Wiley v. Goodman ( 2019 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 ANTHONY WILEY, ) Case No.: 1:19-cv-1406 AWI JLT ) 12 Plaintiff, ) ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO ) PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS AND 13 v. ) DISMISSING THE COMPLAINT WITH LEAVE ) TO AMEND 14 ROBERT GOODMAN, et al., ) ) 15 Defendants. ) ) 16 ) 17 Anthony Wiley asserts Robert Goodman, the Bakersfield Police Department, and the Kern 18 County Superior Court are liable for violations of his civil rights to equal protection and due process, 19 “crimes against the disabled,” judicial corruption, and judicial misconduct. However, Plaintiff fails to 20 allege facts to support his claims for violations of his civil rights, and it appears the remainder are 21 barred under the doctrines of judicial immunity and Rooker-Feldman. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s 22 complaint is DISMISSED with leave to amend. 23 I. Motion to proceed in forma pauperis 24 The Court may authorize the commencement of an action without prepayment of fees when an 25 individual “submits an affidavit that includes a statement of all assets such person . . . possesses [and] 26 that the person is unable to pay such fees or give security therefor.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a). The Court 27 has reviewed Plaintiff’s application and finds he satisfies the requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a). 28 Therefore, Plaintiff’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis is GRANTED. 1 II. Screening Requirement 2 When an individual seeks to proceed in forma pauperis, the Court is required to review the 3 complaint and shall dismiss a complaint, or portion of the complaint, if it is “frivolous, malicious or 4 fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted; or . . . seeks monetary relief from a defendant 5 who is immune from such relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b); 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). 6 A plaintiff’s claim is frivolous “when the facts alleged rise to the level of the irrational or the 7 wholly incredible, whether or not there are judicially noticeable facts available to contradict them.” 8 Denton v. Hernandez, 504 U.S. 25, 32-33 (1992). In other words, a complaint is frivolous where the 9 litigant sets “not only the inarguable legal conclusion, but also the fanciful factual allegation.” Neitzke 10 v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989). 11 III. Pleading Standards 12 General rules for pleading complaints are governed by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. A 13 pleading must include a statement affirming the court’s jurisdiction, “a short and plain statement of the 14 claim showing the pleader is entitled to relief; and . . . a demand for the relief sought, which may 15 include relief in the alternative or different types of relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). 16 A complaint must give fair notice and state the elements of the plaintiff’s claim in a plain and 17 succinct manner. Jones v. Cmty. Redevelopment Agency, 733 F.2d 646, 649 (9th Cir. 1984). The 18 purpose of the complaint is to inform the defendant of the grounds upon which the complaint stands. 19 Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 512 (2002). The Supreme Court noted, 20 Rule 8 does not require detailed factual allegations, but it demands more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation. A pleading that offers 21 labels and conclusions or a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do. Nor does a complaint suffice if it tenders naked assertions devoid of further 22 factual enhancement. 23 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678-79 (2009) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Vague 24 and conclusory allegations do not support a cause of action. Ivey v. Board of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 25 268 (9th Cir. 1982). The Court clarified further, 26 [A] complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” [Citation]. A claim has facial plausibility when 27 the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged. [Citation]. The 28 plausibility standard is not akin to a “probability requirement,” but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully. [Citation]. Where a complaint 1 pleads facts that are “merely consistent with” a defendant’s liability, it “stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility of ‘entitlement to relief.’ 2 3 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679 (citations omitted). When factual allegations are well-pled, a court should 4 assume their truth and determine whether the facts would make the plaintiff entitled to relief; legal 5 conclusions are not entitled to the same assumption of truth. Id. The Court may grant leave to amend a 6 complaint to the extent deficiencies of the complaint can be cured by an amendment. Lopez v. Smith, 7 203 F.3d 1122, 1127-28 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc). 