Common Sense Party v. Padilla ( 2020 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 THE COMMON SENSE PARTY, et al., No. 2:20-cv-01091-MCE-EFB 12 Plaintiffs, 13 v. MEMORANDUM AND ORDER 14 ALEX PADILLA, in his official capacity as Secretary of State of California, 15 Defendant. 16 17 18 Through the present lawsuit, filed on May 29, 2020, Plaintiffs the Common Sense 19 Party, a political “party-in-formation” (“CSP”), Tom Campbell, in his capacity as official 20 representative of and registered voter in the CSP, and Debbie Benrey and Michael 21 Turnipseed, as registered voters in the CSP (collectively “Plaintiffs”), challenge the 22 constitutionality of California Elections Code § 5151(c) (“§ 5151(c)”) as it applies to them. 23 According to Plaintiffs, circumstances caused by California’s response to the COVID-19 24 pandemic render it impossible for them to comply with the statutory voter registration 25 requirements included in § 5151(c) and absent injunctive relief, the CSP will not be able 26 to participate as a recognized political party in the upcoming election. To that end, 27 Plaintiffs now move for either a Temporary Restraining Order (“TRO”) or Preliminary 28 Injunction (“PI”) (ECF No. 5) enjoining Defendant Secretary of State Alex Padilla 1 (“Defendant” or “Secretary of State”) from enforcing § 5151(c) against them and 2 “requiring the Secretary of State to register the [CSP] as an official political party in 3 California without the need for the [CSP] to obtain more voter registrations than those 4 already submitted to County Registrars of Voters and the Secretary of State pursuant to 5 EC section 5151(c).” Pls.’ Mot. at 2. For the following reasons, that Motion is DENIED.1 6 7 BACKGROUND2 8 9 As is relevant here, California’s Election Code provides: 10 A party is qualified to participate in a presidential general election under any of the following conditions: 11 . . . . 12 If on or before the 102nd day before a presidential general 13 election, it appears to the Secretary of State, as a result of examining and totaling the statement of voters and their 14 declared political preference transmitted to him or her by the county elections officials, that voters equal in number to at 15 least 0.33 percent of the total number of voters registered on the 123rd day before the presidential general election have 16 declared their preference for that party. 17 Cal. Elections Code § 5151(c)(1). Based on the current number of registered voters in 18 California, § 5151(c) requires new political parties to secure 68,180 voter registrations in 19 order to qualify for the November 2020 election ballot. The deadline to submit those 20 registrations is July 3, 2020. Once officially recognized, a new political party has the 21 right to designate candidates for the offices of President and Vice President, may raise 22 campaign funds in larger increments, and may spend unlimited funds to support 23 candidates for state offices. 24 As indicated, the CSP is a “party-in-formation” seeking to qualify as a political 25 party for the November 2020 California election. Political bodies seeking to qualify as a 26 1 Having determined that oral argument would not be of material assistance, the Court ordered this 27 matter submitted on the briefs in accordance with E.D. Local Rule 230(g). 28 2 The following recitation of facts is taken, almost entirely verbatim, from the parties’ briefs. 1 political party by the voter-registration method have a variety of means to do so. They 2 may use paper voter-registration cards or the California Online Voter Registration 3 Application. Using paper voter-registration cards, political bodies may engage in in- 4 person registration efforts by utilizing volunteers or paid professional gatherers to 5 distribute in-person voter-registration cards to eligible voters, having the eligible voters fill 6 out and sign the voter-registration cards preferring the political body, and then 7 forwarding the registration cards (or affidavits of registration) to the county elections 8 officials. Additionally, political bodies may mail voter-registration cards to potentially 9 eligible voters either in targeted mailings to persons who request them or in blanket, 10 unsolicited, mass mailings. If political bodies send voter-registration cards by the latter 11 method, they must “enclose a cover letter or other notice with each card instructing the 12 recipients to disregard the cards if they are currently registered voters.” Cal. Elections 13 Code § 2158(b)(4). 