Vega v. DNC Parks & Resorts at Asilomar, Inc. ( 2019 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 DAVID PEREZ, individually, and on No. 1:19-cv-00484-DAD-SAB behalf of others similarly situated, 12 ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ Plaintiff, MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE 13 PLEADINGS, DENYING PLAINTIFF’S v. MOTION FOR LEAVE TO FILE THE 14 PROPOSED FIRST AMENDED DNC PARKS & RESORTS AT COMPLAINT, AND GRANTING PLAINTIFF 15 ASILOMAR, INC., a California LEAVE TO AMEND Corporation, et al., 16 (Docs. No. 17, 27) Defendants. 17 18 19 This matter is before the court on a motion for judgment on the pleadings filed on behalf 20 of defendants DNC Parks & Resorts at Asilomar, Inc. (“Asilomar”), DNC Parks & Resorts at 21 Sequoia, Inc. (“Sequoia”), DNC Parks & Resorts at Yosemite, Inc. (“Yosemite”), Delaware North 22 Companies, Inc. (“DNCI”), DNC Parks & Resorts at Kings Canyon, Inc. (“Kings Canyon”), DNC 23 Parks & Resorts at Tenaya Inc. (“Tenaya”), and Delaware North Companies Parks & Resorts, 24 Inc. (“DNCPRI”) (collectively, “defendants”) and plaintiff David Perez’s motion for leave to file 25 a first amended complaint. (Doc. Nos. 17, 27.) On September 17, 2019, those motions came 26 before the court for hearing. Attorneys Irina Kirnosova and Mikael Stahle appeared 27 telephonically on behalf of plaintiff. Attorneys Jonathan L. Brophy and Lauren R. Leibovitch 28 appeared telephonically on behalf of defendants. Having considered the parties’ briefing and 1 arguments, defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings is granted and plaintiff’s motion for 2 leave to file the proposed first amended complaint is denied. Plaintiff, however, will be granted 3 leave to amend. 4 BACKGROUND 5 Plaintiff’s action was originally filed on February 28, 2019, in Tulare County Superior 6 Court as a class action, alleging violations of California’s Labor Code and Unfair Competition 7 Law (“UCL”) and a Private Attorneys General Act (“PAGA”) claim. (Doc. No. 1, Ex. A 8 (“Compl.”) at ¶¶ 18–65.) As alleged in the complaint, plaintiff was a former employee of 9 defendants. (Compl. at ¶ 3.) According to plaintiff: 10 DEFENDANTS . . . acted pursuant to, and in furtherance of, their policies and practices of not paying PLAINTIFF and CLASS 11 MEMBERS all wages earned and due, through methods and schemes which include, but are not limited to, failing to pay overtime 12 premiums; failing to provide rest and meal periods; failing to properly maintain records; failing to provide accurate itemized 13 statements for each pay period; failing to properly compensate PLAINTIFF and CLASS MEMBERS for necessary expenditures; 14 and requiring, permitting, or suffering the employees to work off the clock . . .. 15 16 (Id. at ¶ 3, 15.) The relevant time period alleged by plaintiff is the four years prior to the filing of 17 this action, to continue while this action is pending. (Id. at ¶ 4.) 18 Defendants answered plaintiff’s complaint on April 10, 2019 (Doc. No. 1-2) and removed 19 the action to this federal court on April 12, 2019 on the basis of federal question jurisdiction and 20 the Class Action Fairness Act (“CAFA”). (Doc. No. 1.) On July 9, 2019, defendants filed the 21 pending motion for judgment on the pleadings and plaintiff subsequently moved for leave to file a 22 first amended complaint on August 19, 2019. (Docs. No. 17, 27.) 23 LEGAL STANDARDS 24 A. Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings 25 Rule 12(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that “[a]fter the pleadings are 26 closed—but early enough not to delay trial—a party may move for judgment on the pleadings.” 27 In reviewing a motion brought under Rule 12(c), the court “must accept all factual allegations in 28 ///// 1 the complaint as true and construe them in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” 2 Fleming v. Pickard, 581 F.3d 922, 925 (9th Cir. 2009). 3 The same legal standard applicable to a Rule 12(b)(6) motion applies to a motion brought 4 pursuant to Rule 12(c). Dworkin v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 867 F.2d 1188, 1192 (9th Cir. 1989). 5 Accordingly, “judgment on the pleadings is properly granted when, taking all the allegations in 6 the non-moving party’s pleadings as true, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of 7 law.” Marshall Naify Revocable Tr. v. United States, 672 F.3d 620, 623 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting 8 Fajardo v. Cty. of Los Angeles, 179 F.3d 698, 699 (9th Cir. 1999)); see also Fleming, 581 F.3d at 9 925 (noting that “judgment on the pleadings is properly granted when there is no issue of material 10 fact in dispute, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law”). The allegations 11 of the nonmoving party must be accepted as true, while any allegations made by the moving party 12 that have been denied or contradicted are assumed to be false. MacDonald v. Grace Church 13 Seattle, 457 F.3d 1079, 1081 (9th Cir. 2006). The facts are viewed in the light most favorable to 14 the non-moving party and all reasonable inferences are drawn in favor of that party. Living 15 Designs, Inc. v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 431 F.3d 353, 360 (9th Cir. 2005). 16 Courts have discretion both to grant a motion for judgment on the pleadings with leave to 17 amend or to simply grant dismissal of causes of action rather than grant judgment as to them. 18 Lonberg v. City of Riverside, 300 F. Supp. 2d 942, 945 (C.D. Cal. 2004) (citations omitted); see 19 also Pac. W. Grp. v. Real Time Sols., Inc., 321 Fed. App’x 566, 569 (9th Cir. 2008);1 Woodson v. 20 State of California, No. 2:15-cv-01206-MCE-CKD, 2016 WL 524870, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 10, 21 2016). Generally, dismissal without leave to amend is proper only if it is clear that “the 22 complaint could not be saved by any amendment.” Intri-Plex Techs. v. Crest Grp., 499 F.3d 23 1048, 1056 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing In re Daou Sys., Inc., 411 F.3d 1006, 1013 (9th Cir. 2005)); see 24 also Ascon Props., Inc. v. Mobil Oil Co., 866 F.2d 1149, 1160 (9th Cir. 1989) (noting that 25 “[l]eave need not be granted where the amendment of the complaint . . . constitutes an exercise in 26 futility”). 27 1 Citation to this unpublished Ninth Circuit opinion is appropriate pursuant to Ninth Circuit Rule 28 36-3(b). 