8 IV. Allegations 9 Plaintiff alleges that in 2013, he “was arrested and held to answer [for] something already 10 litigated.” (Doc. 1 at 8) He asserts he is arrested “[e]very 4 years,” for a total of three times in twelve 11 years, and he was unlawfully detained “3 times for the same charge.” (Id. at 8, 9) According to 12 Plaintiff, the “courts failed due process” and a judge in the family law division “harmed Plaintiff” using 13 domestic violence orders. (Id. at 8) He contends the court is corrupt and made him homeless “as a 14 result of the court moving forward on documents in violation of [the] 1974 Privacy Act.” (Id.) 15 Plaintiff alleges a $100,000 lien was placed on his home, which result in a loss of business. (Id. at 9) 16 Finally, Plaintiff contends that at an unidentified time, he was the “victim of [a] violent hate crime,” 17 which resulted in bodily injury. 18 V. Discussion and Analysis 19 Based upon the foregoing facts, Plaintiff contends the defendants are liable for violations of 20 “equal protection under the law, crimes against the disabled, failure of due process, judicial corruption, 21 [and] judicial misconduct.” (Doc. 1 at 4) 22 A. Eleventh Amendment Immunity 23 The Eleventh Amendment provides: “The Judicial power the United States shall not be 24 construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United 25 States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.” U.S. Const. amend 26 XI. This amendment bars suits against state entities, regardless of the relief sought. Pennhurst State 27 School & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 100-01 (1984); Hirsh v. Justices of Supreme Court of State 28 of Cal., 67 F.3d 708, 715 (9th Cir. 1995). A California Superior Court is a state agency and is immune 1 to suit under the Eleventh Amendment. Simmons v. Sacramento County Superior Court, 318 F.3d 2 1156, 1161 (9th Cir. 2003) (“Plaintiff cannot state a claim against the Sacramento County Superior 3 Court (or its employees), because such suits are barred by the Eleventh Amendment”). Accordingly, the 4 Kern County Superior Court is immune from the claims presented by Plaintiff in his complaint. 5 B. Judicial Immunity 6 Plaintiff contends the defendants are liable for corruption and judicial misconduct. (Doc. 1 at 4) 7 To the extent Plaintiff seeks to hold specific judges from the Kern County Superior Court liable as 8 defendants—although currently unnamed in the complaint—“[j]udges and those performing judge-like 9 functions are absolutely immune for damage liability for acts performed in their official capacities.” 10 Ashelman v. Pope, 739 F.2d 1072, 1075 (9th Cir. 1986) (citing Richardson v. Koshiba, 692 F.2d 911, 11 913 (9th Cir. 1982)). “Disagreement with the action taken by the judge . . . does not justify depriving 12 that judge of his immunity.” Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349, 363 (1978). Thus, the doctrine of 13 judicial immunity protects “judicial independence by insulating judges from vexatious actions 14 prosecuted by disgruntled litigants.” Forrester, 484 U.S. at 225 (1988). 15 Such absolute judicial immunity is lost “only when [the judge] acts in the clear absence of all 16 jurisdiction or performs an act that is not judicial in nature.” Schucker v. Rockwood, 846 F.2d 1202, 17 1204 (9th Cir. 1988). Even when a judge is accused of acting maliciously, corruptly, or erroneously, 18 judicial immunity remains. See Mireles v. Waco, 502 U.S. 9, 11 (1991) (“judicial immunity is not 19 overcome by allegations of bad faith or malice”); Meek v. County of Riverside, 183 F.3d 962, 965 (9th 20 Cir. 1999) (“A judge is not deprived of immunity because he takes actions which are in error, are done 21 maliciously, or are in excess of his authority”). 22 Importantly, however, there is a “narrow exception to judicial immunity for prospective 23 declaratory relief” sought under Section 1983. Weldon v. Kapetan, 2018 WL 1725606 at *4 (E.D. Cal. 24 Apr. 9, 2018). This Court explained that “neither the doctrine of judicial immunity nor Section 1983’s 25 immunity language specifically precludes claims for prospective declaratory relief.” Id. (citations 26 omitted). However, declaratory relief “should not be sought to correct past wrongs...” Id., quoting Kim 27 v. City of Belmont, 2018 WL 500269 at *14 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 22, 2018). Thus, where a plaintiff 28 complained of “specific judicial actions and determinations regarding the lawfulness of [a judge’s 1 actions]” in a state court case, the narrow exception to judicial immunity did not apply. See id. 2 Likewise, here, the declaratory relief sought is not prospective in nature, because Plaintiff seeks 3 to challenge the actions taken by the judicial officers in issuing domestic violence orders and placing a 4 lien on his business. There are no allegations demonstrating that judicial immunity should not apply to 5 the actions challenged by Plaintiff. 