14 Political bodies also may solicit voter registration through the internet in various 15 ways. Through efforts similar to sending voter-registration cards through the mail, 16 political bodies may send links to the Secretary of State’s voter-registration page in 17 targeted emails to persons who request them, or in unsolicited mass emails. As with 18 physical-mail campaigns, if political bodies send the link to the voter-registration page 19 through unsolicited emails, the emails must instruct the recipients to disregard the link if 20 they are currently registered voters. Political bodies need not provide such notice if the 21 emails do not include a link to the Secretary of State’s voter-registration page, but 22 instead includes a link to another website that then links to Defendant’s registration 23 page. For example, a political body may send unsolicited mass emails that ask people 24 to register to vote, or to re-register to indicate a preference for that political body with a 25 link to the political body’s own website, which may then have a link to the Secretary of 26 State’s voter-registration page. See Decl. of Carly Fields in Supp. of Opp’n to Pls.’ Mot. 27 (“Fields Decl.”), Exs. 1 & 2. 28 /// 1 Finally, in addition to targeted and mass mailings and emails, political bodies may 2 also use traditional and social media to communicate with voters or potential voters and 3 to solicit those voters to register or re-register a preference for the political bodies. 4 Against that backdrop, on July 17, 2019, the CSP formally notified the Secretary 5 of State’s Office that it intended to qualify for the March 3, 2020 primary election. The 6 CSP then reportedly began gathering voter registrations as early as September 2019. In 7 fact, according to Plaintiffs, they implemented a plan in September 2019 to collect the 8 required number of registrations and had been gathering registrations primarily by using 9 in-person solicitors. There were many aspects of the registration-gathering plan, 10 including running a pilot program to test various means of registering voters, soliciting 11 bids from social media companies to drive traffic to the CSP’s website, and engaging a 12 professional petition circulation firm to assist in obtaining registrations. Through these 13 efforts, the CSP claims it had every reason to believe that it would reach its goal within 14 this period. 15 By the October 1, 2019, deadline to qualify for the March 2020 primary election, 16 however, only 5,519 voters had registered as preferring the CSP, far short of the 17 required approximately 68,000 registrations. Chang Decl., Ex. 11. Thereafter, on 18 December 9, 2019, the CSP informed the Secretary of State’s Office that it intended to 19 instead qualify for the November 3, 2020, general election and requested all previous 20 affidavits of registration that identified a preference for the CSP to be counted toward 21 that goal. Chang Decl., Ex. 12. According to Defendant, as of January 3, 2020, 9,819 22 voters registered as preferring the CSP. Chang Decl., Ex. 13. As of February 18, 2020, 23 10,859 voters registered as preferring the CSP. Chang Decl., Ex. 14. Finally, as of 24 June 9, 2020, 15,010 voters had purportedly registered as preferring the CSP. Decl. of 25 Jason Rosales in Supp. of Opp’n to Pls.’ Mot. (Rosales Decl.) at ¶ 6. 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 Number of Registered Voters As of Preferring the CSP 2 5,519 10/1/2019 3 9,819 1/3/2020 4 10,859 2/18/2020 5 15,010 6/9/2020 6 7 Plaintiffs nonetheless contend they had been diligently adhering to their 8 registration-gathering plan up until early March when the COVID-19 crisis hit. In 9 response to the crisis, on March 4, 2020, California’s Governor, Gavin Newsom, 10 declared a State of Emergency for California. Out of a growing concern for public safety 11 due to COVID-19, Plaintiffs thereafter suspended their in-person registration-gathering 12 campaign on approximately March 8, 2020. As of that date, the CSP claims it had 13 obtained a total of 19,038 registrants, or approximately 30 percent of the required 14 number.3 Subsequently, on March 19, 2020, Governor Newsom issued Executive Order 15 N-33-20, directing all California residents to heed the directives of the State’s Public 16 Health Officer relating to COVID-19. 