1 B. Motion for Leave to Amend 2 Under Rule 15 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, once an answer has been filed, a 3 party may amend a pleading only with leave of court or after obtaining the written consent of the 4 adverse party. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a). A court should grant leave to amend freely when justice 5 so requires. Id. The Supreme Court has instructed lower courts to heed carefully the command of 6 Rule 15. See Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). “[R]ule 15’s policy of favoring 7 amendments to pleadings should be applied with extreme liberality.” DCD Programs Ltd. v. 8 Leighton, 833 F.2d 183, 186 (9th Cir. 1987) (citations and internal quotations omitted); see also 9 Price v. Kramer, 200 F.3d 1237, 1250 (9th Cir. 2000). As the Supreme Court has articulated: 10 In the absence of any apparent or declared reason—such as undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated 11 failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowing the 12 amendment, futility of the amendment, etc.—the leave sought should, as the rules require, be “freely given.” 13 14 Foman, 371 U.S. at 182; see also Bowles v. Reade, 198 F.3d 752, 757–58 (9th Cir. 1999). “Not 15 all of the factors merit equal weight. As this circuit and others have held, it is the consideration of 16 prejudice to the opposing party that carries the greatest weight.” Eminence Capital, LLC v. 17 Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 1052 (9th Cir. 2003); see also Sonoma Cty. Ass’n of Retired Emps. 18 v. Sonoma Cty., 708 F.3d 1109, 1117 (9th Cir. 2013). “Absent prejudice, or a strong showing of 19 any of the remaining Foman factors, there exists a presumption under Rule 15(a) in favor of 20 granting leave to amend.” Eminence Capital, LLC, 316 F.3d at 1052; see also Sonoma Cty. Ass’n 21 of Retired Emps., 708 F.3d at 1117. 22 DISCUSSION 23 A. Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings 24 Defendants move for judgment on the pleadings based primarily on the federal enclave 25 doctrine and for failure to state a claim. The court will address each of defendants’ arguments, 26 and plaintiff’s responses, if any, below. 27 ///// 28 ///// 1 1. The Federal Enclave Doctrine 2 Defendants Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon argue that the federal enclave doctrine 3 bars plaintiff from asserting against them any causes of action based on state laws that came into 4 force after Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks became federal enclaves. (Doc. 5 No. 17-1 at 13.) 6 The federal enclave doctrine applies: 7 [W]hen the United States acquires with the “consent” of the state legislature land within the borders of that State. . . . [In such cases,] 8 the jurisdiction of the Federal Government becomes “exclusive.” The power of Congress over federal enclaves that come within the scope 9 of Art. I, § 8, cl. 17 . . . bars state regulation without specific congressional action. This exclusive jurisdiction is “legislative,” 10 meaning the laws and statutes applied to these locations must be supplied by the federal government, not the states. When Congress 11 legislates with respect to . . . federal enclaves it acts as a state government with all the powers of a state government, and thus 12 Congress acts as a state government with total legislative, executive and judicial power. 13 14 Allison v. Boeing Laser Tech. Servs., 689 F.3d 1234, 1236–37 (10th Cir. 2012) (citations and 15 internal quotations omitted). 16 However, “when an area in a State becomes a federal enclave . . . the [state] law in effect 17 at the time of the transfer of jurisdiction continues in force. . . . Existing state law typically does 18 not continue in force, however, to the extent it conflicts with ‘federal policy.’ And going 19 forward, state law presumptively does not apply to the enclave.” Parker Drilling Mgmt. Servs., 20 Ltd. v. Newton, ___ U.S. ___, 139 S. Ct. 1881, 1890 (2019) (citations and internal quotations 21 omitted); see also Cooper v. S. Cal. Edison Co., 170 F. App’x 496, 497 (9th Cir. 2006), as 22 amended on denial of reh’g and reh’g en banc (May 10, 2006) (“Only federal law applies on a 23 federal enclave, but preexisting state law not inconsistent with federal policy becomes federal law 24 and is applicable as well.”) (citing Paul v. United States, 371 U.S. 245, 263–64 (1963)).2 25 The following statutes and orders form the basis of plaintiff’s complaint in this case: (1) 26 California Labor Code §§ 201–203, 510, 1174, 1194, 1197, 1198, and 2802, enacted in 1937, for 27 28 2 See fn. 1, above. 1 the First, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Seventh, and Eighth Causes of Actions; (2) California Labor Code 2 § 226, enacted in 1943, for the Sixth and Seventh Causes of Actions; (3) California Labor Code § 3 512, enacted in 1999, for the First and Second Causes of Actions; (4) California Labor Code § 4 226.7, enacted in 2000, for the First and Second Causes of Actions; (5) California Labor Code §§ 5 2698–2699.5, enacted in 2003 and 2004, for the Tenth Cause of Action; (6) California Business 6 & Professions Code § 17200 et seq., enacted in 1997, for the Ninth Cause of Action; and (7) IWC 7 Wage Order No. 5-2001, issued in 1986, for the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Sixth, and Seventh 8 Causes of Action. (Compl. at ¶¶ 19–65.) 9 a. Plaintiff’s Claims Against Defendants Yosemite and Sequoia Are Barred by 10 the Federal Enclave Doctrine 11 Defendants Yosemite and Sequoia operate in the Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks, 12 which have been federal enclaves since June 2, 1920. 16 U.S.C. § 57 (“Sole and exclusive 13 jurisdiction is assumed by the United States over the territory embraced and included within the 14 Yosemite National Park [and] Sequoia National Park”). As indicated above, all of plaintiff’s 15 claims against defendants Yosemite and Sequoia rely solely on state law passed after the 16 Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks became federal enclaves. Thus, plaintiff’s claims against 17 defendants Yosemite and Sequoia are presumptively barred. See Parker Drilling Mgmt. Servs., 18 139 S. Ct. at 1890 (holding that state laws passed after an area becomes a federal enclave 19 “presumptively [do] not apply”). 