6 C. Claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and the Fourteenth Amendment 7 Plaintiff contends the defendants are liable for violations of his rights to due process and equal 8 protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. (Doc. 1 at 4) Such claims may be brought pursuant to 9 42 U.S.C. § 1983, which is “a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred” and does not 10 provide substantive rights. Albright v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 266, 271 (1994). In relevant part, Section 11 1983 states: 12 Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory... subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United 13 States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the 14 party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress… 15 16 42 U.S.C. § 1983. To plead a Section 1983 violation, a plaintiff must allege facts from which it may 17 be inferred that (1) a constitutional right was deprived, and (2) a person who committed the alleged 18 violation acted under color of state law. West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 28 (1988); Williams v. Gorton, 19 529 F.2d 668, 670 (9th Cir. 1976). 20 1. Whether the defendants are state actors 21 “Section 1983 liability attaches only to individuals who carry a badge of authority of a State 22 and represent it in some capacity,” and, as a result, the Court must examine whether Plaintiff has 23 sufficiently plead facts to support the allegation that the defendants were state actors. Franklin v. Fox, 24 312 F.3d 423, 444 (9th Cir. 2002) (citations omitted). In general, private parties are not state actors. 25 See Price v. Hawaii, 939 F.2d 702, 707-08 (9th Cir. 1991); see also Harvey v. Harvey, 949 F.2d 1127, 26 1130 (11th Cir. 1992) (“Only in rare circumstances can a private party be viewed as a ‘state actor’ for 27 section 1983 purposes”). Consequently, the Ninth Circuit explained, “When addressing whether a 28 private party acted under color of law, [the court] . . . start[s] with the presumption that private conduct 1 does not constitute governmental action.” Sutton v. Providence St. Joseph Medical Ctr., 192 F.3d 826, 2 835 (9th Cir. 1999). 3 The key question in determining whether a person has acted under color of state law is whether 4 that person’s actions are “fairly attributable to the State.” Rendell-Baker v. Kohn, 457 U.S. 830, 838 5 (1982), quoting Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922, 937 (1982). The Supreme Court of the 6 United States indicated that “state employment is generally sufficient to render the defendant a state 7 actor.” Lugar, 457 U.S. at 936 n. 18. 8 Plaintiff has identified Robert Goodman as a defendant in the action, but provided no 9 information regarding whether Mr. Goodman is a state actor. Plaintiff fails to allege facts to support 10 he is an employee of the state or to support that actions taken by Mr. Goodman are attributable to the 11 state. Thus, Plaintiff fails to state a cognizable claim against Mr. Goodman under Section 1983. 12 2. Due process under the Fourteenth Amendment 13 The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides, “No State shall . . . deprive 14 any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Constitution, amend. XIV §1. 15 This clause guarantees both procedural and substantive due process. The procedural due process 16 component protects individuals against the deprivation of liberty or property by the government, while 17 substantive due process protects individuals from the arbitrary deprivation of liberty by the 18 government. Portman v. County of Santa Clara, 995 F.2d 898, 904 (9th Cir. 1993); Brittain v. Hansen, 19 451 F.3d 982, 991 (9th Cir. 2006). 20 A Section 1983 claim for a violation of procedural due process has three elements: “(1) a 21 liberty or property or property interest protected by the Constitution; (2) a deprivation of the interest 22 by the government, and (3) lack of process.” Portman, 995 F.2d at 904. Plaintiff fails to clearly 23 identify the liberty, property, or property interest that he believes was violated; or by whom. The 24 Court is unable to speculate as to the basis of this claim. 25 3. Equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment 26 The Equal Protection Clause states that “no state shall… deny to any person within its 27 jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” U.S. Constitution, amend. XIV §1. In essence, this 28 commands that all persons who are similarly situated be treated alike. City of Cleburne v. Cleburne 1 Living Center, Inc., 473 U.S. 432, 439 (1985). A plaintiff can state a cognizable equal protection 2 claim by alleging ‘the defendants acted with an intent or purpose to discriminate against the plaintiff 3 based upon membership in a protected class.” Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 686 (9th Cir. 4 2001). In the alternative, where the acts in question do not involve a protected class, a plaintiff can 5 establish a “class of one” claim by alleging he “has been intentionally treated differently from others 6 similarly situated and that there is no rational basis for the difference in treatment.” Village of 7 Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 564 (2000). 8 Even when viewed liberally, Plaintiff’s factual allegations fail to state an equal protection 9 violation. Although Plaintiff asserts that he is disabled, “the disabled do not constitute a suspect class 10 for equal protection purposes.” Lee, 250 F.3d at 687 (internal quotation marks, citation omitted). There 11 are no facts alleged that Plaintiff was discriminated against on the basis of a protected status, or that he 12 was intentionally treated differently from similarly situated individuals. Therefore, Plaintiff fails to 13 state a cognizable claim for an equal protection violation. 