17 When Executive Order N-33-20 was issued, state public health directives required 18 “all individuals living in the State of California to stay home or at their place of residence 19 except as needed to maintain continuity of operations of [16 specified] federal critical 20 infrastructure sectors, as outlined at https://www.cisa.gov/identifying-critical- 21 infrastructureduring-covid-19.” Chang Decl., Ex. 2.; see Chang Decl., Ex. 3 at 1 (State 22 Public Health Order) (collectively with Executive Order N-33-20, the “State Orders”). 23 The State Orders provided that “Californians working in these 16 critical infrastructure 24 25 3 Exactly how many registrations Plaintiffs were able to procure is unclear. According to Defendant, “[i]t is questionable whether the CSP obtained 19,038 registrations by March 8, 2020, as Plaintiffs allege.” Def.’s Opp’n at 19 n.11. “Based on information in the Secretary of State’s voter- 26 registration database (VoteCal), 15,010 active voters are registered with the CSP as of June 9, 2020.” Id. “The current data in VoteCal, however, would not account for any voters who might have been registered 27 with the CSP at an earlier date but who has since re-registered with another party.” Id. Regardless, it appears that the total number of registered CSP voters as of June 9 was between approximately 15,000 28 and 19,000, well below the requisite 68,180. 1 sectors may continue their work because of the importance of these sectors to 2 Californian’s health and well-being.” Id., Ex. 2. at 2. The 16 critical infrastructure sectors 3 referenced in the State Order are identified by the U.S. Department of Homeland 4 Security, Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (“CISA”). One of the critical 5 infrastructure sectors identified by CISA is “Other Community- or Government-Based 6 Operations and Essential Functions.” Id., Ex. 4 at 12. At least as of March 28, 2020, 7 that section included “[e]lections personnel” which “include both public and private sector 8 elections support.” Id. The State Orders also addressed other circumstances in which 9 individuals who are not designated “Essential Critical Infrastructure Workers” may leave 10 their houses, such as “access[ing] such necessities as food, prescriptions, and health 11 care.” Id., Ex. 2 at 2. 12 In addition, the State Public Health Officer designated a list of “Essential Critical 13 Infrastructure Workers” to “help state, local, tribal, and industry partners as they work to 14 protect communities, while ensuring continuity of functions critical to public health and 15 safety, as well as economic and national security.” Id., Ex. 5 at 1. Included under the 16 heading of “Government Operations and other community-based essential functions,” 17 the State Public Health Officer identified “Elections personnel” as “Essential Workforce.” 18 Id. at 10. 19 On May 1, 2020, the “Stay home Q&A” page of California’s COVID information 20 website was updated. Under the section titled “Protected activities,” and in response to 21 the question “What about Voting?”, the website provided that “Elections are an essential 22 activity” and advised that whenever persons “engage in any permissible activity— 23 including the collection and dropoff of ballots, or other election-related activities—be 24 mindful of physical distancing and other measures to protect yourself and those around 25 you.” Decl. of Angelica Quirarte in Supp. of Opp’n to Pls.’ Mot. (“Quirarte Decl.”) at ¶ 5. 26 That answer was later updated on June 5, 2020, to specifically identify as examples of 27 permissible election-related activities “the collection of signatures to qualify candidates or 28 measures for the ballot.” Id. at ¶ 9. 1 On April 28, 2020, the Governor announced the State’s four-stage “Resilience 2 Roadmap” to guide the gradual and safe reopening of the State. See Chang Decl., Ex. 6 3 at 1. The Roadmap involves the following four stages: safety and preparation (Stage 1); 4 reopening of lower-risk workplaces and other spaces (Stage 2); reopening of higher-risk 5 workplaces and other spaces (Stage 3); and, finally, an end to the Stay-at-Home Order 6 (Stage 4). Id. 7 On May 7, 2020, the State Public Health Officer issued an order moving the State 8 into Stage Two based on her review of the data and signaling an intent to “progressively 9 designate sectors, businesses, establishments, or activities that may reopen with certain 10 modifications, based on public health and safety needs” and “a pace designed to protect 11 public health and safety.” See Chang Decl., Ex. 7 at 2. In Stage 2, Californians are 12 permitted to “leave their homes to work at, patronize, or otherwise engage with those 13 businesses, establishments, or activities” that have reopened “and must, when they do 14 so, continue at all times to practice physical distancing, minimize their time outside of the 15 home, and wash their hands frequently.” Id. According to the Resilience Roadmap, 16 “[w]e are now in early Stage 2, where retail, related logistics and manufacturing, office 17 workplaces, limited personal services, outdoor museums, child care, and essential 18 businesses can open with modifications.” Chang Decl., Ex. 8. 