden 21 and the court determines that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the action. 22 Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3). 23 A court granting a motion to dismiss a complaint must then decide whether to grant leave 24 to amend. Leave to amend should be “freely given” where there is no “undue delay, bad faith or 25 dilatory motive on the part of the movant, . . . undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of 26 allowance of the amendment, [or] futility of the amendment . . . .” Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 27 182 (1962); Eminence Capital, LLC v. Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 1052 (9th Cir. 2003) (listing 28 the Foman factors as those to be considered when deciding whether to grant leave to amend). 1 “[T]he consideration of prejudice to the opposing party . . . carries the greatest weight.” Id. 2 (citing DCD Programs, Ltd. v. Leighton, 833 F.2d 183, 185 (9th Cir. 1987)). Dismissal without 3 leave to amend is proper only if it is clear that “the complaint could not be saved by any 4 amendment.” Intri-Plex Techs. v. Crest Group, Inc., 499 F.3d 1048, 1056 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing 5 In re Daou Sys., Inc., 411 F.3d 1006, 1013 (9th Cir. 2005)); Ascon Props., Inc. v. Mobil Oil Co., 6 866 F.2d 1149, 1160 (9th Cir. 1989) (“Leave need not be granted where the amendment of the 7 complaint . . . constitutes an exercise in futility . . . .”)). 8 B. Gonzalez Act 9 “The Gonzalez Act, or Medical Malpractice Immunity Act, . . . provides that a suit against 10 the United States under the [FTCA] is the exclusive remedy for torts committed by military 11 medical personnel acting within the scope of their government employment.” Ward v. Gordon, 12 999 F.2d 1399, 1401 (9th Cir. 1993) (citing 10 U.S.C. § 1089(a); United States v. Smith, 499 U.S. 13 160, 169–71 (1991)); see also Levin v. United States, 568 U.S. 503, 508 (2013) (stating that the 14 Gonzalez Act “makes claims against the United States under the FTCA the ‘exclusive’ remedy 15 for injuries resulting from malpractice committed by medical personnel of the armed forces and 16 other specified agencies” (quoting 10 U.S.C. § 1089(a))). The protections of the Gonzalez Act 17 explicitly apply to “a physician . . . serving under a personal services contract entered into under 18 section 1091 of this title or a subcontract at any tier under such a contract that is authorized in 19 accordance with the requirements of such section 1091.” 10 U.S.C. § 1089(a). 20 C. Federal Tort Claims Act 21 The FTCA “gives federal district courts exclusive jurisdiction over claims against the 22 United States for ‘injury or loss of property, or personal injury or death caused by the negligent or 23 wrongful act or omission’ of federal employees acting within the scope of their employment.” 24 Levin, 568 U.S. at 506 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1)). This remedy available to claimants “is 25 exclusive of any other civil action or proceeding for money damages by reason of the same 26 subject matter against the employee whose act or omission gave rise to the claim or against the 27 estate of such employee.” 28 U.S.C. § 2679(b)(1). 28 /// 1 Furthermore, the FTCA “requires, as a prerequisite for federal court jurisdiction, that a 2 claimant first provide written notification of the incident giving rise to the injury, accompanied by 3 a claim for money damages to the federal agency responsible for the injury.” Munns v. Kerry, 4 782 F.3d 402, 413 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2675(a); 28 C.F.R. § 14.2(b); Johnson v. 5 United States, 704 F.2d 1431, 1442 (9th Cir. 1983)). A claimant has two years after accrual of a 6 potential tort claim against the federal government in which to present the claim in writing. 28 7 U.S.C. § 2401(b). Where a plaintiff fails to allege or provide evidence that it has exhausted its 8 administrative remedies under the FTCA, the plaintiff “cannot rely on that statute’s waiver of 9 sovereign immunity for jurisdiction.” Munns, 782 F.3d at 413. 10 Nonetheless, failure to present an administrative claim before initiating suit under the 11 FTCA does not necessarily foreclose the option of lodging such a claim after the suit is dismissed. 12 Rather, under 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d)(5), where an action in which the United States is substituted as 13 the defendant is dismissed for failure to present an administrative claim in the first place, “such a 14 claim shall be deemed timely presented . . . if (a) the claim would have been timely if it had been 15 filed on the date the underlying civil action was commenced, and (b) the claim is presented to the 16 appropriate Federal agency within sixty days after dismissal of the civil action.” 28 U.S.C. § 17 2679(d)(5). 