14 4. Liability of the Bakersfield Police Department 15 The Bakersfield Police Department is not a proper defendant to the extent Plaintiff seeks to hold 16 the department liable under Section 1983. Although municipalities, such as cities and counties, are 17 amenable to suit, sub-departments or bureaus of municipalities—like the Bakersfield Police 18 Department—are “not generally considered ‘persons’ within the meaning of Section 1983.” United 19 States v. Kama, 394 F.3d 1236, 1240 (9th Cir. 2005); Hervey v. Estes, 65 F.3d 784, 791 (9th Cir. 1995) 20 (“Although municipalities, such as cities and counties, are amenable to suit … sub-departments or 21 bureaus of municipalities, such as the police departments, are not generally considered ‘persons’ within 22 the meaning of § 1983”); see also Gonzales v. City of Clovis, 2013 WL 394522 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 30, 23 2013) (holding the Clovis Police Department is not a “person” for purposes of Section 1983); Wade v. 24 Fresno Police Dep’t, 2010 WL 2353525 at *4 (E.D. Cal. June 9, 2010) (finding the Fresno Police 25 Department to not be a “person” under Section 1983). Thus, the Bakersfield Police Department is not a 26 proper defendant to Plaintiff’s claims arising under Section 1983. 27 5. Municipal Liability 28 Local governments, such as cities, are “persons” subject to suit for “constitutional tort[s]” 1 under Section 1983. Haugen v. Brosseau, 339 F.3d 857, 874 (9th Cir. 2003) (citing Monell v. Dep't of 2 Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691 n.55 (1978)). To state a civil rights claim against a local government 3 under Monell, a plaintiff must set forth facts alleging the following: (1) the local government 4 official(s) must have intentionally violated the plaintiff's constitutional rights, (2) the violation must be 5 a part of policy or custom and may not be an isolated incident, and (3) there must be a link between 6 the specific policy or custom to the plaintiff's injury. See Monell, 436 U.S. at 690-92. 7 A plaintiff may show a municipal policy or custom in three ways: 8 (1) A longstanding practice or custom which constitutes the standard operating procedure of the local governmental entity; 9 (2) The decision-making official was, as a matter of state law, a final policymaking 10 authority whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy in the area of the decision; or 11 (3) An official with final policymaking authority either delegated that authority to, or 12 ratified the decision of, a subordinate. 13 Menotti v. City of Seattle, 409 F.3d 1113, 1147 (9th Cir. 2005). In addition, a municipal policy may be 14 inferred from widespread practices or evidence of repeated constitutional violations for which the 15 errant municipal officers were not discharged or reprimanded. Id. 16 Even if Plaintiff named the City of Bakersfield as a defendant, he fails to allege facts to support 17 a claim under Section 1983. Although Plaintiff alleges that he was placed under arrest three times in 12 18 years, there are no facts supporting the conclusions that the conduct of the City or its officers was 19 unlawful, or the result of a custom or policy that harmed Plaintiff. Accordingly, Plaintiff fails state a 20 claim for municipal liability under Section 1983. 21 D. Hate Crime against a Disabled Person 22 Plaintiff asserts that he was the victim of a “hate crime.” (Doc. 1 at 9) However, Plaintiff fails 23 to plead whether he brings this cause of action under state or federal law or, if not, he fails to identify a 24 statute or theory of common law that makes the alleged act of “hate” actionable. Plaintiff fails to 25 detail any factual allegations to support his naked assertion that he was the victim of a hate crime such 26 that the Court may determine the basis of these claims. Moreover, Plaintiff does not indicate he 27 suffered violence, intimidation, threats, or coercion at the hands of any named defendant. 28 Accordingly, Plaintiff's claim for a “hate crime” is not cognizable. 1 E. Violation of the Privacy Act of 1974 2 Plaintiff contends the defendants are liable for a violation of the “1974 Privacy Act.” (Doc. 1 3 at 8) Under the Privacy Act, it is “unlawful for any Federal, State or local government agency to deny 4 to any individual any right, benefit, or privilege provided by law because of such individual’s refusal 5 to disclose his social security account number.” 