19 20 STANDARD 21 22 The purpose of a temporary restraining order is to preserve the status quo 23 pending the complete briefing and thorough consideration contemplated by full 24 proceedings pursuant to a preliminary injunction. See Granny Goose Foods, Inc. v. 25 Teamsters, 415 U.S. 423, 438-39 (1974) (temporary restraining orders “should be 26 restricted to serving their underlying purpose of preserving the status quo and preventing 27 irreparable harm just so long as is necessary to hold a hearing, and no longer”); see also 28 Reno Air Racing Ass’n., Inc. v. McCord, 452 F.3d 1126, 1131 (9th Cir. 2006). 1 Issuance of a temporary restraining order, as a form of preliminary injunctive 2 relief, is an extraordinary remedy, and Plaintiffs have the burden of proving the propriety 3 of such a remedy. See Mazurek v. Armstrong, 520 U.S. 968, 972 (1997). In general, 4 the showing required for a temporary restraining order and a preliminary injunction are 5 the same. Stuhlbarg Int’l Sales Co., Inc. v. John D. Brush & Co., Inc., 240 F.3d 832, 839 6 n.7 (9th Cir. 2001). 7 The party requesting preliminary injunctive relief must show that “he is likely to 8 succeed on the merits, that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of 9 preliminary relief, that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and that an injunction is in 10 the public interest.” Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 555 U.S. 7, 20 11 (2008); Stormans, Inc. v. Selecky, 586 F.3d 1109, 1127 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting same). 12 The propriety of an injunction hinges on a significant threat of irreparable injury that must 13 be imminent in nature. Caribbean Marine Serv. Co. v. Baldrige, 844 F.2d 668, 674 14 (9th Cir. 1988). 15 Alternatively, under the so-called sliding scale approach, as long as the Plaintiffs 16 demonstrate the requisite likelihood of irreparable harm and show that an injunction is in 17 the public interest, a preliminary injunction can still issue so long as serious questions 18 going to the merits are raised and the balance of hardships tips sharply in Plaintiffs’ 19 favor. Alliance for Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1131-36 (9th Cir. 2011) 20 (concluding that the “serious questions” version of the sliding scale test for preliminary 21 injunctions remains viable after Winter). 22 There are two types of injunctions. “A mandatory injunction orders a responsible 23 party to take action, while a prohibitory injunction prohibits a party from taking action and 24 preserves the status quo pending a final resolution on the merits.” Arizona Dream Act 25 Coal. v. Brewer, 757 F.3d 1053, 1060 (9th Cir. 2014) (internal citations and quotations 26 omitted). A mandatory injunction goes well beyond simply maintaining the status quo 27 and is particularly disfavored. Anderson v. United States, 612 F.2d 1112, 1114 (9th Cir. 28 1979). Mandatory preliminary relief should not be issued unless the facts and law clearly 1 favor the moving party. Id. “The court’s finding of a strong likelihood that plaintiffs would 2 succeed on the merits of their claims also evidences a conclusion that the law and facts 3 clearly favor plaintiffs” and meets the heightened burden required for issuance of 4 a mandatory preliminary injunction. Katie A., ex rel. Ludin v. Los Angeles Cnty., 5 481 F.3d 1150, 1157 (9th Cir. 2007). 6 7 ANALYSIS 8 9 In this case, Plaintiffs ask the Court to issue a mandatory injunction requiring the 10 State of California to recognize the CSP as an official political party despite the fact that 11 Plaintiffs have not secured the requisite number of voter registrations under § 5151(c). 