20 In addition, plaintiff fails to respond in his opposition to defendants’ argument in this 21 regard, effectively conceding his claims against defendants Yosemite and Sequoia.3 See 22 Contreras v. Esper, No. 2:14-cv-01282-KJM-KJN, 2018 WL 1503678, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 27, 23 2018) (citing Carvalho v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 629 F.3d 876, 888 (9th Cir. 2010) (“A 24 plaintiff who makes a claim . . . in his complaint, but fails to raise the issue in response to a 25 defendant’s motion to dismiss . . . has effectively abandoned his claim . . . .”) and Moore v. Apple, 26 27 3 Plaintiff acknowledged at the hearing on the pending motion that his state law claims against defendants Yosemite and Sequoia are barred by the federal enclave doctrine but argued that he 28 should be given leave to bring federal Fair Labor Standards Act claims against them. 1 Inc., 73 F. Supp. 3d 1191, 1205 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (collecting cases and finding that abandonment 2 of a claim warrants dismissal without leave to amend or with prejudice)). 3 Accordingly, plaintiff’s claims against defendants Yosemite and Sequoia will be 4 dismissed with prejudice. 5 b. Plaintiff’s Claims Against Defendant Kings Canyon Are Barred in Part by 6 the Federal Enclave Doctrine 7 Defendant Kings Canyon operates in Kings Canyon National Park (“KCNP”), which both 8 parties contend became a federal enclave on August 4, 1943. 9 Defendants argue that plaintiff’s First, Second, Third, Fourth, Sixth, Seventh, Ninth, and 10 Tenth Causes of Action are barred by the federal enclave doctrine as to defendant Kings Canyon 11 because they are based on state laws that came into effect after KCNP became a federal enclave. 12 (Doc. No. 17-1 at 15.) Plaintiff responds that California Labor Code §§ 510, 1174, 1194, 1197, 13 and 1198, the bases for his First, Third, and Fourth Causes of Action, were enacted in 1937, 14 before KCNP was created. (Doc. No. 20 at 20.) However, plaintiff fails to respond to 15 defendants’ arguments regarding the IWC Wage Order and the Second, Ninth, and Tenth Causes 16 of Actions, effectively conceding the merit of defendants’ motion as to those causes of action. 17 Accordingly, plaintiff’s Second, Ninth, and Tenth Causes of Action are dismissed with prejudice 18 as to defendant Kings Canyon. To the extent claims against defendant Kings Canyon are 19 predicated on IWC Wage Order No. 5-2001, they are also dismissed with prejudice. 20 Plaintiff also argues that California Labor Code § 226, partly serving as the basis for his 21 Sixth and Seventh Causes of Action, remains in force at KCNP because it went into effect on 22 August 4, 1943, the same day the State of California purportedly ceded jurisdiction over KCNP to 23 the federal government. (Doc. No. 20 at 19–20.) Defendants counter this argument on the 24 grounds that, “[a]lthough Section 226 was enacted on the same day that the federal enclave at 25 Kings Canyon was created, it was not already ‘in existence’ at the time the enclave was created” 26 and thus does not apply in KCNP. (Doc. No. 25 at 10.) 27 The court concludes that both parties have missed the mark in this regard. What both 28 parties fail to recognize is that KCNP did not became a federal enclave until June 1, 1945. KCNP 1 was proclaimed on March 4, 1940. See 16 U.S.C. § 80 (reserving and withdrawing an area of 2 California land “from settlement, occupancy, or disposal under the laws of the United States [to] 3 dedicate[] and set apart as a public park, to be known as the Kings Canyon National Park”). On 4 August 4, 1943, California passed 1943 Cal. Stat. 801, which provides that “[e]xclusive 5 jurisdiction shall be and the same is hereby ceded to the United States over and within all of the 6 territory . . . set aside and dedicated for park purposes by the United States as ‘Kings Canyon 7 National Park.’” However, that statute specified that “[t]he jurisdiction granted by this section 8 shall not vest until the United States though the proper office notifies the State of California that it 9 assumes police jurisdiction over said park.” Id. That happened when the 10 U.S. Secretary of Interior, in a letter to the Governor of California, accepted on behalf of the 11 United States “exclusive jurisdiction over all lands now included in Kings Canyon National Park” 12 and gave notice that the United States had assumed “police jurisdiction over the said park,” 13 effective June 1, 1945. Police Jurisdiction Assumed by U.S., 10 Fed. Reg. 6,041 (Apr. 21, 1945). 14 Thus, federal administration of the park was concurrent with state jurisdiction from March 4, 15 1940 until the United States accepted exclusive jurisdiction on June 1, 1945. 16 Moreover, federal law is clear that a federal enclave is created when the United States 17 assumes exclusive jurisdiction over land within a State. See Allison, 689 F.3d at 1236–37. 18 “[S]tate law existing at the time of the acquisition remains enforceable, not subsequent laws.” 19 Paul, 371 U.S. at 268 (emphasis added); see also Carvajal v. Pride Indus., Inc., No. 10 CV 2319- 20 GPC(MDD), 2013 WL 1728273, at *5 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 22, 2013) (“Under the federal enclave 21 doctrine, state laws have no effect on federal enclaves unless they preexisted the surrender of 22 sovereignty and are not inconsistent with the laws of the United States or with the government use 23 for which the property was acquired.”) (emphasis added); Mersnick v. USProtect Corp., No. C- 24 06-03993 RMW, 2006 WL 3734396, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 18, 2006) (“[S]tate laws existing at 25 the time the United States accepts jurisdiction remain enforceable unless ‘abrogated’ by federal 26 law.”) (emphasis added). Therefore, California Labor Code § 226, which took effect before the 27 United States accepted exclusive jurisdiction over KCNP, remains enforceable in KCNP under 28 the federal enclave doctrine. 