5 U.S.C.A. § 552a (note). Although the protections of 6 the Privacy Act are broad, the civil remedy provision is limited. The Ninth Circuit determined “the 7 private right of civil action created by the Privacy Act… ‘is specifically limited to actions against 8 agencies of the United States Government. The civil remedy provisions of the statute do not apply 9 against private individuals, state agencies, private entities, or state and local officials.’” Dittman v. 10 California, 191 F.3d 1020, 1026 (9th Cir. 1999) (quoting Unt v. Aerospace Corp., 765 F.2d 1440, 11 1447 (9th Cir. 1985)); see also St. Michael’s Convalescent Hosp. v. California, 643 F.2d 1369, 1373 12 (9th Cir. 1981) (holding that the Privacy Act does not provide a private right of action against “state 13 agencies or bodies”). Because Plaintiff has not identified any federal agency as a defendant in this 14 action, his claim for a violation of the Privacy Act of 1974 fails as a matter of law. 15 F. Rooker-Feldman Doctrine 16 Under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, a party may not seek appellate review in federal court of a 17 decision made by a state court. See Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413 (1923); D.C. Court of 18 Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983). The Ninth Circuit explained, 19 Typically, the Rooker-Feldman doctrine bars federal courts from exercising subject- matter jurisdiction over a proceeding in which a party losing in state court seeks what 20 in substance would be appellate review of the state judgment in a United States district court, based on the losing party’s claim that the state judgment itself violates the losers’ 21 federal rights. 22 Doe v. Mann, 415 F.3d 1038, 1041-42 (9th Cir. 2005); see also Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic 23 Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 284 (2005) (the Rooker-Feldman doctrine precludes a district court from 24 appellate review of “cases brought by state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court 25 judgments rendered before the district court proceeding commenced . . .”). Accordingly, the district 26 court lacks jurisdiction over “claims . . . ‘inextricably intertwined’ with the state court’s decision such 27 that the adjudication of the federal claims would undercut the state ruling.” Bianchi v. Rylaarsdam, 334 28 F.3d 895, 898 (9th Cir. 2003) (citing Feldman, 460 U.S. at 483, 485)). 1 Plaintiff fails to allege any facts regarding the circumstances of the lien placed on his home, 2 such that the Court may determine whether he is challenging the action of the state court. Likewise, 3 Plaintiff fails to clarify whether he is challenging the domestic violence orders issued by the Kern 4 County Superior Court. To the extent Plaintiff is attempting to do so, such a claim may be barred under 5 the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. See, e.g., Sakuma v. Assoc. of Apartment Owners, 2016 WL 6433842 at 6 *6-7 (D. Haw. Oct. 28, 2016) (noting allegations regarding whether a lien was illegitimate or 7 fraudulently recorded could not support the plaintiff’s claims without violating the Rooker- Feldman 8 doctrine where the state court decreed foreclosure); Tali v. Liao, 2018 WL 5816171 at *4 (N.D. Cal. 9 Nov. 5, 2018) (finding the plaintiff’s claims were barred under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine because 10 “[j]udicial review of what occurred in [the] state court regarding… the domestic violence allegations 11 against [the plaintiff] is most properly situated in state court, not federal court”). 12 VI. Conclusion and Order 13 For the reasons set forth above, the Court is unable to find Plaintiff states a cognizable claim 14 under Section 1983. However, the factual deficiencies may be cured by amendment. See Noll v. 15 Carlson, 809 F.2d 1446, 1448-49 (9th Cir. 1987); see also Lopez, 203 F.3d at 1128 (dismissal of a pro 16 se complaint without leave to amend for failure to state a claim is proper only where it is obvious that 17 an opportunity to amend would be futile). 18 Plaintiff will be given one opportunity to cure the factual deficiencies identified above, and to 19 state a claim that invokes this Court’s jurisdiction. Plaintiff is advised that an amended complaint 20 supersedes the original complaint. Forsyth v. Humana, Inc., 114 F.3d 1467, 1474 (9th Cir. 1997); 21 King v. Atiyeh, 814 F.2d 565, 567 (9th Cir. 1987). In addition, the amended complaint must be 22 “complete in itself without reference to the prior or superseded pleading.” Local Rule 220. Once 23 Plaintiff files an amended complaint, the original pleading no longer serves any function in the case. 24 The amended complaint must bear the docket number assigned this case and must be labeled “First 25 Amended Complaint.” Finally, Plaintiff is warned that “[a]ll causes of action alleged in an original 26 complaint which are not alleged in an amended complaint are waived.” King v. Atiyeh, 814 F.2d 565, 27 567 (9th Cir. 1986) (citing London v. Coopers & Lybrand, 644 F.2d 811, 814 (9th Cir. 1981). Based 28 upon the foregoing, the Court ORDERS: 1 1. Plaintiff’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis (Doc. 2) is GRANTED; 2 2. Plaintiff’s Complaint is DISMISSED with leave to amend; and 3 3. Within thirty days from the date of service of this order, Plaintiff SHALL file a First 4 Amended Complaint. 5 If Plaintiff fails to comply with this order to file an amended complaint, the action may be 6 dismissed for failure to prosecute and failure to obey the Court’s order. 7 8 IT IS SO ORDERED. 9 Dated: October 23, 2019 /s/ Jennifer L. Thurston 10 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28