Domino v. California Correctional Health Care Services ( 2020 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 8 JUNE M. DOMINO, Case No. 1:19-cv-01790-NONE-SKO 9 Plaintiff, FIRST SCREENING ORDER 10 v. (Doc. 1) 11 CALIFORNIA CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE SERVICES, et al., 21-DAY DEADLINE 12 Defendants. / 13 14 15 Plaintiff June M. Domino, proceeding pro se, filed a complaint on December 23, 2019, 16 against California Correctional Healthcare Services and “AFSCME Local 2620.” (Doc. 1.) 17 Plaintiff purports to allege claims for employment discrimination under unspecified “Federal 18 Statutes” and “Federal Treaties.” (Id.) She demands “$44 Million” in damages. (Doc. 1-1.) 19 Plaintiff also filed an application to proceed in forma pauperis, which was granted on December 20 27, 2019. (Docs. 2 & 3.) 21 Plaintiff’s complaint is now before the Court for screening. As discussed below, Plaintiff’s 22 allegations are conclusory and fail to plead cognizable federal claims. Plaintiff is granted leave to 23 file a first amended complaint and is provided the pleading requirements and legal standards 24 under which her claims will be analyzed. 25 I. SCREENING REQUIREMENT AND STANDARD 26 The Court is required to screen complaints in cases where the plaintiff is proceeding in 27 forma pauperis. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). Plaintiff’s complaint, or any portion thereof, is subject 28 1 to dismissal if it is frivolous or malicious, if it fails to state a claim upon which relief may be 2 granted, or if it seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 3 U.S.C. § 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B). If the Court determines that the complaint fails to state a 4 claim, leave to amend may be granted to the extent that the deficiencies of the complaint can be 5 cured by amendment. Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc). 6 The Court’s screening of the complaint is governed by the following standards. A 7 complaint may be dismissed as a matter of law for failure to state a claim for two reasons: (1) 8 lack of a cognizable legal theory; or (2) insufficient facts under a cognizable legal theory. See 9 Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990). Plaintiff must allege a 10 minimum factual and legal basis for each claim that is sufficient to give each defendant fair 11 notice of what Plaintiff’s claims are and the grounds upon which they rest. See, e.g., Brazil v. 12 U.S. Dep’t of the Navy, 66 F.3d 193, 199 (9th Cir. 1995); McKeever v. Block, 932 F.2d 795, 798 13 (9th Cir. 1991). 14 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a), a complaint must contain “a short and plain 15 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). 16 Detailed factual allegations are not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause 17 of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 18 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). In 19 determining whether a complaint states a claim on which relief may be granted, allegations of 20 material fact are taken as true and construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See Love 21 v. United States, 915 F.2d 1242, 1245 (9th Cir. 1989). Moreover, since Plaintiff is appearing pro 22 se, the Court must construe the allegations of her complaint liberally and must afford Plaintiff the 23 benefit of any doubt. See Karim–Panahi v. Los Angeles Police Dep’t, 839 F.2d 621, 623 (9th Cir. 24 1988). However, “the liberal pleading standard . . . applies only to a plaintiff’s factual 25 allegations.” Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 330 n.9 (1989). “[A] liberal interpretation of a 26 civil rights complaint may not supply essential elements of the claim that were not initially pled.” 27 Bruns v. Nat’l Credit Union Admin., 122 F.3d 1251, 1257 (9th Cir. 1997) (quoting Ivey v. Bd. of 28 Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982)). 1 Further, “a plaintiff’s obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of [her] ‘entitle[ment] to relief’ 2 requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of 3 action will not do . . . . Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the 4 speculative level.” See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (internal citations omitted); see also Iqbal, 556 5 U.S. at 678 (To avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim, “a complaint must contain sufficient 6 factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ A claim has 7 facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the 8 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”) (internal citations 9 omitted). 