1 Finally, defendant Kings Canyon relies on the decisions in Mersnick, 2006 WL 3734396, 2 at *8, and Jackson v. Mission Essential Pers., LLC, No. CV 11-1444-R, 2012 WL 13015000, at 3 *3 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 13, 2012), to argue that plaintiff’s claims under California Labor Code §§ 4 201–203, plaintiff’s Fifth Cause of Action, are preempted under the federal enclave doctrine 5 because they are inconsistent with the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”). (Doc. No. 17-1 at 6 15.) California Labor Code §§ 201–203 regulate the payment of final wages at the time of an 7 employee’s discharge or resignation and imposes a penalty on employers who refuse to comply. 8 The district court in Mersnick simply recited § 551.101 of the FLSA (which provides “minimum 9 standards for both wages and overtime entitlements, and administrative procedures by which 10 covered worktime must be compensated”), noted that the law lacked penalties for failures to pay 11 final wages, and concluded that §§ 201–203 conflicted with the FLSA. 2006 WL 3734396, at *8. 12 The district court in Jackson then relied on the decision in Mersnick to summarily decide that §§ 13 201–203 claims “are precluded because they are in conflict” with FLSA. 2012 WL 13015000, at 14 *3. 15 This court declines to adopt the reasoning of the courts in Mersnick and Jackson in 16 resolving this issue. As plaintiff notes, the fact that the FLSA is silent on the payment of final 17 wages and penalties for employers who fail to pay them does not mean it is inconsistent with §§ 18 201–203. (Doc. No. 20 at 21.) As the Ninth Circuit has pointed out: 19 No statutory language [in the FLSA] expressly preempts the appellant’s [state law] claims. . . . The statute contains a “savings 20 clause” that allows states and municipalities to enact stricter wage and hour laws. . . . [T]he FLSA’s “savings clause” is evidence that 21 Congress did not intend to preempt the entire field. . . . While the FLSA may be a comprehensive remedy, as the district court argues, 22 the “savings clause” indicates that it does not provide an exclusive remedy. 23 24 Williamson v. Gen. Dynamics Corp., 208 F.3d 1144, 1151 (9th Cir. 2000) (citations omitted) 25 (under the FLSA, “[t]here is definitely no express or field preemption”); see 19 U.S.C. § 218 26 (“No provision [of the FLSA] shall excuse noncompliance with any Federal or State law or 27 municipal ordinance establishing” a higher minimum wage, lower maximum work week, or 28 stricter child labor standards, nor shall it “justify any employer in reducing a wage paid by him 1 which in excess of the applicable minimum wage . . . [or] increasing hours of employment 2 maintained by him which are shorter than the maximum hours applicable under this chapter”); see 3 also Gonzalez v. CoreCivic of Tennessee, LLC, No. 1:16-cv-01891-DAD-JLT, 2018 WL 4 4388425, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 13, 2018) (noting that “[d]istrict courts in the Ninth Circuit . . . 5 [have concluded] the FLSA does not pre-empt state law wage claims and that a plaintiff may 6 recover damages under each statute separately”) (collecting cases). To construe the FLSA as 7 preempting stricter state wage laws would be inconsistent with the FLSA’s plain language and 8 Ninth Circuit precedent. 9 In summary, plaintiff’s Second, Ninth, and Tenth Causes of Action will be dismissed with 10 prejudice as to defendant Kings Canyon, and to the extent plaintiff’s other claims against Kings 11 Canyon are predicated on IWC Wage Order No. 5-2001, they will also be dismissed with 12 prejudice. Plaintiff’s First, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Causes of Action will be 13 addressed later in this order. 14 2. Asilomar Ceased Operations Before the Relevant Period in the Complaint 15 Defendant Asilomar argues that plaintiff cannot state a claim against it because it ceased 16 operations in September 2009, before the relevant class period and before plaintiff was hired. 17 (Doc. No. 17-1 at 17.) Plaintiff agreed in his opposition and at the hearing on the pending motion 18 that he could not state a claim against Asilomar. (Doc. No. 20 at 23.) Accordingly, defendant 19 Asilomar will be dismissed from this action with prejudice. 20 3. Failure to Allege Sufficient Facts to State a Claim for Relief 21 Before addressing defendants’ argument that plaintiff has failed to state a claim in further 22 detail, the court notes that plaintiff has declined to defend the operative complaint. Plaintiff 23 instead opposes defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings by referencing his Proposed 24 First Amended Complaint (“PFAC”). (See Doc. No. 20.) Because the PFAC is not an operative 25 pleading, the court will not consider it in resolving this pending motion for judgment on the 26 pleadings. See Johnson v. Dodson Pub. Sch., Dist. No. 2-A(C), 463 F. Supp. 2d 1151, 1156 (D. 27 Mont. 2006) (citing Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co. Inc., 896 F.2d 1542, 1550 28 ///// 1 (9th Cir. 1990) (“[A] motion for judgment on the pleadings is limited to matters presented in the 2 pleadings.”). 3 a. Plaintiff Fails to Sufficiently Plead His Employment by Defendants 4 In his complaint plaintiff alleges that he is “a former [non-exempt] employee of 5 DEFENDANTS.” (Compl. at ¶ 3–4). But as defendants point out (Doc. No. 17-1 at 17), plaintiff 6 fails to plead any specific facts about his employment—he does not allege his job title, his job 7 description or duties, the dates of his employment, the physical location(s) where he worked, or 8 the specific defendant(s) for which he worked. Plaintiff’s complaint is bereft of “even the most 9 basic facts regarding [his] employment” that would allow the court to draw a reasonable inference 10 about “these allegations and thus move them beyond ‘the line between possibility and 11 plausibility[.]’” Ovieda v. Sodexo Operations, LLC, No. CV 12-1750-GHK SSX, 2012 WL 12 1627237, at *3 (C.D. Cal. May 7, 2012) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)). 13 In opposition to the pending motion, plaintiff only points to his PFAC, thus failing to 14 defend the operative complaint. (Doc. No. 20 at 23.) The court must conclude that plaintiff’s 15 complaint is insufficiently plead with respect to his alleged employment by defendants; it will 16 therefore be dismissed with leave to amend. 