18 D. Challenge to Substitution of United States as Defendant 19 “The Gonzalez Act provides that in suits against military medical personnel for torts 20 committed within the scope of their employment, the Government is to be substituted as the 21 defendant and the suit is to proceed against the Government under the FTCA.” Smith, 499 U.S. at 22 162–63. This procedure is mandatory in the sense that the Gonzalez Act and the FTCA require 23 the United States to be substituted in place of an individual defendant who was acting within the 24 scope of employment at the time of the relevant allegations. Ward, 999 F.2d at 1402 (stating that 25 “as long as [the defendant physician] acted within the scope of his government employment, the 26 Liability Reform Act requires substitution of the United States” (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d)(1))). 27 The United States Attorney for the district where a civil tort action is brought “is 28 authorized to make the statutory certification that the Federal employee was acting within the 1 scope of his office or employment with the Federal Government at the time of the incident out of 2 which the suit arose.” 28 C.F.R. § 15.4. The party challenging such a certification “bears the 3 burden of presenting evidence and disproving the Attorney General’s decision to grant or deny 4 scope of employment certification by a preponderance of the evidence.” Green v. Hall, 8 F.3d 5 695, 698 (9th Cir. 1993); see also Doe v. Meron, No. 18-2024, 2019 WL 2838403, at *1 (4th Cir. 6 July 3, 2019) (describing procedure and burdens that apply upon certification under Gonzalez Act 7 and FTCA). 8 III. ANALYSIS 9 In challenging the applicability of the Gonzalez Act, Plaintiff does not appear to challenge 10 the procedural propriety of Defendant’s substitution of itself as the defendant in place of 11 Beckmann. (See, e.g., ECF No. 7 (arguing the merits of whether Beckmann was actually an 12 employee of Spectrum, without addressing the procedure employed by Defendant to substitute 13 itself).) Nor does Plaintiff contest whether Beckmann was acting within the course and scope of 14 his employment at the time of the events alleged in the Complaint. (ECF No. 7 at 1 (arguing that 15 Beckmann “was not working for the United States at that time but instead was working for a 16 private contractor, co-Defendant Spectrum Healthcare, Inc.”).) Instead, Plaintiff challenges the 17 threshold certification made by the United States Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of 18 California that Beckmann was a federal employee during the relevant time period. (ECF No. 7 at 19 2 (“Andrew Beckmann did not work for the United States.”).) 20 A. Applicability of the Gonzalez Act 21 The Court finds that the weight of the evidence — specifically, the plain terms of the 22 statutory text and of the contract which governed the relationship between the federal 23 government, Spectrum, and Beckmann — compel the conclusion that Plaintiff’s only avenue for 24 relief is through the Gonzalez Act and the FTCA. The Gonzalez Act clearly and unequivocally 25 protects physicians who “serv[e] under a personal services contract entered into under section 26 1091 of this title or a subcontract at any tier under such a contract that is authorized in accordance 27 with the requirements of such section 1091.” 10 U.S.C. § 1089(a). Beckmann qualifies as such a 28 physician as set forth below. 1 i. Personal Services 2 The evidence presented to the Court demonstrates that Beckmann’s employment with the 3 federal government is pursuant to a personal services contract. Spectrum is part of a joint venture 4 which contracts to provide healthcare workers to the Air Force. (ECF No. 8-1.) The contracting 5 documents make it clear that Beckmann qualifies as a healthcare worker under the contract. 6 (ECF No. 8-4 at 2; ECF No. 8-3 at 6 (defining a healthcare worker as an individual “employed by 7 the Contractor to provide healthcare services in” a medical treatment facility).) The documents 8 further contemplate that healthcare workers “provided under this contract shall be rendering 9 personal services as described in Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS) 10 237.104.” (ECF No. 8-3 at 4.) This federal acquisition regulation, in turn, provides that 11 “[p]ersonal services contracts for health care are authorized by 10 U.S.C. [§] 1091,” and provides 12 authority for the military to acquire “[d]irect health care services provided in medical treatment 13 facilities.” 48 C.F.R. § 237.104(b)(ii). 14 The evidence shows that Plaintiff received direct healthcare services from Beckmann at a 15 military treatment facility, David Grant Medical Center on the Travis Air Force Base, on April 16 19, 2016. (ECF No. 6-3; ECF No. 7 at 1 (on the date that Plaintiff sustained her injuries, 17 “Beckmann was working in the emergency department of David Grant Medical Center at Travis 18 Air Force Base and providing emergency room services”); ECF No. 8-3 at 4 (“Direct health care 19 services may take the form of treatment, movement of patients, advice, clinical evaluations, 20 recommendations, area and equipment preparation, and other clinical services . . . .”).) And 21 finally, the contracting documents explicitly contemplate that healthcare workers provided by 22 Spectrum under the contract “have a personal services relationship with the Government.” (ECF 23 No. 8-3 at 6.) As a result, the Court concludes that Beckmann qualifies as a physician who 24 “serv[ed] under a personal services contract” during the relevant time period. 