10 II. DISCUSSION 11 A. The Complaint 12 Plaintiff filed a 27-page complaint, comprised of a pre-printed form and one exhibit, which 13 is a copy of an order entered in the case of Coleman v. Newsom, No. 2:90-cv-0520 KJM DB P, 14 2019 WL 6877885 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 17, 2019). (Doc. 1.) Plaintiff indicates this court has 15 jurisdiction because she is bringing federal claims under “[F]ederal Statutes, as well as Federal 16 Treaties provides [sic] that U.S. Citizens shall be protected from employment discrimination on 17 the bases of Race, Age, Sex & Color for the purpose of ensuring that all citizen [sic] are treated 18 equally as guaranteed under the laws of the U.S. Constitution.” (Id.) Plaintiff appears to be 19 generally alleging that she was treated unfairly at her last place of employment based on her 20 membership in a protected class and that she was retaliated against for having taken some 21 unspecified action against her employer. (Id.) 22 B. Analysis 23 The complaint does not contain a “short and plain” statement setting forth the basis for 24 federal jurisdiction, Plaintiff’s entitlement to relief, or the relief that is sought, even though those 25 things are required by Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(1)-(3). The exact nature of what happened to Plaintiff 26 is obscured by the complaint, which contains 27 pages and no clear allegations of particular 27 instances of violation of federal law, apart from legal conclusions that do not suffice to state a 28 claim. There is also no indication what relevance, if any, the December 17, 2019 order in 1 Coleman v. Newsom, attached the complaint, has to Plaintiff’s allegations.1 Further, Plaintiff 2 refers throughout her complaint to “Defendants” without identifying the specific wrongful acts 3 that each Defendant performed and how each Defendant either caused Plaintiff harm or is 4 responsible for Plaintiff’s harm. In sum, the Court cannot tell from examining the complaint what 5 legal wrong was done to plaintiff, by whom and when, or how any alleged harm is connected to 6 the relief Plaintiff seeks. 7 1. Eleventh Amendment Immunity 8 The Eleventh Amendment bars suits against state agencies, as well as those where the state 9 itself is named as a defendant, regardless of the relief sought. See P.R. Aqueduct & Sewer Auth. v. 10 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., 506 U.S. 139, 144 (1993); Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 11 U.S. 89, 100 (1984); see also Dittman v. State of California, 191 F.3d 1020, 1025-26 (9th Cir. 12 1999). 13 Plaintiff names California Correctional Health Care Services as a defendant, but, as an 14 agency of the state, it is entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity. See, e.g., Gomes v. Mathis, 15 No. CV 17–7022, 2018 WL 2085237, at *3 (C.D. Cal. May 3, 2018). The Eleventh Amendment 16 does not, however, bar suits seeking damages against state officials/employees in their individual 17 capacity. See Hafer v. Melo, 502 U.S. 21, 30-31 (1991). Also, the Eleventh Amendment does not 18 bar suits for prospective declaratory or injunctive relief against state officials in their official 19 capacity. Pennhurst, 465 U.S. at 102-06. Therefore, it does not preclude Plaintiff from naming as 20 defendants those individuals involved in the alleged discriminatory and/or retaliatory conduct. 21 2. Section 1983 and Equal Protection 22 To the extent that Plaintiff seeks to assert a claim under the Equal Protection Clause of the 23 Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, there is no direct cause of action for 24 constitutional amendments. Arpin v. Santa Clara Valley Transp. Agency, 261 F.3d 912, 929 (9th 25 Cir. 2001) (“[A] litigant complaining of a violation of a constitutional right does not have a direct 26 cause of action under the United States Constitution”). However, 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“Section 27 1 The order in Coleman v. Newsom follows an evidentiary hearing on a whistleblower’s complaint regarding the 28 state’s compliance with prior orders in a case concerning understaffing of mental health treatment in California 1 1983”) “is a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred.” Albright v. Oliver, 510 2 U.S. 266, 271 (plurality) (1994). Thus, an individual may bring an action for the deprivation of 3 civil rights pursuant to Section 1983, which states in relevant part: 4 Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to 5 be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the 6 jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an 7 action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress. 8 42 U.S.C. § 1983. To maintain a Section 1983 civil rights action, a plaintiff must allege: “(1) that 9 the conduct complained of was committed by a person acting under color of state law; and (2) that 10 the conduct deprived the plaintiff of a constitutional right.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dept., 11 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990). 