17 b. Plaintiff Fails to Sufficiently Plead He Was Jointly Employed by 18 Defendants 19 Plaintiff alleges, on information and belief, that all seven defendants “were the joint 20 employers of PLAINTIFF and CLASS MEMBERS . . . [and] were the alter egos, divisions, 21 affiliates, integrated enterprises, joint employers, subsidiaries, parents, principals, related entities, 22 co-conspirators, authorized agents, partners, joint ventures, and/or guarantors, actual or 23 ostensible, of each other” and that “[e]ach DEFENDANT was completely dominated by his, her, 24 or its co-DEFENDANT, and each was the alter ego of the other.” (Compl. at ¶ 14). Defendants 25 argue that plaintiff’s complaint “provides no factual predicate for these allegations.” (Doc. No. 26 17-1 at 18.) 27 Under California law, whether entities are joint employers of an employee is determined 28 by a factual inquiry into the “totality of the working relationship of the parties,” weighing factors 1 such as the extent to which defendants control the employee’s duties. Tavares v. Cargill Inc., No. 2 1:18-cv-00792-DAD-SKO, 2019 WL 2918061, at *11 (E.D. Cal. July 8, 2019). To make a 3 plausible joint employer claim, plaintiff must allege some specific facts such as whether 4 “defendant pays the employee’s salary and taxes, owns the equipment necessary for the employee 5 to perform his job, has authority to hire, train, fire, or discipline the employee, or has discretion to 6 set the employee's salary.” Ontiveros v. Zamora, No. CIV.S-08-567-LKK-DAD, 2009 WL 7 425962, at *6 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 20, 2009). 8 Here, plaintiff’s complaint falls far short of meeting these standards. Other than the 9 conclusory allegation that all seven defendants are his joint employer, plaintiff alleges no 10 supporting facts. The court is not required to accept as true “merely conclusory, unwarranted 11 deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” In re Gilead Scis. Sec. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 12 1056–57 (9th Cir. 2008); compare U.S. E.E.O.C. v. Am. Laser Centers LLC, No. 1:09-cv-2247- 13 AWI-DLB, 2010 WL 3220316, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 13, 2010) (dismissing joint employer 14 claims because the plaintiff failed to explain how the “[d]efendant companies are related to each 15 other”) and Sandoval v. Ali, 34 F. Supp. 3d 1031, 1040–1041 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (dismissing joint 16 employer and alter ego claims because the plaintiff’s “alter ego allegations are too conclusory to 17 survive a motion to dismiss” and because plaintiff did not allege facts showing defendants acted 18 as joint employers) with Tavares, 2019 WL 2918061, at *11, n.6 (finding that plaintiff’s 19 allegations about two defendants that “share a close relationship with one another” were sufficient 20 to state a joint employer claim because they included specific allegations about defendants’ 21 control over plaintiff’s employment) and Ontiveros, 2009 WL 425962, at *6 (finding that the 22 plaintiff alleged enough facts to state a joint employer claim in a case where the defendant was 23 alleged to have “set up an elaborate scheme of corporations [where] all of the employees are 24 managed and employed as thought it were one business operated by “defendant”). 25 For the above reasons, the court concludes that plaintiff’s joint employer claims are 26 insufficiently pled. Accordingly, they will be dismissed with leave to amend. 27 ///// 28 ///// 1 c. First through Tenth Causes of Action 2 Plaintiff asserts the following eight causes of action: (1) failure to provide required meal 3 periods, (2) failure to provide required rest periods, (3) failure to pay overtime wages, (4) failure 4 to pay minimum wages, (5) failure to pay all wages due to discharged and quitting employees, (6) 5 failure to maintain required records, (7) failure to furnish accurate itemized wage statements, and 6 (8) failure to indemnify employees for necessary expenditures incurred in discharge of duties. 7 (Compl. at ¶¶ 19–54.) Two other causes of action are derivative of those identified above: (9) 8 the unfair competition claim, and (10) the PAGA claim. (Id. at ¶¶ 55–65.) The court addresses 9 defendants’ arguments against each cause of action below. 10 i. First and Second Causes of Action 11 Plaintiff alleges in his first cause of action that defendants required him “to take less than 12 the 30-minute meal period, or to work through them, and have failed to otherwise provide the 13 required meal periods.” (Compl. at ¶ 20.) He also alleges that defendants failed to compensate 14 him when he was “not provided with a meal period” or “worked during [his] meal periods.” (Id. 15 at ¶ 21–22.) Plaintiff makes similar allegations as to rest periods in his second cause of action. 16 (Id. at ¶ 25–26.) 17 However, plaintiff’s allegations in this regard “are simply a formulaic recitation of the 18 language used in California statutes and regulations. Plaintiff’s claims are not supported by any 19 allegations of fact—such as when, how, and which individuals were denied meal and rest 20 periods—that would plausibly indicate defendants are liable.” Tavares, 2019 WL 2918061, at *5. 21 Plaintiff does not argue otherwise but instead mere refers the court to the allegations of the 22 inoperative PFAC. Accordingly, plaintiff’s first and second causes of action will be dismissed 23 with leave to amend. 24 ii. Third and Fourth Causes of Action 25 Plaintiff’s third and fourth causes of action allege that defendants failed to pay minimum 26 and overtime wages, even as they were: 27 [R]equiring, permitting, or suffering PLAINTIFF and CLASS MEMBERS to work off the clock; requiring, permitting, or suffering 28 PLAINTIFF and CLASS MEMBERS to work through meal and rest 1 breaks; illegally and inaccurately recording time during which PLAINTIFF and CLASS MEMBERS worked; failing to properly 2 maintain PLAINTIFF’s and CLASS MEMBERS’ records; failing to provide accurate itemized wage statements to PLAINTIFF and 3 CLASS MEMBERS for each pay period; and other methods to be discovered. 4 5 (Compl. at ¶ 30, 35.) 