12 Because the Court concludes Plaintiffs have failed to show they are likely to succeed on 13 the merits of their claims, especially to the level necessary to justify granting mandatory 14 injunctive relief, the Court need not address Plaintiffs’ arguments going to irreparable 15 harm, the balance of equities, or the public interest. 16 Plaintiffs do not dispute that absent the circumstances arising from the State’s 17 response to the COVID-19 pandemic, § 5151(c) is constitutional. According to Plaintiffs, 18 however, they are nonetheless “entitled to relief because the State of California has 19 failed to provide any meaningful alternative procedures for them to participate as an 20 officially-recognized political party in the upcoming election.” Pls.’ Mot. at 6. Plaintiffs 21 therefore contend that “California’s statutory scheme regarding new party ballot 22 qualification, including voter registration requirements and corresponding deadlines, 23 cannot withstand constitutional scrutiny given COVID-19 and present circumstances.” 24 Id. at 7. 25 More specifically, Plaintiffs take the position that “COVID-19, and the statewide 26 shelter-in-place orders issued in response, have made all in-person voter registration 27 /// 28 /// 1 collection efforts futile and unlawful.” Pls.’ Mot. at 5.4 “Therefore, the [CSP] has no 2 effective way by which to gather the required number of voter registrations by the July 3, 3 2020 statutory deadline.” Id. (emphasis omitted). Accordingly, Plaintiffs reason, “[t]his 4 absolute barrier to new political party qualification and ballot access entitles [them] to the 5 relief requested.” Id. at 6. This is because, “in light of the current public health crisis, 6 California’s voter registration requirements for new parties seeking to qualify for the 7 ballot cannot withstand the applicable level of constitutional scrutiny – strict scrutiny – 8 which is the highest and most stringent standard of judicial review.” Id. The Court is not 9 convinced. 10 A. Constitutional Framework 11 “Common sense, as well as constitutional law, compels the conclusion that 12 government must play an active role in structuring elections.” Burdick v. Takushi, 13 504 U.S. 428, 433 (1992). “Burdick recognized that governments necessarily ‘must play 14 an active role in structuring elections,’ and ‘[e]lection laws will invariably impose some 15 burden upon individual voters.’” Public Integrity Alliance, Inc. v. City of Tucson, 836 F.3d 16 1019, 1024 (9th Cir. 2016) (en banc) (quoting Burdick, 504 U.S. at 433). “Consequently, 17 not every voting regulation is subject to strict scrutiny.” Id. “Instead, . . . a more flexible 18 standard applies.” Burdick, 504 U.S. at 434. 19 A court considering a challenge to a state election law must weigh “the character and magnitude of the asserted injury to 20 the rights protected by the First and Fourteenth Amendments that the plaintiff seeks to vindicate” against “the precise 21 interests put forward by the State as justifications for the burden imposed by its rule,” taking into consideration “the 22 extent to which those interests make it necessary to burden the plaintiff’s rights.” 23 24 Id. (quoting Anderson v. Celebrezze, 460 U.S. 780, 789 (1983)). 25 /// 26 4 The Court is cognizant that in their Reply, Plaintiffs argue that City and County orders responding to COVID-19 are even more strict than the State Orders. Plaintiffs also point out, by way of Reply, that 27 other jurisdictions have voluntarily modified their ballot access requirements. The problem with these arguments is that they were not raised in Plaintiffs’ moving papers or their complaint and thus are not 28 properly before the Court. Those arguments are thus DISREGARDED. 1 “Under Burdick’s balancing and means-end fit framework, strict scrutiny is 2 appropriate when First or Fourteenth Amendment rights are subjected to ‘severe’ 3 restrictions.” Public Integrity Alliance, 836 F.3d at 1024 (internal quotation marks and 4 citations omitted). “But when a state election law provision imposes only ‘reasonable, 5 nondiscriminatory restrictions’ upon the First and Fourteenth Amendment rights of 6 voters, ‘the State’s important regulatory interests are generally sufficient to justify’ the 7 restrictions.” Burdick, 504 U.S. at 434 (quoting Anderson, 460 U.S. at 788). The Ninth 8 Circuit has “repeatedly upheld as ‘not severe’ restrictions that are generally applicable, 9 evenhanded, politically neutral, and protect the reliability and integrity of the election 10 process.” Public Integrity Alliance, 836 F.3d at 1024 (quoting Dudum v. Arntz, 640 F.3d 11 1098, 1066 (9th Cir. 2011)). 