12 Private conduct, however discriminatory or wrongful, is not proscribed by Section 1983. 13 See Aasum v. Good Samaritan Hospital, 542 F.2d 792, 794 (9th Cir. 1976); see also Jensen v. 14 Lane Cty., 222 F.3d 570, 574 (9th Cir. 2000) (“Because § 1983 and the Fourteenth Amendment 15 are directed at the states, the statute supports a claim only when the alleged injury is caused by 16 ‘state action’ and not by a merely private actor, against whom tort remedies may be sought in state 17 court.”). For private conduct to constitute state action, there must be “such a close nexus between 18 the State and the challenged action that seemingly private behavior may be fairly treated as that of 19 the State itself.” Lee v. Katz, 276 F.3d 550, 554 (9th Cir. 2002) (internal quotes omitted). In the 20 absence of this nexus, private conduct cannot constitute state action, and thus cannot violate an 21 individual’s constitutional rights, no matter how discriminatory that conduct may be. See Aasum 22 542 F.2d at 794 (finding that private conduct constitutes state action only when “the asserted 23 discriminatory conduct is of constitutional dimension and results from action under color of state 24 law and the State has ‘significantly’ involved itself with invidious discrimination that the 25 prohibition results.”) (citing Reitman v. Mulkey, 387 U.S. 369 (1967)). Here, Plaintiff has named 26 as a defendant “AFSCME Local 2620,” but has not alleged any facts that this defendant’s actions 27 should be considered those of the state for purposes of the Equal Protection Clause or Section 28 1983 liability. Therefore, she has not met her burden to plead an essential element of her Section 1 1983 claim against this defendant. See, e.g., Pinkney v. Am. Med. Response, Inc., 520 F. App’x 2 502, 503–504 (9th Cir. 2013) (holding that the district court properly dismissed a Section 1983 3 claim against a service employees’ union because the plaintiff failed to allege facts showing that 4 the union was acting under color of state law); Ramos v. Tacoma Community College, No. C06- 5 5241FDB, 2006 WL 2038050, at *2 (W.D. Wash. July 19, 2006) (“A labor organization that 6 represents public employees is not by virtue of that fact a state entity for the purposes of Section 7 1983 claims.”) (citing Jordan v. Haw. Gov’t Emp. Ass’n, 472 F. Supp. 1123, 1130–1131 (D. Haw. 8 1979)). 9 Finally, “[t]he Equal Protection Clause requires the State to treat all similarly situated 10 people equally.” Shakur v. Schriro, 514 F.3d 878, 891 (9th Cir. 2008). To state an equal 11 protection claim under Section 1983, a plaintiff must typically allege that “‘defendants acted with 12 an intent or purpose to discriminate against the plaintiff based upon membership in a protected 13 class.’” Furnace v. Sullivan, 705 F.3d 1021, 1030 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Barren v. Harrington, 14 152 F.3d 1193, 1194 (9th Cir. 1998)). Alternatively, where the claim is not that the discriminatory 15 action is related to membership in an identifiable group, a plaintiff can establish an equal 16 protection “class of one” claim by alleging that she as an individual “has been intentionally treated 17 differently from others similarly situated and that there is no rational basis for the difference in 18 treatment” in the departure from some norm or common practice. See Village of Willowbrook v. 19 Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 564 (2000). However, allegations that a defendant has merely done some 20 harmful act against the plaintiff, without more, fail to state an equal protection “class of one” 21 claim. See Nails v. Haid, No. SACV 12–0439 GW (SS), 2013 WL 5230689, at *3–5 (C.D. Cal. 22 Sept. 17, 2013). 23 Here, Plaintiff does not allege that any defendant took any action because of Plaintiff’s 24 membership in an identifiable group or that any defendant treated her differently than other 25 specifically-identified similarly situated people with no rational basis. Indeed, it is unclear 26 whether Plaintiff is basing her equal protection claim on her membership in an identifiable class— 27 as she fails to identify the class to which she belongs—or as a “class of one.” Plaintiff has 28 therefore failed to state a cognizable claim for a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal 1 Protection Clause. 2 3. Employment Discrimination 3 To the extent Plaintiff is pursuing a discrimination and/or retaliation action pursuant to 4 Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5, et seq., she must establish federal 5 subject matter jurisdiction. See Cerrato v. San Francisco Community College Dist., 26 F.3d 968, 6 976 (9th Cir. 2009) (Congress has abrogated Eleventh Amendment immunity with respect to Title 7 VII claims). To establish such jurisdiction for a Title VII claim, a plaintiff must exhaust her 8 remedies by filing an administrative charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment 9 Opportunity Commission (EEOC) before commencing an action in federal court. B.K.B. v. Maui 10 Police Dept., 276 F.3d 1091, 1099 (9th Cir. 2002); Sommatino v. United States, 255 F.3d 704, 708 11 (9th Cir. 2001). Plaintiff has made no indication in her complaint that she has complied with the 12 exhaustion requirement. Furthermore, implicit in 42 § U.S.C. § 2000e–2 is that there must be an 13 employment relationship between the plaintiff and defendant for Title VII protections to apply. 