6 Defendants contend that the complaint only makes “factually devoid and conclusory 7 allegations from which the Court cannot reasonably infer that any violations have occurred.” (Id. 8 at 22). Citing the decision in Landers v. Quality Commc’ns, Inc., 771 F.3d 638, 646 (9th Cir. 9 2018), defendants argue that a plaintiff asserting minimum wage and overtime claims must allege 10 details “regarding a given workweek when [he] worked in excess of forty hours and was not paid 11 overtime for that given workweek and/or was not paid minimum wages.” Although “district 12 courts in California have varied somewhat in their determination of precisely what allegations are 13 sufficient to state such a claim,” Tavares, 2019 WL 2918061, at *5 (collecting cases), “[h]ere, the 14 factual allegations of . . . plaintiff’s unpaid overtime [and minimum wage] claim[s] . . . provide 15 nothing beyond ‘an unadorned, the defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.’” Id. at *4 16 (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678). For instance, plaintiff does not allege any facts “such as the 17 typical work schedule or the approximate number of hours worked during any period” or “how, 18 under what circumstances or when plaintiff was allegedly required to work off-the-clock, or what 19 work [he] purportedly performed when required to do so,” failing to meet even the “most liberal 20 pleading standard.” Id. 21 Therefore, plaintiff’s third and fourth causes of action will also be dismissed with leave to 22 amend. 23 iii. Fifth Cause of Action 24 California Labor Code §§ 201–203 regulates the payment of final wages upon the 25 discharge or resignation of an employee. Specifically, § 201 covers employees terminated by 26 their employers, while § 202 covers employees who resign voluntarily. Section 203 authorizes 27 penalties for employers that fail to comply with §§ 201–203. 28 ///// 1 Plaintiff’s fifth cause of action is defective for two reasons. First, plaintiff alleges merely 2 that “DEFENDANTS have willfully failed to pay accrued wages and other compensation to 3 PLAINTIFF and CLASS MEMBERS in accordance with California Labor Code §§ 201 and 4 202,” (Compl. at ¶ 41), and then parrots “the language of the applicable statutory provisions and 5 does not provide any supporting factual allegations.” Tavares, 2019 WL 2918061, at *6. 6 Second, plaintiff cannot seek relief under both §§ 201 and 202, as plaintiff could not have both 7 resigned and been terminated at the same time. In any event, plaintiff has not even alleged in his 8 complaint that he resigned or was terminated. 9 For the above reasons, plaintiff’s fifth cause of action will be dismissed with leave to 10 amend. 11 iv. Sixth Cause of Action 12 California Labor Code § 1174 requires employers to keep payroll records for inspection 13 by the California Labor Commission. According to defendant, “courts have routinely dismissed 14 Section 1174 claims because it does not provide a private right of action.” (Doc. No. 17-1 at 27.) 15 Plaintiff responds to this argument by citing to the decision in Carrillo v. Schneider Logistics, 16 Inc., 823 F. Supp. 2d 1040, 1042 (C.D. Cal. 2011), where the court granted plaintiff’s request for 17 a temporary restraining order (“TRO”) requiring defendants “to come into compliance with 18 federal and state recordkeeping and disclosure requirements,” as precedent establishing a private 19 right of action under § 1174. However, when the court in Carrillo granted plaintiff’s request for a 20 TRO, it did not explicitly or implicitly recognize that a private right of action existed under § 21 1174. Moreover, the TRO could have been granted on the basis of the § 1174-derived PAGA 22 claims at issue in that case. Carrillo, No. 2:11-cv-08557-CAS-DTB, (Doc. No. 44 at ¶ 196); see 23 also Lopez v. Wendy’s Int’l, Inc., No. CV11-00275 MMM JCx, 2012 WL 13014600, at *8 & n.50 24 (C.D. Cal. June 14, 2012) (“Some courts have assumed without comment that § 1174 provides a 25 private right of action.”) (citing Carrillo, 823 F. Supp. 2d at 1044-45). 26 Reading the decision in Carrillo together with the substantial case law holding that § 1174 27 does not create a private right of action, this court concludes that plaintiff’s § 1174 claim must be 28 dismissed with prejudice. See, e.g., Cleveland v. Groceryworks.com, LLC, 200 F. Supp. 3d 924, 1 958 (N.D. Cal. 2016) (“Private rights of action for civil penalties under the Labor Code generally 2 arise under the California Private Attorney General Act, not under the Labor Code directly.”); 3 Suarez v. Bank of Am. Corp., No. 18-cv-01202-MEJ, 2018 WL 2431473, at *10 (N.D. Cal. May 4 30, 2018) (same and collecting cases); Dawson v. HITCO Carbon Composites, Inc., No. CV16- 5 7337 PSG FFMX, 2017 WL 7806618, at *7 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 20, 2017) (same). 6 Finally, plaintiff argues that even if there is no private right of action under § 1174, he can 7 still rely upon § 1174 to proceed under his UCL and/or PAGA claims. The court will address 8 those claims later in this order. 9 v. Seventh Cause of Action 10 California Labor Code § 226 requires employers to provide itemized wage statements to 11 employees; a “knowing and intentional failure” to comply can result in statutory penalties. “To 12 recover damages under this provision, an employee must suffer injury as a result of a knowing 13 and intentional failure by an employer to comply with the statute. This injury requirement, 14 however, cannot be satisfied simply because one of the nine itemized requirements . . . is missing 15 from a wage statement.” Tavares, 2019 WL 2918061, at *6 (citations and internal quotations 16 omitted). 17 Plaintiff alleges that defendants “knowingly and intentionally failed to provide” plaintiff 18 “with timely, accurate, and itemized wage statements in writing showing each employee’s gross 19 wages earned, total hours worked, all deductions made, net wages earned, the name and address 20 of the legal entity or entities employing PLAINTIFF and CLASS MEMBERS, and all applicable 21 hourly rates in effect during pay period and the corresponding number of hours worked at each 22 hourly rate . . ..” (Compl. at ¶ 48–49.) 23 Defendant argues that plaintiff’s claim brought under § 226 is defective because it fails to 24 identify “how Defendant’s statements were inaccurate.” (Doc. No. 17-1 at 29 (emphasis in 25 original)). The court agrees. In his complaint plaintiff simply recites the language of California’s 26 statutes, Tavares, 2019 WL 2918061, at *5, without identifying “a single deficient wage 27 statement,” Franke v. Anderson Merchandisers LLC, No. CV 17–3241 DSF (AFMx), 2017 WL 28 3224656, at *7 (C.D. Cal. July 28, 2017), or explaining how his wage statements are inaccurate. 