12 B. Even In Light Of The State’s Response To The COVID-19 Pandemic, § 5151(C) Does Not Impose A Severe Burden On Plaintiffs, And Strict 13 Scrutiny Thus Does Not Apply. 14 As indicated, Plaintiffs take the position that strict scrutiny is warranted here 15 because given the statewide COVID-19 related orders, § 5151(c) provides a complete 16 barrier to ballot access. Indeed, they contend that “[c]urrently, there is no meaningful 17 way by which the [CSP] can participate as an officially-recognized party in the November 18 2020 election.” Pls.’ Mot. at 6. Accordingly, Plaintiffs argue, “[g]iven current 19 circumstances, [§] 5151(c) is unconstitutional because it imposes a severe burden on 20 Plaintiffs’ First Amendment rights of political speech and association and is not narrowly 21 drawn to advance a state interest of compelling importance.” Id. at 7. 22 The crux of Plaintiffs’ argument is thus that § 5151(c) imposes a “severe” 23 restriction triggering strict scrutiny because it “eliminates any and all opportunity for the 24 [CSP] to be recognized as a political party in time to participate in the November 2020 25 California election.” Id. at 8. This argument is belied by the record. 26 As Defendant points out and as is outlined in the Factual Background above, 27 “[w]hile the pandemic and the State Orders might have limited Plaintiffs’ ability to solicit 28 voter registration for the CSP in person for a period of time, Plaintiffs have, and have 1 had, numerous ways to gather voter registration that do not require in-person 2 solicitation.” Def.s’ Opp’n at 12. Indeed, even if in-person solicitations were curtailed, 3 Plaintiffs could: (1) “mail voter registration cards to potentially eligible voters either in 4 targeted mailing to persons who request them or in blanket, unsolicited, mass mailings”; 5 (2) “send links to the Secretary of State’s voter-registration page in targeted emails to 6 persons who request them, or in unsolicited mass emails”; or (3) “continue to use 7 traditional and social media to communicate with voters or potential voters and to 8 encourage those voters to register or re-register to indicate a preference for the CSP.” 9 Id. at 12-13. None of these options were impacted by the State’s response to the 10 COVID-19 pandemic. Given these additional options, the burden imposed by § 5151(c) 11 falls far short of severe. 12 Moreover, contrary to Plaintiffs’ arguments, Defendant points to various 13 clarifications of the stay-at-home orders intended to advise that election-related activities 14 remained essential even during the shutdown. See Quirarte Decl., ECF No. XX, ¶¶ 5, 15 9.5 Accordingly, it appears to the Court that Plaintiffs remained free to solicit new voter 16 registrations through all available means for much more time than they contend. Indeed, 17 they have had almost one year from the time they indicated their intent to qualify for the 18 March 2020 ballot to secure the necessary registrations. In context, a short window 19 where in-person solicitation may not have been permitted does not qualify as a “severe” 20 burden. 21 That said, it also appears to the Court that Plaintiffs essentially abandoned most 22 of their efforts once they ceased utilizing in-person solicitations at the beginning of 23 March. Since then it appears Plaintiffs’ primary goal was to drive traffic to their website. 24 Peace Decl., ECF No. 15, ¶¶ 4, 5, 8. After that, and even now when much of California 25 5 Plaintiffs nit-pick whether these rules clearly and actually allowed for in-person voter registration 26 to continue. What is missing from their arguments, however, is any discussion of how they attempted to obtain clarification so they could continue with their purportedly mission critical efforts. Given how 27 important Plaintiffs claim in-person solicitations are, it would seem they would have been incentivized to seek clarification from the Governor’s office directly rather than assuming their activities were non- 28 essential and forgoing them completely. 