10 U.S.C. § 25 1089(a). 26 ii. Statutory Authority Requirement 27 Similarly, the Court finds that the primary contract in question in this case was “entered 28 into under section 1091 of this title.” 10 U.S.C. § 1089(a). That provision of federal law 1 provides that the “Secretary of Defense, with respect to medical treatment facilities of the 2 Department of Defense, . . . may enter into personal services contracts to carry out health care 3 responsibilities in such facilities, as determined to be necessary by the Secretary.” Id. § 1091. 4 The contracting documents themselves spell out that the contracting healthcare workers “have a 5 personal services relationship with the Government.” (ECF No. 8-3 at 6.) Accordingly, the Court 6 finds that the primary contract at issue in this case satisfies the requirement of the Gonzalez Act, 7 that it be a contract entered into pursuant to the authority of § 1091. See 10 U.S.C. § 1089(a). 8 iii. Plaintiff’s Evidence 9 Plaintiff provides two pieces of evidence in support of her argument that the Gonzalez Act 10 is inapplicable in this case because Beckmann’s employer at the time of his alleged malpractice 11 was Spectrum and not the Air Force. The first piece of evidence is a declaration of counsel 12 stating that “the Plaintiff was told by colleagues that Beckmann worked for a private contractor.” 13 (ECF No. 7-1 at 2.) The second piece of evidence is Beckmann’s LinkedIn profile. (See ECF 14 No. 7 at 3 (“Beckmann maintained a LinkedIn page on which he states that he works at Travis Air 15 Force Base for Spectrum Healthcare, Inc.”); ECF No. 7-1 at 4–5.) 16 This evidentiary showing is wholly insufficient to rebut Defendant’s certification that 17 Beckmann was covered by the Gonzalez Act at the time of the events alleged in the FAC. See 18 Green, 8 F.3d at 698 (placing the burden of production on the party challenging a certification 19 under the FTCA). Even if it is entirely true that Beckmann worked for Spectrum, he could still 20 have been — and was, according to the evidence as described above — covered by the provisions 21 of the Gonzalez Act and the FTCA because he was “a physician . . . serving under a personal 22 services contract entered into under section 1091 of this title.” 10 U.S.C. § 1089(a). The 23 Gonzalez Act does not apply solely to physicians employed directly by the Air Force or some 24 other branch of the U.S. Armed Forces. To the contrary, the statute plainly and unequivocally 25 applies to those physicians, like Beckmann, who are employed by third party contractors that 26 have entered into personal services contracts with the military for health-care services. 27 For the foregoing reasons, the Court declines to reject the certification that Beckmann was 28 covered by the Gonzalez Act at the time of the events alleged in the Complaint, and therefore 1 finds that he “is entitled to the official immunity of the Federal Tort Claims Act.” (ECF No. 2-1 2 at 1.) Accordingly, “a suit against the United States under the [FTCA] is the exclusive remedy” 3 for Plaintiff to pursue her medical malpractice claim against Beckmann. Ward, 999 F.2d at 1401. 4 B. Dismissal for Failure to Exhaust Administrative Remedies 5 Plaintiff does not dispute that she did not file an administrative claim under the FTCA 6 before filing suit in Solano County. (See ECF No. 7 at 3 (arguing that if Defendant’s motion to 7 dismiss is granted, “the motion should be granted without prejudice to allow for a timely filing of 8 a claim under the Federal Tort Claims Act”).) This failure to exhaust mandates dismissal of the 9 Complaint. See Munns, 782 F.3d at 413. However, the parties dispute whether this dismissal 10 should be with prejudice: Plaintiff argues that she should be allowed to revive her claim by 11 following FTCA procedure (see ECF No. 7 at 3), while Defendant argues that the Feres doctrine 12 requires the Court to dismiss the suit with prejudice (see ECF No. 6-1 at 3). 13 i. Administrative Exhaustion 14 The Court finds that Plaintiff is entitled to pursue her claim via administrative channels as 15 set forth in the FTCA because she meets the requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d)(5). First, the 16 United States has validly been substituted as the defendant in this case pursuant to the FTCA, and 17 the Court’s decision to dismiss the Complaint is predicated on Plaintiff’s failure to exhaust 18 administrative remedies. (See ECF No. 2-1 at 2 (“This certification, by operation of the cited 19 statutes, substitutes the United States as the proper party defendant for Dr. Beckmann, who 20 should be dismissed pursuant to his official immunity.”).) Additionally, an administrative claim 21 would have been filed within the two-year jurisdictional window for bringing an FTCA claim had 22 it been lodged on the date the Complaint was filed in Solano County. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 2401(b), 23 2679(d)(5) (providing that an administrative claim is not time-barred under the FTCA where it 24 “would have been timely had it been filed on the date the underlying civil action was 25 commenced”). This is because the events giving rise to Plaintiff’s lawsuit allegedly occurred on 26 April 19, 2016 (ECF No. 1-1 ¶ 6), and Plaintiff’s state court Complaint was filed in Solano 27 County just one year later (ECF No. 1-1). If Plaintiff files an administrative claim with the 28 federal government within sixty days of entry of this Order, said claim “shall be deemed to be 1 timely presented.” 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d)(5). Out of an abundance of caution, the Court therefore 2 notes that nothing in this Order shall preclude Plaintiff from pursuing post-dismissal 3 administrative remedies to which she appears to be entitled under the FTCA. See id. 4 ii. Nature of Dismissal 5 Defendant argues that the Court’s dismissal of Plaintiff’s case should be with prejudice 6 “because the Feres doctrine bars Plaintiff’s FTCA claim even if she administratively exhausts it.” 7 (ECF No. 8 at 1–2.) This amounts to an assertion that it would be futile to allow Plaintiff to 8 amend the Complaint. A district court “should grant leave to amend . . . unless it determines that 9 the pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.” Watison v. Carter, 668 10 F.3d 1108, 1117 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Doe v. United States, 58 F.3d 494, 497 (9th Cir. 1995)). 11 As a general matter, Defendant is correct to point out that the doctrine first articulated by 12 the Supreme Court in Feres likely forecloses Plaintiff’s ability to recover damages for 13 Beckmann’s allegedly tortious treatment of her. (See ECF No. 6-1 (“Under Feres, federal courts 14 lack jurisdiction over any claims against the government by members of the armed services for 15 injuries that ‘arise out of or are in the course of activity incident to service.’”).) Indeed the Ninth 16 Circuit has interpreted the doctrine to bar nearly all suits brought by active-duty servicemen or 17 servicewomen who claim harm as a result of medical malpractice that occurred in a military 18 medical establishment. Daniel v. United States, 889 F.3d 978, 981 (9th Cir. 2018), cert. 19 denied, 139 S. Ct. 1713 (2019) (observing that “our cases have consistently applied 20 the Feres doctrine to bar medical malpractice claims predicated on treatment provided at military 21 hospitals to active duty service members”). At the same time, however, the Ninth Circuit has also 22 remarked that “the various cases applying the Feres doctrine may defy reconciliation,” id. at 982 23 (quoting McConnell v. United States, 478 F.3d 1092, 1095 (9th Cir. 2007)), meaning that 24 “comparison of fact patterns to outcomes in cases that have applied the Feres doctrine is the most 25 appropriate way to resolve Feres doctrine cases,” id. (quoting Costo v. United States, 248 F.3d 26 863, 867 (9th Cir. 2001)). 27 Here, the Court simply does not have a sufficiently developed factual record to undertake 28 a meaningful “comparison of fact patterns to outcomes in cases that have applied 1 the Feres doctrine.” Id. The record here consists primarily of a relatively sparse state-court 2 Complaint (ECF No. 1-1); a few declarations from attorneys and military staff (ECF No. 6-2; 3 ECF No. 6-3; ECF No. 7-1; ECF No. 8-1); and a number of documents fleshing out the 4 contractual relationship between Beckmann, Spectrum, and the Air Force that are irrelevant to the 5 question of whether this case is analogous to others that have applied the Feres doctrine in 6 dismissing tort claims (ECF No. 8-2; ECF No. 8-3; ECF No. 8-4). As a result, while there may 7 be no dispute that Plaintiff was on active military duty at the time she was administered an opioid 8 medication by Beckmann at David Grant Medical Center (see ECF No. 7 at 1–2), the record 9 nonetheless contains only a bare factual outline of what actually took place inside that military 10 medical facility on April 19, 2016 (see ECF No. 1-1 ¶¶ 6–7; ECF No. 7 at 1–2). The Court 11 requires a fuller factual picture before it can be satisfied that the Complaint must be dismissed 12 with prejudice as being so analogous to other cases in which the Feres doctrine has been applied, 13 see Daniel, 889 F.3d at 982, that it cannot possibly be cured by the allegation of additional facts, 14 see Watison, 668 F.3d at 1117. 15 For this reason, the Court declines to dismiss Plaintiff’s Complaint with prejudice. 16 Should Plaintiff return to this Court following exhaustion of her administrative remedies, 17 Defendant is free to renew its argument that the Feres doctrine operates to divest the Court of 18 subject-matter jurisdiction. 19 IV. CONCLUSION 20 For the reasons set forth above, Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 6) is 21 GRANTED without prejudice. Plaintiff’s right to bring suit in this Court under the FTCA shall 22 not be time-barred so long as she files an administrative claim with the relevant federal agency 23 within sixty days of entry of this Order. 24 The Clerk of the Court is ordered to close the case. 25 IT IS SO ORDERED. 26 Dated: September 5, 2019 27 28