1 Robles v. Schneider Nat’l Carriers, Inc., No. EDCV 16-2482-JGB(KKx), 2017 WL 8231051, at 2 *7 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 10, 2017) (“Plaintiff does not provide any clarifying information that would 3 explain how Defendant’s statements were inaccurate. For example, if Plaintiff alleges that the 4 statements did not accurately recite the number of hours worked, in what way does he allege that 5 the statements under-counted his hours? Does he allege that he worked additional hours that 6 Defendant never recognized? That Defendant listed him as having worked a set number of hours 7 per load delivery, regardless of how many hours he actually worked?”). 8 Here, plaintiff once again fails to defend his operative complaint and instead merely refers 9 to his inoperative PFAC. Accordingly, plaintiff’s § 226 claim will be dismissed with leave to 10 amend. 11 vi. Eighth Cause of Action 12 California Labor Code § 2802 requires employers to indemnify employees for necessary 13 expenditures or losses incurred as a result of their job performance. Plaintiff alleges that 14 defendants “knowingly and willing failed to indemnify PLAINTIFF and CLASS MEMBERS for 15 all business expenses and/or losses incurred . . . including but not limited to expenses for cell 16 phone usage and other employment-related expenses . . . .” (Compl. at ¶ 53.) 17 Defendant argues that plaintiff has not alleged that “he himself was charged for specific- 18 business related expenses, or that his job duties required him to use a cell phone, nor does he 19 allege that any putative class member incurred any such expense that not fully reimbursed.” 20 (Doc. No. 17-1 at 30.) Although plaintiff does identify that he was not reimbursed for cell phone 21 usage, he does not allege facts in his complaint identifying a single specific cost that was not 22 reimbursed or explain why cell usage was required for his job—or even, as noted above, what his 23 job is. Plaintiff’s allegations “merely mirror the language of the statute without any supporting 24 factual allegations.” Tavares, 2019 WL 2918061, at *7 (dismissing a § 2802 claim because 25 plaintiff only included general allegations that she was not reimbursed for uniforms and 26 equipment and failed to identify a “single specific cost incurred”). 27 Again, plaintiff declines as to these allegations to defend his operative complaint. 28 Accordingly, plaintiff’s eighth cause of action will be dismissed with leave to amend. 1 vii. Ninth Cause of Action 2 California’s Unfair Competition Laws (“UCL”) prohibits “any unlawful, unfair, or 3 fraudulent business act or practice.” Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200. “Each prong of the UCL is 4 a separate and distinct theory of liability.” Kearns v. Ford Motor Co., 567 F.3d 1120, 1127 (9th 5 Cir. 2009). Under the “unlawful” prong of the UCL, “section 17200 borrows violations of other 6 laws and treats them as unlawful practices that the unfair competition law makes independently 7 actionable.” Velazquez v. GMAC Mortg. Corp., 605 F. Supp. 2d 1049, 1068 (C.D. Cal. 2008). 8 Where a plaintiff cannot state a claim under the “borrowed” law, they cannot state a UCL claim 9 either. See, e.g., Chabner v. United of Omaha Life Ins. Co., 225 F.3d 1042, 1048 (9th Cir. 2000) 10 (“A court may not allow plaintiff to ‘plead around an absolute bar to relief simply by recasting the 11 cause of action as one for unfair competition.’” (citing Cel-Tech Commc’ns, Inc. v. Los Angeles 12 Cellular Tel. Co., 20 Cal. 4th 163, 182 (1999))); Pellerin v. Honeywell Int’l, Inc., 877 F. Supp. 2d 13 983, 992 (S.D. Cal. 2012) (“A UCL claim must be dismissed if the plaintiff has not stated a claim 14 for the predicate acts upon which he bases the claim.”); Tavares, 2019 WL 2918061, at *8 15 (same). 16 Here, both parties agree that plaintiff’s UCL claim is entirely derivative of his first eight 17 claims. (Doc. Nos. 17-1 at 30; 20 at 34.) Because plaintiff’s claims are barred by the federal 18 enclave doctrine, are insufficiently plead, or lack a private right of action, plaintiff’s UCL claim 19 necessarily fails. Therefore, plaintiff’s ninth cause of action will also be dismissed with leave to 20 amend. 21 viii. Tenth Cause of Action 22 PAGA allows employees to stand in the shoes of the California Labor and Workforce 23 Development Agency (“LWDA”) and recover civil penalties for labor code violations “on behalf 24 of himself or herself and other current or former employees.” Cal. Labor Code § 2699(a). 25 Here, plaintiff’s PAGA claim is wholly derivative of his first eight claims. (Doc. No. 17-1 26 at 30; 20 at 34.) Because most of plaintiff’s claims must be dismissed, plaintiff “cannot assert 27 PAGA . . . claims on those bases.” Sinohui v. CEC Entm’t, Inc., No. EDCV 14-2516-JLS (KKx), 28 2015 WL 11072128, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 25, 2015); see also Sanders v. Old Dominion Freight 1 Line, Inc., No. EDCV 18-688 DSF (SHKx), 2018 WL 6321628, at * 4 (C.D. Cal. June 25, 2018) 2 (“Plaintiffs’ PAGA claim rises or falls with their other claims, and therefore is DISMISSED 3 [.]”); Price v. Starbucks Corp., 192 Cal. App. 4th 1136, 1147 (2011) (Because the underlying 4 causes of action fail, the derivative . . . PAGA claim[ ] also fail[s].”). 5 With respect to plaintiff’s § 1174-derived PAGA claim, plaintiff has, in any event, failed 6 to specifically identify any deficient or missing records in his complaint and does not argue 7 otherwise. Therefore, Plaintiff’s tenth cause of action will be dismissed to the extent it is reliant 8 on defective claims with leave to amend. 9 d. Plaintiff Lacks Standing for Injunctive Relief 10 Plaintiff also seeks injunctive relief. (See Compl. at ¶ 23.) Defendants argue that plaintiff 11 lacks standing to seek injunctive relief because he is no longer employed by defendants and has 12 not alleged his intention to return to work there. (Doc. No. 17-1 at 31-32.) 13 To establish standing under Article III, it must be shown: (1) the plaintiff suffered an 14 injury in fact; (2) the injury in fact was concrete and particularized; and (3) the injury was actual 15 or imminent rather than conjectural or hypothetical. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 16 560 (1992); see also Walsh v. New Dep’t Human Res., 471 F.3d 1033, 1036-37 (9th Cir. 2006). 