1 is re-opened, it is unclear what efforts Plaintiffs have undertaken to try to continue to 2 collect registrations. Indeed, they waited some two months to even initiate this action to 3 challenge § 5151(c) itself. If in-person solicitation was so instrumental to Plaintiffs’ 4 success, it seems they would have filed their challenge immediately rather than waiting 5 so long during such a critical time in their campaign.6 Regardless, given all of the 6 foregoing, Plaintiffs have failed to show they are likely to succeed in proving that the 7 burden imposed by § 5151(c) under these pandemic-related circumstances is close to 8 severe. As such, a more flexible balancing approach is appropriate to evaluating the 9 constitutionality of California’s law. 10 C. Plaintiffs Have Failed To Meet Their Heavy Burden To Show They Are Likely To Succeed On The Merits Under The Burdick Balancing Test. 11 12 The Court concludes that the State has compelling interests which outweigh the 13 burden imposed on Plaintiffs by § 5151(c). As Defendant argues, “[i]t is unquestionable 14 that the State has compelling interests in ensuring that parties that participate in the 15 presidential general election—who may place candidates on the ballot for the offices of 16 the United States President and Vice-President—have a modicum of voter support— 17 determined by the Legislature to be 0.33 percent of registered voters.” Def.’s Opp. at 18. 18 In addition, “States have an undoubted right to require candidates to make a preliminary 19 showing of substantial support in order to qualify for a place on the ballot.” Munro v. 20 Socialist Workers Party, 479 U.S. 189, 194 (1986) (citation and internal quotation marks 21 omitted). Other interests include “preservation of the integrity of the electoral process 22 and regulating the number of candidates on the ballot to avoid undue voter confusion.” 23 Am. Party of Texas v. White, 415 U.S. 767, 782, n.14 (1974); Jenness v. Fortson, 24 403 U.S. 431, 442 (1971). The Court also agrees with Defendant that “[g]ranting the 25 /// 26 6 The Court is also skeptical of Plaintiffs’ conclusory argument that, absent COVID-19, they would have collected enough signatures to gain access to the November 2020 ballot. They made minimal 27 progress over the many months leading up to March and it is less than clear to the Court that they would have been any more successful in the last few months leading up to the July 3 deadline. At any rate, the 28 Court finds Plaintiffs have not met their heavy burden on this point either. 1 relief Plaintiffs seek would wholly subvert these compelling state interests.” Def.’s Opp. 2 at 18. 3 To this end, the recent Sixth Circuit decision in Thompson v. Dewine, 959 F.3d 4 804 (2020), is instructive. In that case, “[t]he Ohio Constitution and the Ohio Code 5 establish[ed] the process for proposing an initiative to the State’s electors and impose[d] 6 many requirements for ballot access.” Id. at 806. The appellate court observed that “a 7 petition to put an initiative before Ohio’s electors for referendum must include signatures 8 from ten percent of the applicable jurisdiction’s electors that voted in the last 9 gubernatorial election, each signature must ‘be written in ink,’ and the initiative’s 10 circulator must witness each signature.” Id. Finally, “the initiative’s proponents must 11 submit these signatures to the Secretary of State 125 days before the election for a 12 constitutional amendment and 110 days before the election for a municipal ordinance.” 13 Id. at 806-07. 14 The plaintiffs in Thompson had sought an injunction in the district court, arguing 15 that in light of the COVID-19 pandemic the foregoing requirements violated their First 16 and Fourteenth Amendment rights. Id. at 807. That district court “granted their motion in 17 part, enjoining enforcement of the ink signature requirement, the witness requirement, 18 and the submission deadlines, and denied their motion in part, upholding the number of 19 signatures requirement.” Id. Defendants moved for an administrative stay and stay 20 pending appeal. Id. 21 The Sixth Circuit thereafter granted Defendants’ requested stay pending appeal 22 finding that they were likely to prevail on the merits and emphasizing both that the Ohio 23 stay-at-home orders exempted conduct protected by the First Amendment and Ohio had 24 already begun to lift those stay-at-home restrictions in any event. Id. at 809-10. That 25 court went on to note: 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 Plaintiffs’ claim effectively boils down to frustration over failing to procure as many signatures for their petitions (because of 2 social distancing and reduced public crowds) as they would without the pandemic. But that’s not necessarily true. There’s 3 no reason that Plaintiffs can’t advertise their initiatives within the bounds of our current situation, such as through social or 4 traditional media inviting interested electors to contact them and bring the petitions to the electors’ homes to sign. Or 5 Plaintiffs could bring their petitions to the public by speaking with electors and witnessing the signatures from a safe 6 distance, and sterilizing writing instruments between signatures. 