14 See Adcock v. Chrysler Corp., 166 F.3d 1290, 1292 (9th Cir. 1999). The complaint is devoid of 15 facts to establish the existence of an employment relationship with either of the named defendants. 16 Lastly, to have a valid Title VII cause of action, Plaintiff must assert factual allegations in 17 her complaint that she was discriminated and/or retaliated against because of her race, color, 18 religion, sex, age, disability or national origin. In her complaint, Plaintiff merely states that 19 Defendants have “knowingly and willfully participated in criminal conduct designed to relegate 20 Plaintiff into object poverty” and that she is a “member of a protected class.” (Doc. 1 at 5, 6.) 21 Plaintiff does not include facts as to what person or entity subjected her to discrimination and/or 22 retaliation, and on what basis. 23 4. Jurisdiction of State Law Claims 24 Finally, Plaintiff is advised that federal courts can only adjudicate civil cases authorized by 25 the United States Constitution and Congress. Generally, this includes cases in which: 1) diversity 26 of citizenship is established (the matter in controversy exceeds $75,000 and is between citizens of 27 different states), 2) a federal question is presented, or 3) the United States is a party. See 28 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1332; see also Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). 1 If Plaintiff is unable to state a cognizable federal claim, such as a Section 1983 or Title VII 2 claim, the only way Plaintiff would be able to bring a state law claim (such as defamation and 3 negligence, see Doc. 1 at 6) in federal court is to establish complete diversity of citizenship, which 4 would require that the parties are citizens of different states. See Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Allapattah 5 Servs., Inc., 545 U.S. 546, 553 (2005). Here, Plaintiff and all defendants are citizens of California. 6 (See Doc. 1 at 2.) Therefore, diversity of citizenship cannot be established and this Court cannot 7 adjudicate any state law claims unless Plaintiff states a cognizable federal claim. 8 III. CONCLUSION AND ORDER 9 The Court finds Plaintiff has failed to state a cognizable federal claim against any 10 defendant. As noted above, the Court will provide Plaintiff with an opportunity to amend her 11 claims and cure, to the extent possible, the identified deficiencies. Lopez, 203 F.3d at 1130. 12 Plaintiff may not change the nature of this suit by adding new, unrelated claims in her amended 13 complaint. George v. Smith, 507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 2007) (no “buckshot” complaints). 14 Plaintiff’s amended complaint should be brief, Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a), but it must identify 15 what causes of action are being pursued, identify the improper actions or basis for liability of each 16 defendant, and the factual allegations must demonstrate plausible claims, Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678– 17 79. Although accepted as true, the “[f]actual allegations must be [sufficient] to raise a right to 18 relief above the speculative level . . . .” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (citations omitted). Finally, 19 Plaintiff is advised that an amended complaint supersedes the original complaint. Lacey v. 20 Maricopa Cty., 693 F.3d 896, 927 (9th Cir. 2012) (en banc). Therefore, Plaintiff’s amended 21 complaint must be “complete in itself without reference to the prior or superseded pleading.” Rule 22 220, Local Rules of the United States District Court, Eastern District of California. 23 Based on the foregoing, it is HEREBY ORDERED that: 24 1. Plaintiff is granted leave to file a first amended complaint; 25 2. Within twenty-one (21) days from the date of service of this order, Plaintiff 26 must file a first amended complaint curing the deficiencies identified by the Court 27 in this order, or a notice of voluntary dismissal; and 28 3. If Plaintiff fails to file an amended complaint in compliance with this order, 1 the undersigned will recommend to the assigned district judge that this action 2 be dismissed for failure to state a claim, to prosecute, and to obey a court 3 order. 4 IT IS SO ORDERED. 5 Sheila K. Oberto 6 Dated: March 3, 2020 /s/ . UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28