17 The “injury in fact” prong requires a threatened future injury to be real and immediate. City 18 of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 102, (1983). Absent an indication of a desire to return to 19 work for a former employer, a former employee lacks standing to seek such injunctive 20 relief. See Walsh, 471 F.3d at 1037 (concluding that the plaintiff, a former employee who made 21 no indication of any interest in returning to work for defendant, “would not stand to benefit from 22 an injunction . . . at her former place of work”); see also Bayer v. Neiman Marcus Group, Inc., 23 861 F.3d 853, 865 (9th Cir. 2017) (“[A] former employee has no claim for injunctive relief 24 addressing the employment practices of a former employer absent a reasonably certain basis for 25 concluding he or she has some personal need for prospective relief.”). 26 Therefore, as a former employee with no declared intention to return to work for 27 defendants, plaintiff has not shown a likelihood of future injury that is real and immediate. 28 ///// 1 Moreover, plaintiff does not dispute this. (Doc. No. 20 at 36.) Accordingly, plaintiff’s request 2 for injunctive relief will be dismissed with prejudice. 3 e. Plaintiff’s Class Allegations Are Insufficiently Pled 4 Defendants argue as follows: 5 Plaintiff’s Complaint fails to allege any written or oral class-wide policy or practice that resulted in any of the legal violations alleged, 6 much less any basis on which to conclude that Plaintiff’s experiences were typical of any other putative class member or that common 7 questions would predominate in this litigation. Plaintiff merely alleges in conclusory fashion that his claims are “typical” of the class 8 because Defendants allegedly “subjected all non-exempt employees to identical violations of the Labor Code [and] the applicable IWC 9 wage order.” (Compl. at ¶ 14(c)). 10 (Doc. No. 17-1 at 32.) Defendants also point out that plaintiff’s counsel has been “chastised” for 11 doing this same thing before. (Id.) (citing Ovieda, 2012 WL 162737, at *4; Ortiz v. Sodexho 12 Operations, LLC, No. CV-10-04158 R (RCX), 2010 WL 11552888 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 12, 2010); 13 Lopez, 2012 WL 13014600, at *5; and Luna v. Universal City Studios Prods. LLLP, No. CV 12- 14 9286 PSG (SSX), 2013 WL 12308201, at *1 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 29, 2013)). 15 Plaintiff’s complaint in this case similarly fails to include a sufficiently plead class 16 allegation. As noted above, plaintiff does not allege his job title, his job description or duties, the 17 dates of his employment, the physical location(s) where he worked, or the specific defendant(s) 18 for which he worked. Despite the barren allegations as to the circumstances of his own 19 employment, plaintiff then purports to represent “other similarly situated current and former non- 20 exempt employees of DEFENDANTS in the State of California at any time during the four years 21 preceding the filing of this action . . ..” (Compl. at ¶ 4.) Plaintiff also fails to allege any specific 22 facts about defendants’ purported class-wide “policies and practices,” other than “bald legal 23 assertions and conclusory allegations.” Ortiz, 2010 WL 11552888, at *1. These deficiencies are 24 further compounded by the fact that most of plaintiff’s individual claims, which underlie his class 25 allegations, are themselves insufficiently pled. 26 In response to defendant’s arguments in this regard, plaintiff cites only to his inoperative 27 PFAC. His class allegations therefore necessarily fail and will be dismissed with leave to amend. 28 ///// 1 B. Motion for Leave to File a First Amended Complaint 2 Plaintiff has moved for leave to file his proposed first amended complaint. (Doc. Nos. 27, 3 28-1.) Although leave to amend under Rule 15 should be granted with “extreme liberality,” DCD 4 Programs Ltd., 833 F.2d at 186, courts should consider whether factors such as “undue delay, bad 5 faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by 6 amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowing the 7 amendment, futility of the amendment” weigh against it. Foman, 371 U.S. at 182. 8 Here, the futility of substantial aspects of the PFAC compels the court to deny plaintiff 9 leave to file the PFAC. As documented by defendants, plaintiff has already conceded that he is 10 barred from bringing certain claims and cannot proceed against several of the currently named 11 defendants. (Doc. Nos. 20, 25.) Yet, plaintiff has nevertheless included those claims and 12 defendants in the PFAC. (Doc. No. 28-1.) Moreover, the PFAC is substantially similar to the 13 operative complaint and, as such, fails to cure many of the defects that the court has identified 14 above as grounds for dismissal of plaintiff’s original complaint. 15 However, pursuant to Rule 15, the court will grant plaintiff leave to amend, subject to the 16 direction provided and constraints noted in this order.4 In addition, plaintiff will be granted leave 17 to amend to allege FLSA causes of action and to add Maria Socorro Vega as a plaintiff and 18 proposed class representative. 19 ///// 20 ///// 21 4 In addition, plaintiff should heed Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which 22 provides that: 23 By presenting to the court a pleading . . . an attorney . . . certifies 24 that to the best of the person’s knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances: . . . (2) 25 the claims . . . and other legal contentions are warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for extending, modifying, or 26 reversing existing law or for establishing new law; [and] (3) the 27 factual contentions have evidentiary support or, if specifically so identified, will likely have evidentiary support after a reasonable 28 opportunity for further investigation or discovery[.] 1 CONCLUSION 2 For the reasons discussed above: 3 1. Defendant’s motion for judgment on the pleadings (Doc. No. 17) is, in the manner 4 described above, granted; 5 2. Plaintiff's motion for leave to file his proposed first amended complaint (Doc. 6 Nos. 27, 28) is denied as futile; 7 3. Plaintiff is nonetheless granted leave to amend in the manner described above; and 8 4. Any amended complaint shall be filed within fourteen days from the date of 9 service of this order. 10 | IT IS SO ORDERED. a Dated: _ October 30, 2019 Ya AL ae 12 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 22