7 Moreover, just because procuring signatures is now harder 8 (largely because of a disease beyond the control of the State) doesn’t mean that Plaintiffs are excluded from the ballot. And 9 we must remember, First Amendment violations require state action. U.S. Const. amend. I (“Congress shall make no law....” 10 (emphasis added)); 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or 11 usage, of any State . . . . ” (emphasis added)). So we cannot hold private citizens’ decisions to stay home for their own 12 safety against the State. Because the State has not excluded Plaintiffs from the ballot, the burden imposed on them by the 13 State’s initiative requirements cannot be severe. See Schmitt, 933 F.3d at 639. 14 15 Id. at 810; see also Arizonans for Fair Elections v. Hobbs, ___ F. Supp. 3d ___, 2020 16 WL 1905747 (D. Ariz. April 17, 2020) (finding plaintiffs unlikely to succeed on the merits 17 when it was unclear how diligent they were in attempting to collect signatures and noting 18 that “although it is impossible to predict how the pandemic will play out in the coming 19 weeks and months, it is possible that conditions will abate to the point that in-person 20 signature gathering again becomes viable before the July 2020 submission deadline for 21 signatures”). 22 The foregoing arguments are equally persuasive here. The stay-at-home orders 23 only prohibited Plaintiffs from conducting in-person solicitation, if at all, for a very short 24 period of time. Moreover, Plaintiffs have had many months and many options available 25 to attempt to collect the requisite new voter registrations but have nonetheless still failed 26 to do so or to expend any commendable effort toward that end. On balance then, the 27 Court concludes that the burden on Plaintiffs was far outweighed by the State’s 28 /// 1 compelling interests and Plaintiffs have thus failed to show they are likely to succeed on 2 the merits of their instant claims. 3 Nor does the Court find Plaintiffs’ cited authorities persuasive. See, e.g., 4 Libertarian Party of Illinois v. Pritzker, No. 20-cv-2112, 2020 WL 1951687 (N.D. Ill. 5 Apr. 23, 2020); Esshaki v. Whitmer, No. 2:20-cv-10831-TGB, 2020 WL 1910154 (E.D. 6 Mich. Apr. 20, 2020). In Libertarian Party of Illinois, the challenged statutory regime 7 required “wet” signatures, as opposed to electronic, signed by a voter in person and 8 notarized. 2020 WL 1951687, at *1. Moreover, the short window for gathering 9 signatures in that case only first opened at approximately the same time state COVID-19 10 restrictions were imposed. Id. at *4. Given that, the defendants there unsurprisingly 11 agreed that the ballot access restrictions should be relaxed. Id. No such circumstances 12 are present here. 13 The court in Esshaki also addressed a signature requirement that left no room for 14 electronic submissions during a time when candidates were subject to a stay-at-home 15 order making no exceptions for conduct protected by the First Amendment. Moreover, 16 that order remained in place through the deadline of petition submission. 2020 WL 17 1910154. Essentially, the state “abruptly prohibited the plaintiffs from procuring 18 signatures during the last month before the deadline, leaving them with only the 19 signatures that they had gathered to that point.” Thompson, 959 F.3d at 809. Again, the 20 facts of the instant matter are fundamentally dissimilar. 21 Plaintiffs’ authorities are thus inapposite. Given the foregoing, the Court 22 concludes that Plaintiffs have failed to meet their heavy burden of showing they are likely 23 to succeed on the merits, and it follows that granting any kind of mandatory relief would 24 be inappropriate. 25 /// 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// wow VV Vt INS MMU POI ee YY OM 1 CONCLUSION 2 3 For the reasons just stated, Plaintiffs’ Motion for Temporary Restraining Order 4 | and/or Preliminary Injunction (ECF No. 5) is DENIED. 5 IT |S SO ORDERED. 6 | Dated: June 26, 2020 □ 8 MORRISON C. he UNITED STATES DISTRI 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 17